कठिनी

kathini (krasteshiya) jivajagat mean sandhipad jivoan (failam) ka ek mukhy vibhag hai, jisamean b de kek d (Crabs), jhiange (Prawns), chiangat (shrrianp, Shrimp), prachiangat (kre-fish, cray-fish), mahachiangat (l aaubstar, lobster), khandavar (barnekil, barnacle), kashth yooka (vud laus, wood louse) tatha jalapianshu (vatar fli, water flea) ityadi haian, parantu isake sabase chhote jivoan ko dekhane ke lie anuvikshan yantr ka sahara lena p data hai. kathini ki bhinn-bhinn jatiyoan ke akar prakar mean bahut hi aantar hota hai jis karan isaki sankshipt paribhasha dena atyant kathin hai. kathini ka pratyek lakshan, visheshakar isake parashrayi tatha uchch vishesh jivoan mean to, poorn roop se kisi n kisi prakar badal jata hai.

krasteshiya shabd ka upayog praranbh mean un jivoan ke lie kiya jata raha hai jinaka kavach kathor tatha namy ho. isake viparit doosare jiv ve haian jinaka kavach tatha bhangur hota hai, jaise sip tatha ghoanghe ityadi. parantu ab yah jnat hai ki sab sandhipad jivoan ka bahi:kankal (Fxoskeleton) kathor tatha namy hota hai. is karan ab kathini ko any lakshanoan ke prithak kiya jata hai. is varg ke jiv pray: jalanivasi hote haian aur sansar mean koee bhi aisa jalashay nahian hai jahaan inaki koee n koee jati n paee jati ho. is karan kathini varg ke jiv pray: jalashvasanika (gilas, gills) athava tvacha se shvas lete haian. inamean do jo di shrriangika (Antennae) jaise avayav mukh ke samane aur tin jo di hanu (mandibles) mukh ke pichhe hote haian.

kathini varg ke mukhy parichit jiv to jhiangean aur kek de haian jinaka upayog manav apane khady roop mean karata hai, parantu inase kahian adhik arthik mahatv ke isake nimn jiv aianfipadz, (Amphipods), aisopaidz, (Isopods) ityadi, haian jo uthale jalashayoan mean samoohoan mean rahate hue sammarjak ka kam karate haian. in nimn jivoan ka bhojan doosare jiv tatha vanaspatiyoan ki tyakt vastuean haian aur sath hi yah svayan uchch praniyoan, jaise matsy ityadi, ka bhojan banate haian. isake kee talaplavi sookshm jiv aise bhi haian jinake samooh miloan tak sagar ke rang ko badal dete haian, jisase machhuoan ko uchit matsyasthanoan ka jnan ho jata hai. is prakar yah matsy ka bhojan banakar aur sath hi machhuoan ki sahayata karake arthik labh pahuanchate haian.

bahy rachana

is varg ke jivoan ka kavach doosare sandhipad jivoan ke saman hi khandoan ke samoohoan mean vibhajit rahata hai, parantu inamean se pray: kuchh khand ekibhanjit bhi hate haian. pratyek khand kavach aangoothi ke saman hota hai, jo apane agale tatha pichhale khand ke sath namy iantegumant (Integument) se ju da rahata hai. pratyek khand ka chap sadrish prishthiy (borsal) patt, starnamh‌ (Sternum) kahalata hai aur targam ke donoan parshv bhag, jo pattoan ke roop mean rahate haian, ploora (Pleura) kahalate haian. pratyek khand ke starnam ke sath ek jo di aang ju de rahate haian. sharir ka aantim khand, jisapar guda hoti hai, aangahin rahata hai aur telsan) kahalata hai. adhunik kathini mean koee bhi aisa jiv nahian milata jisamean pratyek khand ek doosare se spashtataya prithak ho. udaharanarth, jhiange ke sharir ke agrabhag ka kavach avibhajit tatha nalakar hota hai aur kairapes (Carapace) kahalata hai. isake khandoan ki sankhya ka anuman is bhag ke sath ju de avayavoan ki sankhya se lagaya jata hai. is bhag mean sanyukt khandoan ki sankhya kam se kam chhah mani gee hai jisamean naitrik khand bhi sammilit haian. is bhag ko sir kahate haian. jab is bhag mean isase adhik khand sammilit rahate haian tab isake badavale khandoan ke avayav agale avayavoan se poornat: prithak hote haian. sir ke pichhe ke khandoan ko sharir ke do bhagoan, vaksh (Thorax) tatha udar (Abdomen) mean baanta gaya hai, jinako unake vibhinn avayav ek doosare se prithak karate haian. parantu uchch kathini mailakaanstraka (Malacostraca) ityadi mean vaksh ke khand sir mean sammilit ho jate haian. tab is sanyukt bhag ko shirshovaksh (Cephalothorax) ke nam se abhihit karate haian. is prakar kairapes ka roop bhi bhinn-bhinn kathini jivoan mean anek prakar paya jata hai. yah braiankiopoda (Branchiopoda) aur aaustrakoda (Ostracoda) mean baivalv kavach ke roop mean sharir tatha aangoan ko poornataya dhake rahata hai, siripidiya (Cirripedia) mean yah maansal pravar ke akar ka hota hai aur ise pusht karane ke lie kailsiyamayukt (Calcified) patt bhi sthit rahate haian. ye to isake kuchh vishesh roop haian, parantu sadharan nalakar roop ke kairapes mean vaksh ke ek se lekar sare khand sir mean sammilit ho sakate haian. kairapes vibhinn kathiniyoan mean se pray: sabhi mean paya jata hai. keval enostraka (Anostraca) hi jiv haian jinamean kairapes nahian hota.

kathini ke sharir ki sanparivartit charam sima isake parashrayi tatha sthagit jivoan mean paee jati hai. khandavar apani praudhavastha mean apane sir se moolabaddh rahate haian aur sath hi unamean rediyal samamiti ki or pravritti hoti hai jisaka karan inaka sthagit jivan hai. parashrayi jivoan mean sharirakhand lupt ho ge haian aur sharir ka akar bhi poorn roop se parivartit ho gaya hai. isaka udaharan raizosefala (Rhyzocephala) hai, jisamean kathini ke lakshan to kya, sandhipad jivoan ka bhi koee lakshan praudhavastha mean nahian dikhaee deta.

avayav

kathini jiv mukhyat: jalanivasi haian. is karan anuman kiya jata hai ki is varg ke poorvaj ka sharir saman khandoan mean vibhajit tha aur pratyek khand par ek jo di aang ju de the. inaka pratyek avayav prachalan, bhojanaprapti, shvasan tatha jnanagrahan adi sab kary sath-sath karata tha. trailobaita (Trilobita) mean avayavoan ki aisi hi vyavastha mani gee hai, parantu yah upavarg lupt ho gaya hai. abhi tak adhunik kathini mean kisi bhi aise jiv ka pata nahian chala jisake avayavoan mean ye charoan kary sath hote hoan. isake sir ke aang to bhinn-bhinn vishesh karyoan ke lie upayukt hote haian, parantu braiankiopoda ke dh d ke avayav ek saman hote haian aur kuchh sima tak mana ja sakata hai ki inase charoan kary hote haian. anyatha aangoan ki visheshata kathini mean kee upayoan se unnati kar gee hai, kyoanki yah vidit hai ki jo aang kuchh kathiniyoan mean ek kary karate haian ve hi kisi doosari kathini mean usake viparit koee any kary karate haian. kathini ke bhitar ka vikas mukhyat: in aangoan ke hi kartavy mean niyantran par adharit hai.

chahe kathini ke avayav kisi bhi kary ke lie upayojit hoan aur unake akar mean chahe kitani vibhinnata kyoan n ho, inaki banavat mukhyat: dvishakhi (Biramus) hoti hai. pratyek avayav ka adharit vritt dvikhandi hota hai aur ise sianp aaud ya protopodait (protopodite) kahate haian aur isake oopari khand se do shakhaean eandopodait (Endopodite) aur eksopotaid (Exopodite) nikalati haian. is prakar ke mool adharit avayav ko stinopodiyam (Stenopodium) kahate haian. aise sadharan dvishakhi avayav kopip aaud (Copepod) ke plavan pad, mailak aaustraka ke udar aang ityadi haian aur aise hi aang poorvaj dianbh (larva) mean bhi, jise n aauplias (Nauplius) kahate haian, pae jate haian. isi prakar ke avayav doosare kathini jivoan mean vishesh karyoan ke lie vibhinn roop dharan kar lete haian.

sir ke avayav

kathini ke netr do prakar ke hote haian madhyam (median) tatha sanyukt (compound) netr. ati saral madhyam netr n aauplias aur anek vayask kathiniyoan mean rahate haian, parantu mailak aaustraka mean ye lupt ho jate haian aur inamean sanyukt netr hi karyashil netr hote haian. sanyukt netr pray: ek jo di hote haian, jo kuchh jivoan ke avriant (sessile) aur kee ek mean vriantayukt (stalked) rahate haian. netravriant (Eye-stalk) ko sir ka avayav mana gaya hai, parantu yah sandehatmak hai. karan, parivardhan mean yah doosare aangoan mean bahut pashchath‌ udit hote haian.

pratham shrriangikaean (aiantenyoolz, Antennules), jo mukh ke samane rahati hai, doosare khand ke avayav mani gee haian. yah n aauplias tatha sab upajatiyoan ke jivoan mean, keval mailak aaustraka ke atirikt, ekashakhi hoti haian. inaka mukhy kary sanvedak hai, parantu anek dianbhoan aur vayask kathiniyoan mean ye plavan ke kary mean bhi ati haian aur anek nar shrriangika se mada ko pak date bhi haian. siropidiya mean simeant granthiyoan (Cement-glands) ke chhidr inhian avayavoan par hote haian, jinaki sahayata se inake vayask sthagit hote haian. yadyapi dvitiy shrriangika (aiantena) mukh ke age sthit rahati hai, tathapi vastav mean isaka sthan mukh ke pichhe tha. n aauplias mean isaka sthan mukh ke parshv mean rahata hai aur yah bhojan ko mukh ki or lane mean sahayata deti hai. isake shesh kary pratham shrriangika ke saman hote haian. melak aaustraka mean isaki ek shakha bahusandhiman kashaang (flaijelam, Flagellum) ke akar ki hoti hai aur isaka kary keval sanvedan grahan hai, parantoo doosari shakha ka akar chapate patt ke saman hota hai aur yah plavan mean santolan ka kary bhi karati hai.

n aauplias tatha vayaska kopipoda, aisopoda (Isopoda) ityadi mean adhohanu (maiandibal, Mandible) bhi dvishakhi hote haian aur bhojanaprapti mean sahayata karate haian, parantu bahutere kathiniyoan mean adhohanu shaktiman hanu ka roop dharan kar lete haian aur inaki satah daant aur kandoan (Spines) se susajjit hoti hai. parashrayi kathini ke adhohanu bedhan ke lie nalakar shuand (proboscis) ke sadrish hote haian. upabhanjak (maiksiloola, Maxillula) tatha upajanbh (maiksila, Maxilla), ya pratham aur dvitiy maiksila, sada pattiyoan ke saman chapate hote haian aur inake vriantopaang (protopodait, Protopodite) par hanu ki shakhikaean sthit rahati haian. ye tinoan mukh ke pichhali hanu haian.

any avayav

sir ke pichhevale aangoan mean braiankiopoda, kopipoda ityadi mean apas mean koee vishesh bhinnata nahian hoti aur ye aang mukhyat: ek saman hote haian. inaka akar melak aaustraka ke upajanbhak (maiksiloola) aur upajanbh (maiksila) mean milata-julata hota hai. is prakar ke avayavoan ko fillopodiya (Phyllopodea) kahate haian. parantu melak aaustraka ke dh d ke aangoan ko do bhagoan mean vibhajit kiya jata hai-ath jo di vaksh ke avayav (thoracic appendages) tatha chhah jo di udar ke avayav (Abdominal appendages). ye ek doosare se poornataya bhinn hote haian. vaksh ke avayav mukhyat: gati karane ke kam mean ate haian aur isi karan inake eandopodaid (Endopodite), jo is kary mean pramukh bhag lete haian, usi prakar parivirtat ho jate haian, parantu inake eksopodaid (Exopodite), jo plavan mean upayogi hote haian, inamean lupt ho ge haian. vaksh ke poorv ek athava do jo di avayav pray: padahanu (Foot-jaws) akar ke hote haian jis karan inhean anupad nam diya gaya hai. udar ke aang sada dvishakhi aur plavan mean upayogi haian. aantim udaraang (telsan) ke sahayog se pooanchh minapaksh (tail-fin) ka akar dharan karake jiv ko vishesh prakar se ulatane mean sahayata deti hai.

shvasan

adhikatar nimn kathini sharital se saans lete haian, parantu jin jivoan ka bahi:kankal (Exoskeleton) adhik kathor ho gaya hai ve shvasan kary apane un sharirasthanoan se karate haian jahaan ka tal kshin rah gaya hai, jaise kairapes (Carapace) ka astar; athava yah kam vishesh iandriyoan dvara hota hai, jinako jalashvasanika (gilz) kahate haian. jalashvasanika vaksh (Thorax) ya usake aangoan par sthit shakhikaean (branchlets) haian jinaka akar chapata hota hai aur jinaki sookshm bhitoan ke bhitar rudhir pravahit hota rahata hai. dekapoda (Decapoda) mean jalashvanikaean apani sthiti ke adhar par tin shreniyoan mean rakhi gee haian-vakshaangamool ki shakhikaean (Prodobranch), vakshaangoan ke samip ki shakhikaean (Arthrobranch) tatha braiankiyal mandal (pleurobranch) bhitari bhag jo kerapes se dhake rahate haian. thalanivasi kathini, jaise kek de ityadi, vayushvasan ke lie anukoolit hote haian-inake braikiyal mandal ke astar ka tal pheph doan ka kary karata hai. any jivoan mean, jaise aisopoda (Isopoda), kashthayooka (wood-lice) ityadi mean, udaraangoan mean shakhavinyast vayu bhari nalikaean paee jati haian, jo kit tatha any sthalajivoan ki shvasanaliyoan (trachea) ke saman hoti haian.

aharatantr

kathiniyoan mean aharanali (Alimentary canal) pratiprishth mukh se lekar aant tak poorn sharir mean sadaiv sidhi rahati hai. parantu is varg ke kuchh aise jiv bhi haian jinamean yah nyudeshtit (Twisted) athava kuandalit bhi paee jati hai. any sandhipad jivoan ke saman yah bhi tin bhagoan mean vibhajit rahati hai. agraantr (stomodiyam, Stomodaeum) tatha pashchaantr (pr aauktodiyam, Procctodaeum), jinake chhidr mukh tatha guda haian aur jinaka aantarik tal kaitin (chitin) se, jo bahy sharir ke kaitin ke sath sanlagn rahata hai, achchhadit rahate haian. tisara bhag madhyaantr (mesenteron, midgut) hai, jo in donoan ke madhy mean rahata hai. agraantr ki peshiyaan prabal hoti haian aur inake aantariy tal par bal, kaante tatha daant ityadi vikasit rahate haian. melak aaustraka mean yah bhag amashay banata hai, jisamean jathar, peshani tatha chhanan upakaran khady rasoan ko kanoan se alag karane ke lie vishesh sadhan rahate haian. parantu peshani tatha chhanani pray: hridiy (kardiyak, cardiac) tatha nijathariy (pailorik, Pyloric) vibhagoan mean prithak rahate haian. madhyaantr ke agale sire par ek jo di ya adhik yakrit (hepatic) uanduk (sikam, dr) rahate haian jinaka kary avashoshan tatha srav haian aur jinamean se shakha nikalakar yakrit bhi bana sakati hai. dekapoda mean yakrit granthi (Hepam-pancreas) pray: sare avashyak eanzaim (enzyme) banati hai aur sath apani guha se vanchit padarthoan ka shoshan bhi karati haian. isi mean bhojan glaikojan (Glycogen) ke roop mean sanchit hota hai. kuchh dekapoda mean madhyaantr bahut chhoti hoti hai jisake karan aharanali keval agr tatha pashch aantr ki bani vidit hoti hai. parashrayi kathini jivoan mean aharanali ya to namamatr ki hoti hai athava usaka bilakul abhav hota hai.

rudhiravahi tantr

any sandhipad jivoan ki bhaanti kathiniyoan mean bhi rudhir shariraguha (Haemocoele) tatha gantikaoan (Sinuses) mean pravahit hota hai. hriday bhi any sandhipadoan ki bhaanti aharanali ke prishthi hridayavaran (pericardium) ke bhitar sthit rahata hai. braiankiopoda, astrakada (Ostracoda) tatha kuchh melak aaustraka mean hriday pray: sharir ki poori lanbaee ke barabar hota hai aur sharir ke aantim bhag khand ke atirikt pratyek khand mean isamean ek jo di kapatayut aandhr (valvular ostia) hota hai, jo hridayavaran se ja milata hai. any kathiniyoan mean hriday ki lanbaee pray: kam hoti hai. dhamaniyaan hriday se nikalakar rudhirasthanoan mean khulati haian, jahaan se rudhir sharir ke pratyek bhag tatha aang se hota hua hridayavaran mean ata hai. rudhir ko aksijanayukt karane ke lie jalashvasanika isi bhag mean sthit rahati hai. anek kathini aise bhi haian jinamean hriday nahian hota, jaise siripidiya (Cirripedia), kopipoda ityadi aur inamean rudhiravahan sharir tatha aharanali ke sanchalan ki sahayata se hota hai.

kathiniyoan ka rudhir halaka taral padarth hota hai jisamean lyookosait (Leucoyte) mila rahata hai aur aiantomestraka mean himoglobin (hemoglobin) bhi upasthit rahata hai.

utsarjan tantr

kathini ki mukhy utsarjan iandriyaan shrriangika sanbandhi (aiantenail, antennal) tatha upabhanj sanbandhi (maiksilari, maxillary) do jo di granthiyaan haian jo inhian namoan ke aangoan ke asthanoan par khulati haian. donoan granthiyoan ka poorn vikas kabhi bhi kisi jati ki ek avastha mean ek sath nahian milata, atev jivan ke itihas mean bhinn-bhinn avasthaoan mean ek ke pashchath‌ doosari granthi karyashil hoti hai. udaharanarth, jhiange tatha doosare dashapadoan (dekapoda, Decapoda) ki vayask avastha mean shrriangika sanbandhi granthi karyashil hoti hai aur inake dianbh (larva) mean upajanbh sanbandhi. parantu adhikatar kathiniyoan mean isake viparit dasha hoti hai. inamean in donoan granthiyoan ki rachana ek saman hoti hai.

pratyek granthi mean tin mukhy bhag hote haian : 1. aantasyoon (aiand saik, end sac), jo dehaguha (silom, Coelome) ka avashesh tatha kshin bhitavala bhitari bhag hai, 2. utsargi nalika (Excretory duct) tatha 3. parivartit bahirgaman pranali (Ureter), jo aantasyoon se ju di rahati hai aur jisaka ek bhag granthaman bhitavali (Glandular plexus) utsargi nalika hai. utsargi nalika ka adhar bhag tatha bahirgaman pranali donoan b di hokar sangrahi mootrashay (Renal sac) banati haian.

tantrika tantr

keandriy tantrikatantr ka samany roop bhi any sandhipad jivoan ki bhaanti hota hai. mastishk ka sanyog pratiprishthiy tantrikarajju ke sath parigrasika sanyojak (Oesophageal connective) ke dvara rahata hai. pratiprishthiy tantrika rajju guchchhikaoan (gaiangliya, Ganglia) ki ek dohari shrriankhala hai jinaka apas mean yog sanyojakoan (Connectives) tatha samamiloan (kamishurs, Commissures) se hota hai. pray: char jo di bhrooniy guchchhikaean (Embryonic ganglia) apas mean milakar mastishk banati haian aur netr guchchhika (Optic ganglia) bhi isi mean sammilit hai.

kathini mean tantrika tantr ki avastha mean sandhipadoan ki adarsh dasha se lekar atyant sankrediy dasha tak ki poorn shreni milati hai. adim braiankiopoda mean pratiprishth guchchhikaoan ki shrriankhala (Ventral Ganglionic chain) sidhiyoan ke akar ki hoti hai jaisi kuchh ainilidz (Annelids) mean paee jati hai aur jisamean shrriankhala ke donoan bhag ek doosare se prithak rahate haian. any kathini samoohoan mean pray: shrriankhala ke donoan bhagoan ka apas mean sanrohan ho jata hai, sath hi, guchchhikaean bhi ek doosare ke samip akar sayujjit ho jati haian. is shreni ki aantim dasha mean, jo kek doan mean paee jati hai, keval guchchhikaoan ka ek samooh hi dikhaee deta hai.

jananatantr

svatantr tatha karmany jivoan ke saman bahudha kathini mean bhi liang prithak hote haian, parantu siripidia tatha anek parashrayi aisopoda ke jiv dviliangi bhi hote haian. ye poorvapuanpakv (protaidras, protandrous) hote haian jinamean pulliang aangoan ka parivardhan (development) striliang aangoan se pahale hota hai. siripidiya mean sookshm sanpoorak nar bhi parajiviyoan ke saman is jati ke sadharan athava dviliangi jivoan ke sath pray: chipake rahate haian, kyoanki inake pulliang aang poornaroop se garbhadhan (nishechan kriya) nahian kar sakate. anek braiankiopoda tatha astrekoda mean anishek janan (parathenojenesis, parthenogenesis) bhi hota hai. laiangik dviroopata (sexual demorphism) bhi inamean samanyat: paee jati hai. nar mean mada ko pak dane ke lie vishesh aang bhi rahate haian, jo sharir ke kisi bhag se sanparivartit hokar is kary ke lie upayogi ho jate haian. uchch dashapadoan mean nar pray: stri se b de hote haian, parantu any samoohoan mean vyavastha isake viparit hoti hai.

donoan liangoan ke jananapiand (Gonads) sada ek jo di nal iandriyaan hoti haian, jo aharanali ke prishth par (dorsal) ek doosare se ju di rahati haian. ye sadharan athava shakhayukt bhi ho sakati haian aur inase nalikaean utpann hokar sharir ke pray: madhy se bahar ki or khulati haian. siripidiya mean aur kuchh klaidosira (Cladocera) ke nar mean yah chhidr sharir ki sima par rahate haian, parantu inaki mada mean yah chhidr vaksh ke pratham khand par sthit rahate haian aur melak aaustraka mean bhi donoan liangoan mean chhidr isi sthan par rahate haian.

bhroon tatv

kathini ke aandajanan se jo dianbh (larva) bahulasankhya mean upalabdh hote haian ve vayask se poornat: bhinn hote haian. vayask avastha dharan karane ke poorv jiv ko vibhinn dianbhoan ki ek shreni par karani p dati haian jisamean pratham dianbh n aauplas larva kahalata hai. pratyek kathini is avastha ko avashy par karata hai chahe vah svachchhand plavit (free swimming) avastha mean utpann ho athava bhroonit (embryonic) mean. praroopik avastha mean yah dianbh akhandit (unsegmented) aandakar hota hai, jisamean tin jo di avayav rahate haian aur jo vayask ke aiantenyoolz (antennules), aianteni (antennae) aur maidibalz (mandibles) ban jate haian. isake pratham jo di dvishakhi (biramu) hote haian, aur ye sab n aauplias ko plavan mean sahayata dete haian. dvishakhi avayav bhojan ko mukh mean pahuanchane ka kary bhi karate haian. isake mukh ke samane ek b da sa udoshth (lebram, Labrum) rahata hai. dianbh ke aantr ke tinoan bhag agraantr (Fore-gut), madhyaantr (Midgut) tatha pashchaantr (Hindgut) rahate haian. astrakoda mean n aauplias aandajanan (hatching) ke samay sanparivartit hota hai, kyoanki isamean baivalv (Bivalved) kairopes parivardhit rahati hai.

nimn jati ke kathiniyoan mean n aauplias ka parivartan kramash: hota hai, jisamean khand ek-ek karake, pichhe se age, aantim khand (telsan) mean ju date jate haian. tab in khandoan mean avayav utpann hone lagate haian. is prakar isaki avastha any roopoan mean paravirtit ho jati hai jimean metan aauplias (Metanauplius), saipris (Cypris), zoiya (Zoea), fillosoma (Phyllosoma), megalopa (Megalopa) ityadi ullekhaniy haian. adhikatar ye sari avasthaean svachchhand talaplavi hoti haian. keval alavan jal (Fresh water) ke prachiangat (Crayfish) tatha nadiyoan ke jhiange hi aise jiv haian jinake parivardhan mean vishesh roopaantar nahian hota.

vargikaran

is varg ke jivoan ki rachana mean doosare vargoan se kahian adhik anekaroopata paee jati hai. is karan inaka vargikaran, jisamean apas ki samanataoan par vishesh dhyan rakha jata hai, ati jatil hai. is varg ko nimnalikhit upavargoan mean vibhajit kiya gaya hai jinake sath unake mukhy ganoan (ardars) ke nam bhi aankit haian :

upavarg : braiankiopoda-(Branchiopoda)

gan : ainostraka (Anostraca), notostraka (Notostraca), kauankostraka (Conchostraca) tatha klaidosira (Cladocera).

upavarg : austrakoda-(Ostracoda)

gan : maiodokopa (Myodocopa) tatha podakopa (Podacopa)

upavarg : kapipoda-(Copepoda)

gan : saiklopaidia (Cyclopidea), laraniopodaidiya (Lernaeopodidea), keligaida (Caligiida), kelenaida (Calaniida) ityadi.

upavarg : braiankyoora-(Branchiura)

gan : argulaidiya (Argulidea).

upavarg : siripidiya-(Cirripedia)

gan : thoraisika (Thoracica), aikrothoraisika (Acrothoracica), aiskothoraisika (Ascothoracica), epoda (Apoda)tatha roizosefala (Rhizocephala).

upavarg : melak aaustraka-(Malacostraca)

vibhag : fillokerida (Phyllocarida)-gan : nibeanlieshi (Nebaliacea)

vibhag : siankerida (Syncarida)-gan : ainaisapideshiya (Anaspidacea)

vibhag : perakairida (Peracarida)-gan : maisideshiya (Mysidacea), kumesiya (Cumacea), tainaideshiya (Tanaidacea), aisopoda (Isopoda) tatha aianfipoda (Amphipoda).

vibhag : yookerida (Eucarida)-gan : yuf aausieshiya (Euphausiacea) tatha dekapoda (Decapoda).

vibhag : h aauplokerida (Hoplocarida)-gan : stomaitopoda (Stomatopoda).

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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