कंबोज महाजनपद

[[chitr:Kambojika-1.jpg|thumb|maharajni kambojika
Kambojika
rajakiy sangrahalay, mathura|250px]] kanboj mahajanapad prachin samay mean bharatavarsh ke pramukh janapadoan mean gina jata tha. prachin sanskrit sahity mean kanboj desh ya yahaan ke nivasi kaanbojoan ke vishay mean anek ullekh haian, jinase jan p data hai ki kanboj desh ka vistar sthool roop se kashmir se hindookush tak tha. vansh brahman mean kanboj aupamanyav namak achary ka ullekh hai.

• valmiki ramayan mean kanboj, valhik aur vanayu deshoan ke shreshth gho doan ka ayodhya mean hona varnit hai-

'kaanboj vishaye jatairbalhikaishch hayottamai: vanayujairnadijaishch poornaharihayottamai:

• mahabharat ke anusar arjun ne apani uttar disha ki digvijay-yatra ke prasang mean dardaroan ya dardistan ke nivasiyoan ke sath hi kaanbojoan ko bhi parast kiya tha- 'grihitva tu balan saran phalgun: paandunandan: daradanh sah kambojairajayath pakashasani:'
• aanguttaranikay aur ashok ke paanchavean shilalekh mean kanboj ka gandhar ke sath ullekh hai.
• mahabharat aur rajatarangini mean kanboj ki sthiti uttarapath mean bataee gee hai.
• mahabharat mean kaha gaya hai ki karn ne rajapur pahuanchakar kaanbojoan ko jita, jisase rajapur kanboj ka ek nagar siddh hota hai- 'karn rajapuran gatva kambojanirjitastvaya'.
• eeshanapur prachin kambodiya ka ek nagar tha.
• karnigham ke anusar rajapur kashmir mean sthit rajauri hai

sianh shirsh|thumb|250px

• kalidas ne raghuvansh mean raghu ke dvara kaanbojoan ki parajay ka ullekh kiya hai— 'kamboja: samare sodhuan tasy viryamanishvara:, gajalanh pariklishtairakshotai: sardhamanata:' is uddharan mean kalidas ne kanboj desh mean akharot vrikshoan ka jo varnan kiya hai vah bahut samichin hai. isase bhi is desh ki sthiti kashmir mean siddh hoti haian.
• yuvanachvaang ne bhi rajapur ka ullekh kiya hai .
• vaidik kal mean kanboj ary-sanskriti ka keandr tha jaisa ki vansh-brahman ke ullekh se soochit hota hai, kiantu kalaantar mean jab aryasabhyata poorv ki or badhati gee to kanboj ary-sanskriti se bahar samajha jane laga.
• yask aur bhooridattajatak mean kanbojoan ke prati avamanyata ke vichar prakat kie ge haian. yuvanachvaang ne bhi kaanbojoan ko asanskrit tatha hiansatmak pravrittiyoan vala bataya hai. kanboj ke rajapur, nandinagar aur raisadeviz ke anusar dvaraka namak nagaroan ka ullekh sahity mean milata hai.
• mahabharat mean kanboj ke kee rajaoan ka varnan hai jinamean sudarshan aur chandravarman mukhy haian. kautily arthashastr mean kanboj ke 'vartashastropajivi' sangh ka ullekh hai jisase jnat hota hai ki mauryakal se poorv yahaan ganarajy sthapit tha. mauryakal mean chandragupt ke samrajy mean yah ganarajy vilin ho gaya hoga.

kanboj uttarapath ke gaandhar ke nikat sthit prachin bharatiy janapad isaki thik-thak sthiti dakshin pashchim ke puanchh ke ilake ke aantargat mani ja sakati hai. prachin sanskrit evan pali sahity mean kanboj aur gaandhar ka nam pray: sath-sath ata hai. jis prakar gaandhar ke utkrisht oon ka varnan rrigved mean milata hai (1,126) usi prakar kanboj ke kanbaloan ka ullekh yask ke nirukt mean hua hai (2, 2). vastav mean yask ne 'kanboj' shabd ki vyutpatti hi suandar kanbaloan ka upabhog karanevale ya vikalp mean suandar bhojan karanevale log-is prakar ki hai. gaandhar aur kanboj in donoan janapadoan ke abhinn sanbandh ki paranpara se hi inaka sannidhy siddh hua hai. gaandhar aphaganistan (kandahar) ka sanvarti pradesh tha aur isi ke p dos mean poorv ki or kanboj ki sthiti thi.

valmiki ramayan mean kanboj ka vatahik aur vanayu janapadoan ke sath varnan hai aur in deshoan mean utpann shreshth kale gho doan se ayodhya nagari ko bhari poori bataya gaya hai (bal. 6, 22). mahabharat mean arjun ki digvijay ke prasang mean paramakaanboj ka loh aur rrishik janapadoan ke sath ullekh hai (sabha. 27, 25). (rrishik yoochi ka roopaantaran jan p data hai. yoochi jati ka nivasasthan dakshin-pashchim chin ya chini turkistan ke aantargat tha. prasiddh bauddh samrath kanishk ka raktasanbandh isi jati ke kushan namak kabile se tha.) dronaparv mean satyaki dvara kaanbojoan, yavanoan, shakoan, kiratoan aur barbaroan adi ki durmad sena ko harane aur unake muandit mastakoan aur lanbi dadhiyoan ka chitramay ullekh (199, 45-48)-he rajanh‌, satyaki ne apaki (dhritarashtr ki) sena ka sanhar karate hue hajaroan kaanbojoan, shakoan, shabaroan, kiratoan aur barbaroan ke shavoan se ranabhoomi ko pathakar vahaan maans aur rudhir ki nadi baha di thi. un dasyuoan ke, shirastranoan se yukt muandit aur lanbi dadhiyoanvale siroan se ranabhoomi pankhahin pakshiyoan se bhari huee si dikhaee de rahi thi. mahabharat ke yuddh mean kabojoan ne kauravoan ka sath diya tha. yah drashtavy hai ki kaanbojadi ko akriti sanbandhi jin visheshataoan ka varnanamahabharat ke is prasang mean haian ve aj bhi is pradesh ke nivasiyoan mean vidyaman haian. mahabharat mean kaanbojoan ke rajapur namak nagar ka bhi ullekh hai jise karn ne jita tha (dron. 4, 5).

kaniangham ne apane suprasiddh granth 'eansheant jiyographi aauv iandiya' (pri. 142) mean rajapur ka abhijnan dakshin-pashchim kashmir ke rajauri namak nagar (jila puanchh, kashmir) ke sath kiya hai. is prakarakanboj desh ki avasthiti ka jnan hamean pray: nishchit roop se ho jata hai. rais devids ne is pradesh ki poorvabauddhakalin dvaraka namak nagari ka ullekh kiya hai. loodars ke abhilekhoan (sankhya 176, 412) mean kanboj janapad ke ek doosare sthan nandinagar ka bhi ullekh hai jisaki sthiti ka thik pata nahian.

prasiddh vaiyakaran panini ne, jo svayan kanboj ke sahavarti pradesh ke nivasi the 'kanbojalluk' sootr se (ashtadhyayi 4, 1, 173) is janapad ke bare mean apani janakari prakat ki hai. patanjali ne bhi mahabhashy mean kanboj ka ullekh kiya hai.

sikandar ke akraman ke samay (327 ee.poo.) kanboj pradesh ki sima ke aantargat urasha (jila hajara) aur abhisar (jila puanchh) namak chhote-chhote rajy base hue the.

pali granth aanguttaranikay mean bharat ke 16 mahajanapadoan mean kanboj ki bhi ganana ki gee hai (1,213; 4,252-256-261). ashok ke abhilekhoan mean kaanbojoan ka ullekh, simavarti yavanoan, nabhakoan, nabhapanktiyoan, bhojapitinakoan aur gandharoan adi ke sath kiya gaya hai (shilalekh 13). is dharmalipi se jnat hota hai ki yadyapi kanboj janapad ashok ka simavarti paant tha tathapi vahaan bhi usake shasan kapoorn roop se prachalan tha. vidvanoan ka mat hai ki shahabajagadhi (jila peshavar) aur manasehara (jila hajara) mean prapt abhilekhoan se, ashok ke samay mean (mashy tritiy shatabdi ee.poo.), kramash: gaandhar aur kanboj janapadoan ki sthiti ka jnan hota hai.

mahabharat ke varnan mean kanboj desh ke anary riti rivajoan ka abhas milata hai. bhishm. 9,65 mean kaanbojoan ko mlechchhajatiy bataya gaya hai. manu ne bhi kaanbojoan ko dasyu nam se abhihit kiya hai tatha unhean mlechchh bhasha bolanevala bataya hai (manusmriti 10, 44-45). manu ki hi bhaanti niruktakar yask ne bhi kaanbojoan ki boli ko ary bhasha se bhinn kaha hai aur is tathy ke praman mean unhoanne udaharan bhi diya hai (11-2). isi prakar bhooridatt jatak mean bhi kaanbojoan ke anaryacharan tatha anary dharm ka ullekh hai.

chini yatri yuvanachvaang ne (madhy 7vian sadi ee.) bhi rajapur ke sanvarti pradesh ke nivasiyoan ko bharat ke aryajanoan ki saanskritik paranpara ke bahirgat mana hai aur unhean uttar-pashchim ki simavarti asabhy jatiyoan ke aantargat bataya hai. yuvanachvaang ne rajapur ko chini bhasha mean holoshipulo likha hai (dr. yuvanachvaang, vatars 1,284). kiantu isake sath yah bat bhi dhyan dene yogy hai ki kanboj mean bahut prachin kal se hi aryoan ki bastiyaan bidyaman thian. isaka spasht nirdesh vanshabrahman ke us ullekh se hota hai jisamean kaanboj aupamanyav namak achary ka prasang hai. yah achary upamanyu gotr mean utpann, madragar ke shashy aur kanboj desh ke nivasi the. kith ka anuman hai ki is prasang mean varnit aupamanyav kaanboj aur unake guru madragar ke namoan se uttaramadr aur kanboj deshoan ke sannikat sanbandh ka abhas milata hai. (dr. vedik iandeks-kanboj). pali granth majjhimanikay se bhi kanboj mean ary sanskriti ki vidyamanata ke bare mean soochana milati hai.

mahabharat mean kanboj desh ke kamath aur sudakshin namak rajaoan ke nam milate haian-(sabha. 4, 22-udyog. 166, 1). kiantu kautily ke arthashastr se jnat hota hai ki chaturth shatabdi ee.poo. mean kaanboj mean sangh ya ganarajy ki sthapana bhi ki gee thi. arthashastr (pri. 318) mean kaanbojoan ko vartashastropajivi sangh arthath‌ krishi aur shastroan se jivika arjan karanevale sangh ki sanjna di gee hai. maha. 7, 89, 38 mean bhi 'kabojanaan ch ye gana:', aisa varnan milata hai.

sanskrit ke kavy granthoan mean bhi kanboj ke vishay mean anek ullekh milate haian; udaharanarth, kalidas ne raghuvansh mean raghu ki digvijayayatra ke prasang mean kaanbojoan par unaki vijay ka suandar varnan is prakar kiya hai-(raghu. 4, 69)-'raghu ke prabhav ko sahane mean asamarth kanboj-nivasiyoan ko apane desh ke akharot ke vrikshoan, jinase raghu ki sena ke madamatt hathiyoan ki shrriankhalaean baandhi gee thian, ki bhaanti hi vinat hona p da.' yah drashtavy hai ki kalidas ke samay mean bhi aj hi ki tarah bharat ke is pradesh ke akharot prasiddh the.

itihasakar kalhan ke anusar kashmir naresh lalitadity ne uttarapath ke any kee deshoan ke sath kanboj ko bhi jita tha. usake varnan mean bhi kanboj ki paranpara se prasiddh gho doan ka ullekh (4, 163). is varnan se yah bhi pramanit hota hai ki bharatiy itihas ke pray: madhyakal (11vian-12vian sadi ee.) tak kanboj desh ke nam ka prachalan tha tatha isaki simaean bhi pray: poorvavath‌ hi thian, kiantu yah jan p data hai ki tatpashchath‌ dhire-dhire is janapad ka vilay kashmir rajy mean ho jane se isaki prithak satta ka aant ho gaya aur isake sath hi isaka nam bhi vismriti ke gart mean ja p da. phir bhi abhi tak kanboj ke nam ki smriti kaphiristan ke nikatavarti pradesh ke kuchh kabiloan ke namoan, jaise kanboji, kamoj aur kamoje adi mean surakshit hai (dr. elafianstan : ain ekauant aauv d kiangadam aauv kabul, jild 2, pri. 375).

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