कंक्रीट के पुल

भारत डिस्कवरी प्रस्तुति
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kankrit ke pul banane ke lie kankrit bahut upayukt vastu hai, kyoanki jab yah sughatyavastha mean rahati hai, tab yah kahian bhi bhari ja sakati hai aur kisi bhi akriti mean dhali ja sakati hai. isalie puloan ke banane mean isaka bahut upayog kiya jata hai. kankrit ke puloan mean kankrit ke karan kee gun hote haian. jaise chatapat nirman aur tadanantar marammat tatha dekhabhal ki kam avashyakata. bharat mean bhi ab adhikatar pul prabalit kankrit ya poorv pratibalit kankrit ke hi banae jate haian.

prachin kal se upayog

prachinatam kal se pul banane ke lie sadi kankrit ka upayog kiya jata raha hai. anivary roop se aisa pul kankrit ki meharab ki akriti ka hota tha. bharat mean 19vian shatabdi mean paha di s dakoan par kee pul choone ki kankrit se banae ge the. kabhi-kabhi sadi kankrit ki meharabean pahale se dhali gee kankrit ki eetoan se banaee jati haian. chhoti puliyoan ke lie sthal par hi dhali kankrit ki meharabean poornataya upuyakt hoti haian. sthal par dhali gee kankrit ke pul ka ek uttam udaharan gret briten mean 1928 ee. mean bana pul hai. isamean do parshv vale dar 50-50 phut ke haian aur bich vala dar 110 phut ka. sansar mean sadi kankrit ka sabase lanba dar sanyukt rajy amarika mean klivalaiand mean r aauki nadi par bane pul ka madhy dar hai. isaki lanbaee 128 phut hai.[1]

prabalit kankrit

ab adhikatar ispat ki chh doan se prabalit[2] kankrit ka hi upayog hota hai aur patthar tatha sadi kankrit ki meharaboan ki apeksha ye bahut b de-b de daroan ke ban sakati haian. kuchh mahattam lanbaee vale, prabalit kankrit ki meharab vale pul nimnalikhit haian-

  1. saiandoan pul - svidan 866 phut dar (pat)
  2. esla pul - spen 645 phut dar (pat)
  3. plau gestal pul - phraans 612 phut dar (pat)
  4. tranebarg pul - sviden 594 phut dar (pat)

40 phut dar ke puloan ke lie sadi kankrit ki meharab vale puloan ki manak abhikalpanaean[3] 'iandiyan rods kaangres' ne banaee. 4 se lekar 30 phut tak ki daroan ke lie choone ki kankrit aur 440 phut tak ki dar ke lie simeant kankrit upayukt bataee gee hai.

gun

kankrit ke puloan mean kankrit ke karan kee ek gun hote haian. jaise-

  1. chatapat nirman aur tadanantar marammat tatha dekhabhal ki kam avashyakata.
  2. in puloan mean n ag lagane ka dar rahata hai aur n pani se moracha khane ka.
  3. ispat ke puloan ko samay-samay par rangate rahana nitaant avashyak hai, parantu kankrit ke puloan ko rangana nahian p data.
  4. ispat ke puloan ka vayu aur jal ke prabhav se moracha khakar, kshay hota rahata hai, parantu prabalit kankrit ke pul samay pakar adhikadhik pusht hote jate haian.
  5. yadi achchhi abhikalpana ki jae to ye suandar lagate haian aur in par vastukala ke niyamoan ke anusar alankaran kiya ja sakata hai.
  6. kankrit ke puloan par gh dagh dahat nahian hoti, ispat ke puloan ke banane mean sab kam b di kushalata se karana p data hai aur karigaroan ke kam ki dekhabhal barabar karani p dati hai. doosara dosh yah hai ki pul ke lie dhola[4]baandhane mean bahut kharch ho jata hai.[1]

19vian shatabdi ke aant mean prabalit simeant kankrit ka prayog hone laga aur tab se isamean tivr gati se pragati huee hai. prabalit kankrit se pul banane ki ritiyoan ka vikas hua hai, jinamean se kisi ek ka chunav sthal ki paristhitiyoan par nirbhar hai. mote hisab se simeant ke pul 13 pramukh prakar ke hote haian. inamean se adhikaansh kee vidhiyoan se ban sakate haian, jo pul ki anuprasth[5] akriti par nirbhar karati haian.

pat ke prakar

kisi vishesh sthal ke lie sanbhav hai, poorvoankt 13 prakaroan mean se kee ek upayukt pae jaean. parantu aant mean mahattam karyakshamata, mitavyayata aur pushtata vale pul ka chunav atyant jatil samasya hai. uchit chunav ke lie mote hisab se ganana karake anumanoan ki tulana karani p dati hai. poorvakathit 13 prakar aur ve pat jinake lie ve upayukt haian, nimnokt haian-

  1. ek pat (dar) ka, dharan aur pattavala [6] athava keval pattavala 20-40 phut
  2. kee daroan ka, dharan aur pattavala athava keval pattavala 20-40 phut
  3. ek dar ka kaianchidar chaukhate pattavala [7] athava dharan aur pattavala[8] 15-30 phut
  4. kee daroan ka, kaianchidar chaukhate patt aur pasalivala[9] athava pattavala 20-40 phut
  5. avashyakatanusar parivartiniy j data ghoorn ka gardar[10] 50-120 phut
  6. dohare bahudharan[11] aur ek anabaddh[12] madhy daravala[13] 60-100 phut
  7. dohare bahudharanavala[14] 100-120 phut
  8. abaddh lanbi meharabavala[15] ek ya adhik daroan ka[16] 30-100 phut
  9. khule kandhoanvali pasalidar meharab[17] vala 100-200 phut
  10. tin-kabji lanbi meharabavala, ek ya adhik daroan ka[18] 50-100 phut
  11. do-kabji lanbi meharabavala, ek ya adhik ka[19] 50-100 phut
  12. pratyancha[20] roopi gardar vala 100-150 phut
  13. pasalidar meharab aur aanshik latake pharshavala[21] 180-250 phut

paristhitiyaan

jaisa oopar bataya gaya hai, kisi vishesh sthan par kee prakar ki rachanaean sthaniy paristhitiyoan ke anusar upayukt hoangi. aantim nirnay do karan samoohoan par nirbhar hai. pahale samooh ke karanoan ko prakritik kaha ja sakata hai. ye sthan ki paristhitiyoan par poornat: nirbhar haian, jaise nianv, khadan ya any halachal, pul ke oopar apekshit khali jagah[22] aur pul ki lanbaee. karanoan ka doosara samooh vah hai jisamean kritrim karan hoan, yatha, pul par mahattam bhar kitana p dega. usaki chau daee kitani ho, usaki rooparekha kaisi ho aur usaki akriti kaisi ho, aur in sabase adhik mahatvapoorn hai usaki lagat. sadharanat: anabaddh, ashrit sanrachana sabase mahangi p dati hai, yadyapi isi ki abhikalpana saralatam hai. jahaan achal nianv mil sakati hai, vahaan anamy dhaanche vala pul sabase sasta p data hai. poorvapratibalit[23] kankrit sulabh ho jane ke karan ianjiniyaroan ko ek nee shakti prapt huee hai, jisase kankrit ke puloan ki abhikalpana mean vistrit anupatoan ke pul ka nirman sanbhav ho gaya hai. sadharan prabalit kankrit ke puloan ki apeksha poorvapratibalit kankrit ke pul 10-15 pratishat tak saste p date haian. inase samagri ki bachat hoti hai, kyoanki b de pat (dar) banae ja sakate haian aur unako apekshakrit halaka rakha ja sakata hai.[1]

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

uttam sanrachana ki avashyakataean

santoshajanak sanrachana ke lie tin avashyakataean haian, jinaki poorti honi chahie. pratham yah ki yogy ianjiniyar pahale poorn aur byorevar sanrachanatmak alekhan taiyar kare. phir, yah ki kankrit banane ke lie samagri ko savadhani se chuna jae aur usaki poori jaanch ki jae ki vah avashyak gunoan ke anusar hi hai, aur aant mean yah ki karigaroan ke kam ki uchit dekharekh ho. uchit dekharekh aur anupatoan ke niyantran ka mahatv isi se pratyaksh hai ki kisi bhi vishesh anupat ki kankrit ki pushtata aur tikaoopan samagri ko bhali prakar milane, uchit dhang se dhalane tatha thik tarah se kootane aur phir use uchit riti se niyamanusar gila rakhane par hi nirbhar hai. yah avashyak hai ki dhola thik prakar se aur poornataya dridh banaya jae tatha ispat ki chh doan ko thik se mo da jae evan kankrit dhalane se poorv uchit sthan mean rakhakar baandh diya jae. ispat prishth ke bahut nikat n rakha jae, anyatha usamean moracha lagana aanrabh ho jaega aur tab sanrachana kuchh dinoan mean ukh dane lagegi. sanrachana mean kahaan-kahaan sandhiyaan dali jaean, isaka nirnay ianjiniyar hi kare. ise thekedar par nahian chho dana chahie.

ajakal nirman adhikatar mashinoan se hota hai. isake lie yah avashyak hai ki yantr pul ke sthan par lae jaean. kin yantroan ki avashyakata p degi, yah pul ke prakar par nirbhar hai. mukhy yantr kankrit mishrak[24], bojh uthane vale kren[25] kanpanotpadak[26], samagri napane ke saanche, panp, sanpidak[27], chh d mo dane ki mashinean ityadi haian.

sauandary

pul akalpan mean sauandary drishti ko aantarrashtriy manyata milane ke karan, akalpan ka dhyan ab rekha, akriti, anupat tatha samagri ki gathan par rakhana avashyak ho gaya hai. pul ka prakar aur vastukala ke drishtikon se usaka auchity keval ianjiniyar ka hi kam nahian hai. in dinoan dizain ko aantim roop dete samay ianjiniyar ke sath koee vastukalavidh bhi rakh diya jata hai. pul ki rekhaean, anupat aur santulan suandar hoan tatha samagri ka rang aur gathan suruchipoorn hona chahie. pul ka alankaran aur roop isake padarthoan ke anuroop aur pas p dos ke anukool hona chahie. in batoan mean kee vidhiyoan se vibhinnata laee ja sakati hai, udaharanat: prishth ko nyoonadhik chikana ya khuradara rakhakar, akritiyoan ko sthoolakay athava krishaangi rakhakar, rangoan ko badalakar, palastar karake athava tail rangoan se unhean oopar se rangakar.[1]

bharat mean kankrit pul

bharat mean ab adhikatar pul prabalit kankrit ya poorvapratibalit kankrit ke hi banae jate haian. kuchh mukhy ne bane pul ye haian-

  1. madras mean kolaroon pul : lanbaee 2,100 phut, 14 darean, pratyek 150 phut ki. asantulit bahudharan, poorvapratibalit, poorvarachit dharan. lagat 34.50 lakh rupe.
  2. uttar pradesh mean ramaganga pul : lanbaee 2,210 phut, poorvapratibalit kankrit, 14 darean, pratyek 150 phut ki. lagat 60 lakh rupe.
  3. uttar pradesh mean gadhamukteshvar mean ganga par pul : 2,308 phut lanba, 13 darean, pratyek 177 phut 10 ianch, poorvapratibalit kankrit. lagat 79 lakh rupe.
  4. bihar mean uttari koyal pul : prabalit kankrit, 27 darean, bich ki dar 56 phut 5 ianch ki aur do aantim darean pratyek 46 phut 1h ianch ki, lanbaee 1,615 phut. lagat 18.5 lakh rupe.
  5. keral mean kuppam pul : 525 phut lanbaee, dhanushakar dharan ke dhang ki 5 darean, pratyek 100 phut. lagat 10.60 lakh rupe.


panne ki pragati avastha
adhar
prarambhik
madhyamik
poornata
shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 kankrit ke pul (hindi). . abhigaman tithi: 20 faravari, 2014.
  2. ↑ riinforsd, reinforced
  3. ↑ dizain
  4. ↑ seantariang, centering)
  5. ↑ traansavars
  6. ↑ bim aiand slaib taip, (beam and slab type
  7. ↑ rtal phrem slaib taip, portal frame slab type
  8. ↑ slaib aiand bim taip
  9. ↑ portal phrem slaib aiand rib taip, portal frame slab and rib type
  10. ↑ gardar vid veriiang momeant aauv inarshiya, girder with varying moment of inertia
  11. ↑ kaiantilivar, cantilever
  12. ↑ phhऱi, free
  13. ↑ dabal kaiantilivar taip vid phhऱi seantar spain, ddouble cantilever type with free center span
  14. ↑ dabal kaiantilivar taip, double cantilever type
  15. ↑ phiksd bairal arch taip, fixed barrel arch type
  16. ↑ siangal aaur maltipal spain, single or multiple span
  17. ↑ opan spaiandral ribd arch, open spandrel ribbed arch
  18. ↑ thri hianjd bairal arch taip, siangal aaur maltipal spain, three hinged barrel arch type, single or multiple span
  19. ↑ too hianjd bairal taip, siangal aaur maltipal spain, two hinged harrel arch type, single or multiple span
  20. ↑ bostriang, bowstring
  21. ↑ arch ribd taip vid parshiyali hang dekiang, arch ribbed type with partially hung decking
  22. ↑ arthath‌ usapar ya usake niche kitani ooanchi ga diyaan jaeangi
  23. ↑ pristresd, prestressed
  24. ↑ miksars, mixers
  25. ↑ derik kren, Derrick crane
  26. ↑ baibretar, vibrator
  27. ↑ kanpresar, compressor

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