कच्ची सड़क

kachchi s dak se abhipray hai ki avagaman ka ek aisa marg jo keval mitti se taiyar kiya jata hai. siandhu sabhyata se yah jnat hota hai ki 3,000 ee. poo. mean bhi chau di kachchi s dakean banane lagi thian. bharat ke itihas mean prasiddh sherashah soori ne bangal se peshavar tak ek s dak ka nirman karavaya tha. bad ke samay mean yahi marg 'graiand trank rod' ke nam se jana gaya.

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itihas

prachin kal se hi pagadandiyaan banaee jane lagi thian. parantu sabhyata ke vikas ke sath hi chau di kachchi s dakean banane lagian. mohanajod do (siandh) ki khudaee se pata chala hai ki 3,000 ee. poo. mean bhi chau di kachchi s dakean banane lagi thian aur unamean pani ki nikasi ka bhi achchha prabandh rahata tha. maury kal (lagabhag 600 ee.) mean s dak banane aur usaki dekharekh ki kala samunnat avastha mean pahuanch gee thi. us kal mean kaha jata tha ki rajapath kachhue ki pith ke saman k da aur dhaloo ho aur usaki chau daee kam se kam 16 hath ho. sainik upayog tatha vanijy ke lie mahatvapoorn s dakoan ka ek jal sa bichh gaya tha, jisamean sarvavikhyat s dak uttarapath ki thi. san 1540 se 1555 tak sherashah soori ne isi ko dobara sudharakar bangal se peshavar tak banavaya tha. aangrez shasan kal mean ise hi 'graiand trank rod' kaha gaya. ye sab s dakean vastut: kachchi hi thian.

san 1959 mean bharat mean kul 3,93,000 mil lanbi s dakean thian. inamean kachchi s dakean 2,53,800 mil thian. kachchi s dakean yatayat ke badh jane par pakki bana di jati haian. isalie unaka pathanirnay aur jyamitik akalpan, arthath‌ unaki chau daee, vakroan ki golaee, chadhaee, utaraee ki dhalan ityadi, ke nirnay unhian siddhaantoan par kie jate haian, jin par pakki s dakean banaee jati haian. jahaan pul banane ki avashkata hoti hai, vahaan pul bhi vaisi hi samarthy ke banae jate haian jaise pakki s dakoan par.

yatayat se mitti ke dhool mean badal jane karan aur varsha mean kich d aur phisalan ho jane ke karan kachchi s dakean tej chal ki ga diyoan ke lie kharab mausam mean thik nahian rahatian. kabhi-kabhi to bailaga diyoan tak ka in par chalana kathin ho jata hai. isalie janata inhean pasand nahian karati. kiantu pakki s dak banane mean lagat bahut ati hai, at: sabhi s dakean pakki nahian banaee ja sakatian.

nirman

s dak ke path ka nirnay ho jane par sarvekshan se usaki ichchhit chau daee ke donoan or lakirean lagaee jati haian aur phir ichchhit chau daee ke donoan or lakirean lagaee jati haian aur phir ichchhit samatal aur dhal ke anusar usamean mitti ki kataee aur bharaee ki jati hai. kachchi s dakoan ke lie yah kataee aur bharaee nyoonatam rakhi jati hai aur jahaan tak ho sakata hai s dak ko donoan or ki prakritik bhoomi se nau ianch se adhik ooancha ya nicha nahian rakha jata. bharat mean yah kam mazadoor gaianti, phav de se hi kar lete haian, parantu videshoan mean yah kam mitti khodane vali mashinean karati haian, jinhean motar gredar kahate haian.

bharat mean bhi jahaan mazadoor milane mean dikkat hoti hai, ya jahaan kam shighrata se karana hota hai, jaise sena ke lie, vahaan motar gredar kam mean lae jate haian. in mashinoan mean unake age paini dhar vali ispat ki chau di patti lagi hoti hai. bhoomi par in gredaroan ko chalane ke lie bagal ki mitti khurachakar bich mean p d jati hai aur is prakar s dak ka bich ka bhag ooancha ho jata hai aur s dak ke donoan or ichchhit dhal tatha pani bahane ke lie nali bhi ban jati hai. in motar gredaroan ki sahayata se s dak ka nirman shighrata se ichchhit lanbaee, chau daee tatha dhal vala ho jata hai. varsha mean s dak ke kharab ho jane par aur adhik yatayat se bhi dhal big d jane par halke gredar s dak ko phurti se thik kar dete haian. yah kary mazadooroan ke sharirik parishram se itana achchha nahian ho sakata. jahaan s dak ke baandh ki ooanchaee adhik hoti hai, vahaan mazadoor bhi thik kam kar sakate haian.

rekhaankan

navin s dakoan ki lakir lagane mean nimn siddhaant prayukt hote haian-

1. do sthanoan ke bich ki s dak lanbaee mean yatha sanbhav chhoti se chhoti honi chahie.
2. s dak aise gaanvoan aur kasboan se hokar nikalani chahie, jisase us kshetr ke vanijy, udyog tatha krishi ki samast avashyakataoan ki adhik se adhik poorti ho sake.
3. s dakoan mean utar-chadhav bahut tivr nahian hona chahie. maidanoan mean utar ya chadhav sadharanat: 100 lanbaee mean 1 ooanchaee ka, aur adhik se adhik 33 lanbaee mean 1 ooanchaee ka, hona chahie.
4. paha doan par utar chadhav sadharanat: 20 mean 1 ka aur adhik se adhik 14 mean 1 rahana chahie.
5. vakrata yatha sanbhav kam honi chahie. vakrata ki nyoonatam trijya kam se kam 300 phut ho. sadharanat: yah lagabhag 1,000 phut honi chahie.
6. s dak ke bich se donoan or dhal rahani chahie. jisase varsha ka pani us par se saralatapoorvak bah jae.
7. s dak ke lie chho di huee bhoomi kam se kam 40 phut aur adhik se adhik 150 phut chau di rahani chahie.
8. pas p dos ki bhoomi se s dak kuchh ooanchi honi chahie. jahaan badh ati ho, vahaan jal ke uchchatam star se s dak kam se kam dedh phut ooanchi honi chahie.
9. s dak ke baandh ke parshvoan ki dhal do p de aur ek kh de ke anupat mean honi chahie.

mitti ka mahattv

s dak ke asapas ke ooanche sthanoan ko ya gaddhe khodakar mitti le li jati hai. ye gaddhe sadharanat: ek phut se adhik gahare n hoan, aur yatha sanbhav barabar chau daee ke hoan, ek doosare se sanbaddh hoan tatha aisa prabandh rahe ki barasat mean unamean pani n ruke. gaddhe bedhange n hoan aur idhar-udhar n khode jaean. yadi yaantrik kutaee n ki jae to man lena chahie ki nimnalikhit anupat mean mitti baithegi-

1. baluee mitti - ek ianch prati phut ooanchaee
2. domat mitti - dedh ianch prati phut ooanchaee
3. chikani tatha kali mitti - do ianch prati phut ooanchaee

yadi mitti dhaloo prishth par dali jae to prishth ko sidhinuma bana dena chahie. bagal ki dhal yatha sanbhav do p de aur ek kh de ke anupat mean ho aur vah prakritik vishram kon se kisi bhi disha mean adhik n ho. domat mitti ke lie sadharanat: do kshaitij aur ek oordhvadhar ke anupat mean bagali dhal banaee jati hai aur achchhi tarah kooti huee chikani mitti tatha bajari vali mitti ke lie 1 : 1 ki dhal di ja sakati hai.

pani ki nikasi

s dak ke bharav se pani ki nikasi ka prabandh karana atyant mahatvooparn hai. adhik ardrata se bhar sahan karane ki shakti ghat jati hai. phir, chikani mitti aur kali mitti par adhik pani p dane se bhoomi phool uthati hai aur sookhane par sankuchit ho jati hai. ye donoan batean hanikar haian. at: yah paramavashyak hai ki kachchi s dakoan ke prishth se pani ke shighr bah jane ke lie s dak ke bich ki ooanchaee kinaroan ki apeksha 1 : 3 ke anupat mean rakhi jae. bagal mean is nap aur is dhal ki naliyaan rakhi jaean ki mahattam pratyashit varsha ka jal bhi shighrata se bah jae.

dekharekh

yadi naya baandh baandha gaya ho aur usaki ooanchaee 10 phut se adhik ho to varsha se usaki raksha ke lie bagal mean girane vale jal ko bagal mean bani naliyoan mean girane dena chahie. ye naliyaan kahian door jakar pani ko baha dean. baandh kahian katakar bah n jae, at: oopari char ianch mean khadayukt mitti ho, jisamean upayukt ghas bo di jae. dhaloan par sarapat ropi ja sakati hai. s dak ki kor paradoob jamaee ja sakati hai. yadi s dak kahian kat ya phat jae to usaki marammat turant karani chahie. kabhi-kabhi s dak par p di likoan ko bhi bhar dena chahie aur kutaee karake chauras kar dena chahie.

vriksharopan

s dakoan ke agal-bagal chhayadar vrikshoan ke ropane ki pratha hai. isase garmi mean yatriyoan ko chhaya milati hai aur phal tatha lak di se kuchh ay bhi ho jati hai. pe doan ki chhaya se yatra ka kasht bahut kuchh mit jata hai. pashvavarti vrikshavali ka ga di chalak ke mastishk par shaantiprad prabhav p data hai aur usaki thakan kam hoti hai. yadi s dak ka baandh 32 phut chau da ho, to vrikshoan ki panktiyaan s dak ke madhy bhag se 30 phut athava adhik doori par hoan. vrikshoan ke bich ki doori vrikshoan ki kism par nirbhar hai. parantu sadharanat: ve 40-40 phut par lagae jate haian. yadi vriksh b de aur bahushakhi hoan, to unake bich ki doori 60 phut tak badha di ja sakati hai. chhote pe doan ke lie yah doori 30 phut tak bhi rakhi ja sakati hai. nimnalikhit vriksh is kam ke lie upayogi haian

1. shisham
2. am
3. arjun
4. tun
5. imali
6. jamun
7. pak d
8. nim
9. pipal

inamean se am aur shisham uttar bharat ke maidanoan mean adhik lokapriy haian. nirasata mitane aur sauandary vriddhi ke lie kahian-kahian phool vale athava suandar akriti vale vriksh bhi laga die jate haian, visheshakar nagaroan ke as-pas athava mahatvapoorn puloan ke samip. is kam ke lie upayogi vriksh haian- 'amalatas', 'kachanar', 'gulamohar', 'jekaraanda', 'maulasiri', 'ashok', 'yookaliptas' ityadi.

pul nirman

yadi s dak ke rastean mean nala ya nadi p de to us par upayukt pul banana chahie. vah pul itana ooancha ho ki ghoratam varsha mean bhi sugamatapoorvak is par se jal bah jae. puloan ka akalpan yah dhyan rakhakar karana chahie ki s dak par chalane vali bhari ga diyoan ka bojh nirapad roop se sahan kar sakean. samanyat: 'iandiyan rods kaangres' ke varg bi ke siddhaantoan ke anusar in puloan aur puliyoan ka akalpan karana chahie. yadi s dak ki ek bagal ki bhoomi ooanchi tatha doosari or ki nichi ho to tho di-tho di door par puliyaan bana deni chahie, jisase varsha ka jal sugamata se par ho sake. ooanchi or ki bhoomi ka sarvekshan karake pata laga lena chahie ki varsha ka kitana jal ek or se doosari or jaega aur puliyoan ki nap usi ke anusar rakhani chahie.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh