कन्नड़ साहित्य

kann d sahity kann d bhasha ka rachanatmak lekhan hai, jo any dakshin bharatiy bhashaoan ki tarah dravi d bhasha parivar ka hai. kann d ke praranbhik dastavez chhathi shatabdi aur isake bad ke shilalekh haian. shastriy paranpara nritatuang ke 'kaviraj marg' (nauvian sadi) se shuroo huee, jo sanskrit kavyashastr par adharit granth hai.

praranbhik path

kann d mean upalabdh lagabhag sabhi praranbhik path jain lekhakoan dvara dharmik vishayoan par likhi gee kavitaean haian. bharat mean samajik evan dharmik uthal-puthal ke kal (12vian shatabdi) mean boli jane vali bhasha mean ek nee shaili, vachan ka udbhav hua, jisamean allamaprabhu, vasavanna aur akkamahadevi ne vachan ko samajik darshan v adhyatmik anubhavoan ke sanpreshan ka madhyam banaya. vachan sahity ka aangrezi mean anuvad kiya gaya hai, vishesh roop se e. ke. ramanujan dvara. 16vian sadi mean bhashaee bhakti gitoan ke 'haridasi aandolan' ko purandaradas evan kanakadas ne shirsh par pahuanchaya.

rachanaean

kann d mean praranbhik rachana, jise upanyas kaha ja sakata hai, nemichandr ki 'lilavati' (1370) hai, jo ek rajakumar aur rajakumari ki prem kahani hai. 'rajashekharavilas' sabase prasiddh kann d rachanaoan mean ek hai, jo 1657 mean sadaksharadev dvara chhandoan aur bich-bich mean gady mean likhi gee kalpanik kahani hai. yah rachana ek nitikatha hai, jisamean shiv ka daivi hastakshep ek rajaparivar ko niyam raksha ke prayas mean unaki khud ki bulaee vipada se bachata hai.

pramukh lekhak

adhunik kann d sahity ki visheshata natak, upanyas, kahaniyoan aur sahity anuvad ka uday hai. laghukatha ke janak masti veankatesh ayyangar aur varishth kavi dattatrey ramachandr beandre evan ke. vi. puttappa ullekhaniy agrani lekhak haian. gopalkrishna adiga evan yoo. ar. anantamoorti ne sahity aandolan se ju de haian. vartaman mean yah bhasha patrakarita, shiksha evan prashasan ke madhyam ke atirikt rangamanch evan sinema jaisi vibhinn kala vidhaoan ka bhi madhyam hai.

lekhakoan ko samman

kann d sahityakaroan ko bharat ka sarvochch sahityik samman 'jnanapith puraskar' kee bar mila hai. yah pratishthit puraskar pane vale lekhak v sahityakar nimn haian-

1. ke. vi. puttappa - (1967)
2. dattatrey ramachandr beandre - (1973)
3. shivaram karant - (1977)
4. masti veankatesh ayyangar - (1983)
5. vi. ke. gokak - (1930)
6. yoo. ar. anantamoorti - (1994)

kannad sahity

kannad sahity ke itihas par jitane chhote b de granth rache ge haian unamean mukhy nimnalikhit haian :

1. sanh‌ 1875 mean re. ef. kittal dvara likhi nagavarma ke 'chhandoanbudhi' namak granth ki prastavana
2. epigrafiya karnatika mean bi.el. rais ka lekh
3. ar. narasianhachar ka likha hua 'karnatak kavicharit' (tin bhagoan mean, 1907)
4. ee.pi.rais ki 'e histri aauv kenaris litarechar' (aangreji mean)
5. d aau.ar.es.mugali ka 'kannad sahity charitre' (1953).
6. shri.em. mariyapp bhatt ka 'sankshipt kannad sahity charitre' (1901).

in itihasoan mean kannad sahity ke itihas ka kalavibhajan bhinn-bhinn adharoan par kiya gaya hai. kisi ne 12vian shatabdi ke madhyakal tak jain yug, 12vian shatabdi ke madhyabhag se 15vian shati ke madhyabhag tak 'virashaiv yug', 15 vian shatabdi ke madhyabhag se 19vian shatabdi ke poorvardh tak 'brahman yug' aur usake bad ke kal ko adhunik yug mana hai; aur kisi vidvanh‌ ke anusar aranbhakal 10vian shatabdi tak, dharm-prabaly-kal, (10vi shatabdi se 19vian shatabdi tak jain kavi, virashaiv kavi, brahman kavi) ragale, shatapadi evan navinakal kaha hai. yah nishchit roop se kaha ja sakata hai ki ab tak likhe ge kannad sahity ke itihasoan mean d aau.aaur.es. mugali ka likha hua 'kannad sahity charitre' kee drishtiyoan se sarvottam hai. at: yah kah sakate hai ki mugali ka kalavibhajan sarvadhik many hai jo is prakar hai–

1. panpapoorv yug (sanh‌ 950 tak)
2. panp yug (sanh‌ 950 se sanh‌ 1150 tak)
3. basavayug (sanh‌ 1150 se 1500 tak)
4. kumaravyas yug (sanh‌ 1500 se1900 tak) aur
5. adhunik yug (sanh‌ 1900 se). pro. mugali ne pratyek yug ke sarvadhik pratibhasanpann kavi ke nam se us yug ka namakaran karate hue mote taur par sare sahity ko marg yug, sankraman yug, deshi yug ke roop mean vibhajit kiya hai.

panpapoorv yug

'kaviraj marg' kannad ka sarvapratham upalabdh granth hai. chanpoo shaili mean likha hua yah ritigranth pradhanataya dandi ke 'kavyadarsh' par adharit hai. isaka rachanakal sanh‌ 815-877 ke bich mana jata hai. is bat mean vidvanoan mean matabhed hai ki isake rachayita manyakhet ke rashtrakoot chakravarti svayan nripatuang the ya unaka koee darabari kavi. d aau. mugali ka yah mat hai ki isake lekhak nripatuang ke darabari kavi shrivijay the. kaviraj marg ka pratipady vishay alankar hai. granth tin parichchhedoan mean vibhajit hai. dvitiy tatha tritiy parichchhedoan mean kramash: shabdalankaroan tatha arthalankaroan ka niroopan udaharan sahit kiya gaya hai. pratham pachchheid mean kavy ke doshadosh (gun,dosh) ka vichar kiya gaya hai. sath hi dhvani, ras, bhav, dakshini aur uttari kavyapaddhatiyaan, kavyaprayojan, sahityakar ki sadhana, sahityavimarsh ke svaroop adi ka sankshep mean parichay diya gaya hai. kannad bhasha, kannad sahity, kannad pradesh, karnatak ki janata ki sanskriti adi kee batoan ki drishti se kaviraj marg ek atyant mahatvapoorn granth hai.

is kal ka doosara granth hai 'vaddaradhane' jisamean 19 jain mahapurushoan ki kahaniyaan gady mean nirupit haian. isake lekhak tatha rachanakal ke sanbandh mean yahi samajha jata hai ki shivakotayachary namak jain kavi ne ise sanh‌ 900-1070 ke bich racha tha. yah prakrit ke 'bhagavatiaradhana' namak granth ke adhar par racha gaya hai aur isamean uttam kavy ke gun milate haian. is granth ki sabase b di mahatta yah hai ki isamean kannad ke gady ka sarvapratham roop prapt hota hai.

uparyukt do granthoan ke atirikt ab tak is kal ka any koee granth upalabdh nahian hua hai.

panp yug

kannad sahity ke itihas mean panp ka kal vishesh mahatvapoorn hai, jo 'svarnayug' ke nam se bhi prasiddh hai. is kal ka doosara nam hai 'jain yug', kyoanki is avadhi mean kannad sahity ki shrivriddhi karanevaloan mean jain matavalanbi kaviyoan ka vishesh hath raha. in jain kaviyoan mean pratyek ne pradhanataya do prakar ke kavy rache–ek jain dharm sanbandhi kavy athava dharmik kavy ki vastu kisi tirthakar ya mahapurush ki kahani hoti thi aur laukik kavy mean pauranik kavyoan ke kathanakoan ka chitran hota tha. is prakar do-do granth rachane ka uddeshy ek aur jain dharm ke tatvoan ka prachar karana tha aur doosari or sanskrit ke lokapriy mahakavyoan ka kannad mean pratiroop prastut karake logoan ko apane dharm ki or akarshit karana tha. ye jain kavi sanskrit, prakrit tatha apabhransh bhashaoan ke vidvanh‌ the, sahityashastr ke marmajn the aur pratibhasanpann kavi bhi. in kaviyoan ne avashyak parivartan ke sath pauranik kathanakoan ko apane dharm ke anukool avashy banaya, kiantu unaki maulikata ko nasht n hone dekar rochakata ko banae rakha. jain kaviyoan ki rachanaoan se kannad bhasha aur sahity ka b da upakar hua. is avadhi mean chanpoo kavyashaili ka vishesh prachar hua. is samay ke dharmik kavyoan mean adbhoot tatha shaant aur laukik kavyoan mean vir tatha raudr rasoan ki vishesh roop se abhivyanjana huee. uparyukt do prakar ke kavyoan ke atirikt chhand, ras, alankar, vyakaran, kosh, jyotish, vaidyak adi vibhinn vishayoan par bhi granth likhe ge. is prakar is yug mean kannad sahity ki sarvatomukhi unnati huee.

is yug ke prasiddh kavi tin the–panp, ponn tatha rann jo 'rannatrayi' ke nam se prasiddh haian. mahakavi panp athava adi panp ne do kavy rache–'adipuran' aur 'vikramarjunavijay' athava 'panpabharat'. adipuran mean jinasenacharyakrit sanskrit poorvapuran ke adhar par pratham tirthakar vrishabhanath ka jivanacharit chitrit kiya gaya hai aur 'vikramarjunavijay' mean mahabharat ke kathanak ka niroopan kiya gaya hai. ye donoan chanpookavy haian. panp kannad ke adikavi mane jate haian. inaka samay sanh‌ 941 ke lagabhag mana jata hai.

ponn panp ke samakalin the. unhoanne tin granth rache the–'shaantipuran', 'jinaksharamala' tatha 'bhuvanaikaramabhyuday'. aantim granth upalabdh nahian hai. rann ki mukhy rachanaean do haian– 'ajitapuran' tatha 'sahas bhimavijay' athava 'gadayuddh'. gadayuddh ke nayak bhim haian. gadayuddh mean viraras ki anoothi vyanjana huee hai. isi kavy se rann ki rkiti achal huee hai.

panp yug ke any kaviyoan mean chauandaray, nagavarm (pratham), durgasianh, chandraraj, nagachandr, nagavarm (dvitiy) adi ke nam ullekhaniy haian. chauandaray ka 'chauandarayuparan' prachin kannad gady ka suandar namoona hai. nagavarm pratham ke do granth prapt hue haian–'karnatak kaandabari' tatha 'chhandoanbudhi'. 'karnatakakadanbari' ban ki kadanbari ka kannad pratiroop hai. yah chanpoo shaili mean hai. pro. mugali ka mat hai ki kannad mean anoodit jitane granth haian unamean nagavarm (pratham) ki karnatakakadanbari sarvashreshth hai–chandraraj aur shridharachary nagavarm (pratham) ke samakalin kavi haian. chandraraj ka kamashastr par likha hua 'madanatilak' namak granth aur shridharachary ka 'jatakatilak' namak jyotish granth, donoan uttam kritiyaan haian. isi kal mean durgasianh ne, jo bhagavat sanpraday ke kavi the, sanskrit 'panchatantr' ka anuvad prastut kiya.

11vian aur 12vian shatabdiyoan ke bich ek any prasiddh kavi hue, jinaka nam nagachandr tha. kyoanki inhoanne panpabharat se prerana pakar ramayan ki rachana ki, isalie inaka doosara nam 'abhinav panp' p da. nagachandr ne bhi poorvavarti jain kaviyoan ki bhaanti do kavy rache–'mallinathapuran' tatha 'ramachandracharitapuran' athava 'panparamayan'. panparamayan hi kannad ke upalabdh ramakatha sanbandhi kavyoan mean sabase prachin hai.

panpayug mean mahakaviyoan ka avirbhav hua aur unhoanne apani mahanh‌ kritiyoan se kannad ko samriddh banaya. yadyapi is kal mean b de-b de kalatmak praudh kavyoan ka nirman hua, to bhi samaj ke sadharan logoan ke jivan ke sath sahity ka sanpark nahian tha. isaka mukhy karan yah tha ki is samay ke kavi rajaoan ke ashray mean rahate the aur ve jo kuchh likhate the, ya to apane ashrayadata rajaoan ka yash gane ke lie likhate the ya darabar ke any panditoan ke bich vahavahi lutane ke lie athava apane dharm ka prachar karane ke lie. isaka parinam yah hua ki bolachal ki bhasha sahity sarjan ke lie upayukt nahian samajhi gee. sarvatr sanskrit ka prabhav p da. chanpoo shaili mean jo praudh kavy rache ge ve sadharan janata ki vastu n hokar panditoan tak simit rahe.

basav yug

12 vian shatabdi ke uttarardh se 15vian shatabdi tak ka kal basav yug kahalata hai. is yug ka doosara nam 'kraantiyug' hai. is samay karnatak mean dharmik, samajik ya rajanitik, aisa koee kshetr nahian tha jo kraanti se achhoota rah saka ho. is kraanti ke unnayak basav, basavann athava basaveshvar the, ilie is yug ka nam basav yug p da.

is kal mean sanskritanishth kannad ke sthan par bolachal ki kannad sahity ke nirman ke lie uparyukt samajhi gee aur sanskrit ki kavyashaili ke badale deshi chhandoan ko vishesh protsahan diya gaya. pichhali shatabdiyoan mean jain matavalanbiyoan ka sahityakshetr mean sarvadhikar tha. is yug mean bhinn-bhinn matavalanbiyoan ne sahity ke nirman mean yog diya. sahity ki shrivriddhi mean bhakti ek prabal prerak shakti ke roop mean sahayak huee.

12vian shatabdi ke uttarardh mean basaveshvar ka avirbhav hua. unhoanne virashaiv mat ka pun: sanghatan karake karnatak ke dharmik evan samajik jivan mean b di uthal puthal machaee. basav tatha unake anuyayiyoan ne apane mat ke prachar ke lie bolachal ki kannad ko madhyam banaya. virashaiv bhaktoan ne bhakti, jnan, vairagy, sadachar evan niti par niradanbar shaili mean apane anubhavoan ki batean sunaee, jo vachan sahity ke nam se prasiddh huee. in virashaiv bhaktoan athava shivasharanoan ke vachan ek prakar ke gadyagit haian. shivasharanoan ne sahity ke lie sahity nahian racha. unaka mukhy uddeshy apane vicharoan ka prachar karana hi tha. unake vicharoan mean saralata thi, sachaee thi aur sachche jijnasu ki rasamagnata tha. isalie unaki vani mean sahityik saushthav apane ap a gaya. in shivasharanoan ke vachanoan ne karnatak mean vahi kary kiya jo kabir tatha unake anuyayiyoan ne uttar bharat mean kiya.

basav ne bhakti ka upadesh diya aur is bhakti ki sadhana mean vaidik karmakaand, moortipooja, jati paanti ka bhedabhav, avataravad, aandhashraddha adi ko badhak thaharaya. jatirahit, varnarahit, vargarahit samaj ke nirman dvara unhoanne adhyatmik sadhan ka marg sarvasulabh banana chaha. basav ke samakalin virashaiv bhaktoan mean allamaprabhu, akkamahadevi, chenn-bansav tatha siddharam pramukh haian.

in vachanakar shivasharanoan ke atirikt virashaiv matavalanbi bahut se aise kavi hue jinhoanne bhaktibhavapradhan nana prakar ke kavyagranth deshi chhandoan ka prayog karate hue prastut kie. 12vian aur 13vian shatabdiyoan ke bich tin shreshth kavi hue harihar, raghavaank aur padmaras. is kal ke jain kaviyoan mean nemichandr, bandhuvarma, jann, mallikarjun, keshiraj, rattakavi aur kumudeandu muni ke nam ullekhaniy haian.

13vian shatabdi mean karnatak ki dharmik sthiti mean phir se uthal puthal huee. ek or karnatak ramanujachary dvara sthapit shrivaishnav sanpraday se prabhavit hua aur doosari or usamean madhvachary ke dvait mat ki bhakti ki nee lahar chali. in donoan vaishnav sanpradayoan dvara chalaee gee bhaktidhara se kannad sahity mean nootan shakti ka sanchar hua. parinamasvaroop pauranik mahakavyoan ke kathanakoan ka kannad mean ne sire se vishuddh mool roop mean niroopan hua. is avadhi mean rudrabhatt namak ek vaishnav kavi hue jinaka 'jagannathavijay' kannad ka sarvapratham vaishnav prabandh kavy mana jata hai. yah chanpoo shaili mean likha gaya hai aur isaki kathavastu krishna se sanbandhit hai.

kumaravyas yug

15vian shatabdi se 19vian shtabdi ke aant tak ka kal kumaravyas yug kahalata hai. is avadhi mean vijayanagar ke samratoan tatha maisoor ke rajaoan ne kannad sahity ki shrivriddhi mean vishesh hath bantaya. vaishnav dharm ki pratishtha badhi jisaki pratikriya kannad sahity mean bhi dikhaee p di. vaishnav dharm dvara pracharit bhakti sahityasarjan mean prerak shakti ke roop mean prakat huee. sahity janata ke ati nikat sanpark mean aya. is kal ke sarvashreshth kavi narnapp (naranapp) haian jo apani lokapriyata ke karan 'kumaravyas' ke abhidhan se prakhyat hue. kumaravyas bhagavat sanpraday ke pramukh kavi the.

narnapp athava kumaravyas ki janmatithi, janmasthan tatha unake rachanakal ke sanbandh mean vidvanoan mean matabhed haian. pro. mugali ke anusar 14vian aur 15vian shatabdiyoan ke bich kumaravyas jivit the. kumaravyas ne 'kannad bharat' athava 'gadugin bharat' aur 'airavat' namak do kavy likhe the, aisa mana jata hai. lekin airavat ke unaki kriti hone mean sandeh prakat kiya gaya hai. 'kannad bharat' mean vyasarachit mahabharat ke pratham das parvo ki katha ka niroopan kiya gaya hai. yadyapi panp ne apane 'panpabharat' dvara mahabharat ki sari katha ka kannad pratiroop prastut kiya tha to bhi vah kumaravyas ke kannadabharat ki tarah lokapriy nahian ho saka. isake do karan haian–ek yah hai ki panpabharat mean paandityapradarshan ki pravritti adhik thi aur doosara yah ki usamean jain dharm ka rang bhi chadha tha.

kumaravyas ke kannadabharat ke uparaant mahabharat, ramayan aur bhagavat ke kathanakoan ke adhar par bahut se uttam kavy shatpadi shaili mean prastut kie ge. kumaravyas ke dikhalae hue marg par chalakar narahari athava kumaravalmiki namak kavi ne valmiki ramayan ke adhar par kannad mean 'toraveramayan' ki rachana ki. yah bhi bhaktipradhan prabandh kavy haian, jo prachin kannad ki ek saras kalakriti hai. bhagavat matavalanbi kaviyoan mean timmann kavi, chatu vitthalanath, lakshmish tatha nagaras ke nam ullekhaniy haian. kumaravyas se prerana pakar timmann kavi ne mahabharat ke aantim ath parvo ki katha ka niroopan 'krishnaraj bharat' namak apane kavy mean kiya. sabase pahale samagr bhagavat ka kannad padyanuvad chatu vitathalanath namak bhagavat kavi ne prastut kiya. lagabhag isi kal mean ek atyant pratibhasanpann kavi hue jinaka nam lakshmish tha. inaka likha hua 'jaiminibharat' anupam kavy hai jisamean mahabharat ke katipay rochak prasangoan ka suandar evan marmasparshi varnan kiya gaya hai. lokapriyata ki drishti se karnatak mean kumaravyas ke bharat ke bad jaiminibharat ka sthan hai. nagaras namak kavi ne bhagavadgita ka 'vasudevakathamritasar' namak kannad padyanuvad prastut kiya.

jis prakar is avadhi mean kumaravyas, kumaravalmiki, lakshmish jaise bhagavat sanpraday ke kaviyoan ne bharat, ramayan, bhagavat adi mahakavyoan se kathavastu lekar kannad mean bhaktipradhan prabandh kavyoan ka pranayan kiya, usi prakar madhvamatavalanbi bhaktoan ne bolachal ki kannad mean git, bhajan, kirtan rachakar bhakti ka sandesh karnatak ke ghar-ghar pahuanchaya. in bhaktoan ki paranpara ka aranbh 13vian shatabdi mean naraharitirth dvara hua tha. is samay in bhaktoan ki ek b di mandali jut gee thi jo pradhanataya do bhagoan mean vibhajit thi. ek dal ka nam tha 'vyasakoot' aur doosare ka 'dasakoot'. in donoan mean aantar yahi tha ki ve bhakt vyasakoot ke kahalate the jo adhikaansh brahman the aur jo apane vicharoan ki abhivyakti ke lie sanskrit ko hi upayukt samajhate the, evan ve bhakt dasakoot ke mane jate the jinamean sabhi jatiyoan ke log sammilit the aur jo kannad ke madhyam se bhajan, kirtan rachate the. sanpraday ki tatv sanbandhi batoan mean 'vyasakoot' tatha 'dasakoot' ke bhaktoan mean koee aantar nahian tha. in donoan daloan ke bhakt karnatak mean haridas ke nam se prasiddh haian. in haridasoan ne bhakti, jnan, sadachar, niti, prem, lokavyavahar adi vishayoan par saras, kiantu vyakaranabaddh kannad mean hajaroan pad rachakar kannad sahity ka bhaandar bhara. haridasoan ki paranpara 18vian shati tak chalati hai. haridasoan ke gitoan ka kannadavasi janata par gahara aur vyapak prabhav p da hai. in haridasoan mean purandaradas, kanakadas, jagannathadas adi pramukh haian.

17vian shatabdi mean maisoor (sanprati karnatak) ke raja chikadevaray ke ashray mean rahate hue katipay vaishnav kaviyoan ne uttam kavyoan ka nirman kiya. in kaviyoan mean tirumalary; chikupadhyay, siangarary, honnamma, heळvan katte giriyamma, mahaliangarang kavi ke nam ullekhaniy haian. isi samay pahali bar shrivaishnav sanpraday ka prabhav kannad sahity par pratyaksh roop mean dikhaee p da. chikadevaray 'binnap' tatha 'gitagopal' namak apani rachanaoan mean tirumalary ne shrivaishnav sanpraday ke sath-sath aikaantik bhakti ka niroopan kiya hai. 'hadivadeyadharm' honnamma ka ek suandar kavy hai jisamean satidharm (grihini dharm) ka praanjal bhasha mean varnan kiya gaya hai. mahaliangarang kavi ke likhe 'anubhavamritt' mean shankar ke advait siddhaant ka sar saras kannad mean prastut kiya gaya hai. chikadevaray svayan achchhe kavi the.

is yug mean virashaiv matavalanbi bhaktoan evan kaviyoan ne bhi nana prakar ke granth rachakar kannad ki seva ki. inamean kuchh shatak shaili mean likhe ge haian. vachan shaili ke atirikt kuchh gady granth bhi likhe ge aur saangaty, tripadi, vritt, chanpoo, git adi chhandoan ka vishesh prayog kiya gaya. kiantu is lanbi avadhi mean jitane vachanakar hue ve ine gine hi haian.

charitakavy prastut karanevale virashaiv kaviyoan mean chamaras, viroopaksh pandit aur shadaksharadev agragany the. chamaras ke likhe kavyoan mean 'prabhuliangalile' shreshth charitakavy hai. 'prabhuliangalile' mean allam prabhu ke jivanavritt ka vistar kiya gaya hai. virashaiv kaviyoan mean shreshth prabandh kavy rachanevaloan mean harihar ke bad chamaras ka nam adar ke sath liya jata hai. viroopaksh pandit ka likha hua chennabasav puran bhi uttam prabandh kavy hai, jisamean prasiddh virashaiv bhakt chennabasav ki kahani kahi gee hai. harihar ke 'basavarajaragale' tatha chamaras ke 'prabhuliangalile' jaise charitakavyoan mean matadharm tatha kavyadharm ka jaisa suandar samanvay hua hai, vaisa 'chennabasavapuran' mean nahian ho paya hai.

panp yug mean jain kaviyoan ne apane shreshth prabandh kavyoan ke dvara kannad mean chanpooshaili ko atyant lokapriy banaya. lekin age chalakar is shaili ka upayog kam hota gaya. kumaravyas yug mean phir se yah shaili apanaee gee. ise apananevale kavi jain nahian apitu virashaiv the. 17vian shatabdi ke uttarardh mean shadaksharadev namak ek pratibhasanpann virashaiv kavi ne chanpooshaili mean tin prabandh kavy rache jinake nam 'rajashekharavilas', 'shabarashankaravilas', tatha 'vrishabheandravijay' haian. 'rajashekharavilas' tatha 'shabarashankaravilas', mean shivalila se sanbandh rakhanevali kahaniyoan ka varnan kiya gaya hai. 'vrishabheandravijay' ki kathavastu basav ka jivanavritt hai.

is yug mean ek mahanh‌ virashaiv sant ka avatar hua. unaka asali nam kya tha, isaka kuchh pata nahian laga hai. inaka sahityik upanam 'sarvajn' tha. inhoanne 'tripadi' namak chhand mean apani amrit vani sunaee hai. pratyek chhand 'sarvajn' shabd ke sath samapt hota hai aur hiandi ke dohe ki tarah svatantr arth rakhata hai.

is avadhi mean jain dharm ka prabhav lupt ho chala tha. phir bhi kuchh jain matavalanbi kaviyoan ne apani shakti bhar kannad ki seva ki. jain kaviyoan ne prachalit deshi kavyashailiyoan mean kavyarachana ki. aise kaviyoan mean bhaskar, terakanaanbi, bommaras, shishumayan, tritiyayamangaras, salv kavi tatha ratnakaravarni ke nam ullekhaniy haian. inamean ratnakaravarni sarvashreshth haian, jinaki kritiyoan mean 'bharateshavaibhav' mukhy hai. pratham tirthakar adidev ke putr bharat aur bahubali ke ujval charitroan ka varnan hi 'bharateshavaibhav' ki kathavastu hai. pant, harihar, kumaravyas jaise kannad ke mahakaviyoan ki shreni mean ratnakaravarni ka nam bhi liya jata hai.

is yug ki aantim arthath‌ 19vian shatabdi mean kuchh achchhe kavi hue. devachandr namak jain kavi ne 'ramakathavatar' likhakar jain ramayan paranpara ko age badhaya. maisoor (sanprati karnatak) ke raja mummudi krishnaraj odiyar ke darabari kaviyoan mean keanpunarayan tatha basavapp shastri ne sanskrit evan aangreji ke kuchh natakoan ka anuvad prastut karake kannad mean natak sahity ke nirman ke lie anukool vatavaran taiyar kiya. kalidas ke shakuantal adi natakoan ka basavapp shastri ne itani saphalata se anuvad kiya ki ve 'abhinav kalidas' ke nam se prasiddh hue. keanpunarayan ne mudramanjoosh' namak, ek aitihasik upanyas likha. nandavansh ki kahani isaki kathavastu hai jisapar mudrarakshas ka prabhav lakshit hota hai. yahi kannad ka sarvapratham upanyas hai.

19vian shatabdi ke aant mean muddan namak ek saphal kavi hue jinhoanne tin saras kavy likhe : 'adbhut ramayan', 'ramapattabhishek' aur 'ramashvamedh'. 'adbhoot ramayan' aur 'ramashvamedh' donoan gady granth haian. inake gady ki yah visheshata hai ki prachin kannad ki praudhata evan madhurata ke sath-sath adhunik kannad ki saralata ka parichay milata hai.

adhunik yug

bharatiy jivan ke itihas mean 19vian shati ka uttarardh atyant mahatvapoorn hai. chooanki is samay saman paristhitiyoan tatha prabhavoan se sara bharatiy jivan mathit tatha aandolit hua tha, at: yah kaha ja sakata hai ki adhunik kannad sahity ki gatividhi ki kahani any pradeshik bhashaoan ke sahity ki kahani se kuchh bhinn nahian haian.

adhunik kannad sahity ko pradhanataya char bhagoan mean vibhajit kiya ja sakata hai jo is prakar haian:

1. 1900 tak pratham utthan
2. 1901 se 1920 tak dvitiy utthan
3. 1921 se 1940 tak tritiy utthan, tatha
4. 1940 se ab tak chaturth utthan.

adhunik kannad ka pratham utthan gady ke sath praranbh hota hai jisake nirman mean eesaee mishanariyoan (protesteant) ki seva ullekhaniy hai. kaha jata hai, 1809 mean revareand viliyam keri ne baibil ka anuvad prastut kiya. lagabhag 1831 mean bळळari tatha mangalor mean mishanariyoan dvara mudranalay sthapit kie ge jinake karan kannad granthoan ki chhapaee mean sahayata mili. pray: sanh‌ 1823 mean prakashit kannad baibil hi adhunik kannad ka sarvapratham gady granth hai. taduparaant eesaee padariyoan ne apane dharm ke prachar ke hetu kannad mean patrapatrikaean prakashit karaee jinamean 'sabhapatr', 'satyadipike', tatha 'karnatak' mukhy haian. 19vian shati ki aantim tin dashabdiyoan mean kannad bhasha tatha sahity ke abhivardhan ke lie mahatvapoorn kary hua. idhar dakshin karnatak mean karnatak ke rajaoan ke protsahan ke phalasvaroop karnatak mean prachy pustakalay tatha udhar dharava d mean karnatak vidyavardhak sangh ki sthapana huee. in donoan sansthaoan ki or se prachin shilalekhoan tatha paandulipiyoan ke sangrah, sanpadan tatha prakashan ka kary praranbh hua. bi.el.rais tatha arॅ.narasianhachar ne anathak prayatn karake 'di epigrafiya karnatika' ka barah bhagoan mean prakashan karaya. rais ne bhattakळank ke 'shabdanushasan' namak prachin vyakaran granth ka sanpadan kiya aur usaki prastavana mean kannad sahity ke itihas ki roop rekha aangreji mean pahali bar prastut ki. mangalor ke basel mishan ke tatvavadhan mean revareand ef. kittal namak ek jarman padari ne 18 varsh nirantar parishram karake kannad panditoan ke sahayog se 'kannad aangreji brihath‌kosh' prakashit karaya, sath hi kannad ke prachin granthoan ka sangrah evan sanpadan kary praranbh kiya. isi avadhi mean madras vishvavidyalay ki or se fort seant kalej mean kannad sikhane ke uddeshy se pathay pustakean prakashit ki gee. is prakar yadyapi kannad bhasha tatha sahity ke punaruddhar ke lie stuty udyog hua, to bhi skool kalejoan mean shiksha ka madhyam aangreji hone ke karan kannad ke prati janata mean jaisa adar hona chahie tha vaisa nahian utpann hua.

1900 se 1921 ee. tak ka kal adhik nishchit aur vividh upalabdhiyoan ka kal hai. pahali bar aaur. narahiansachar ne sanh‌ 1907 mean kannad sahity ka ek brihath‌ itihas 'karnatak kavicharite' tin bhagoan mean prakashit kiya jisamean ek sahasr varsho ke kannad ke samast kaviyoan tatha unaki kritiyoan ka pramanik itivritt prastut ho gaya. yadyapi yah nahian kaha ja sakata ki is itihas mean kavi aur kavy ka moolyaankan adhunik alochana paddhati ke adhar par kiya gaya hai, phir bhi yah nishchit hai ki kannad sahity ke adhyayan, adhyapan tatha shodh kary ke lie 'karnatak kavicharite' dvara ek nishchit adharashila prastut ho gee. sanh‌ 1915 mean ee.pi. rais ne aangreji mean histri aauv kanariz litarechar likhakar pashchaty drishtikon se kannad sahaty ke adhyayan ka marg prashast kiya. is prakar pratham utthan mean rais ke 'di epigrafiya karnatika' ke prakashan ke phalasvaroop adhunik drishtikon se sahity ka aitihasik adhyayan praranbh hua aur narahiansachar ke 'karnatak kavicharite' ke nirman se kannad ke sahityakaroan ki jivaniyoan tatha unaki kritiyoan ke alochanatmak adhyayan ki nishchit prishthabhoomi taiyar huee. isi samay ek or bangalor mean kannad sahity parishadh ka janm hua aur doosari or maisoor vishvavidyalay ki sthapana huee. in donoan sasthaoan ke ashray mean kannad bhasha evan sahity ke sanvardhan ke lie naya parivesh prastut hua.

sanh‌ 1921 se 1940 tak ki avadhi mean kannad ka adhunik kal apane svarnayug mean pravesh karata hai. is tritiy utthan ke praranbh mean pro. bi. em. shrikanthayya, jo karnatak mean 'shri' abhidhan se lokapriy haian, kannad bhasha aur sahity mean navoday ke agradoot hue. pashchaty sahity ke prabhav se kannad mean bhi adhunik sahity ki vibhinn vidhaean prasphutit ho nibandh adi sabhi vidhaean apane sachche roop mean vikasit hone lagian jisake parinamasvaroop kannad ka sahity sashakt hokar jivan ko sahi arth mean pratibianbit karane laga.

kannad mean adhunik kavita ka praranbh ek prakar se aangreji kavita ke anuvad tatha anukaran ke sath-sath hua. vishesh roop se bi.em. shrikanthayya ka aangreji kavitaoan ka kannad anuvad 'iangalishu gitegalu' navayuvakoan ke lie bhasha, vastuvidhan, shaili, chhand evan alankarayojana ki drishti se pathapradarshak ban gaya. isi samay karnatak ke vividh bhagoan mean kaviyoan ki khasi mandaliyaan sthapit huee, dharati ka prem tatha rashtriyata ka poora bhavalok vyakt hua. pragatha, visapika, gitikavy, s aaunet git aur bhajan, varnanatmak kavita, khandakavy, virakavy, romaans, darshanik kavita, gadyagit aur svagatabhashan–ye aur any kavyavibhag utkrisht anand aur uchch prerana se vikasit hue. is dal ke kaviyoan mean anubhooti ki gaharaee, vyapakata tatha kritiyoan ke pariman ki drishti se kuveanpu (ke.vi. puttappa) tatha aanbikatanayadatt (d.ra.beandre) sarvashreshth kahe ja sakate haian. lagabhag bis kavitasangrah tatha ramayanadarshan namak atukaant mahakavy kuveanpu ki amar kirti ke adharastanbh haian. pradhanataya beandre ne git hi rache haian. 'gari', 'sakhigit', 'nadalile', 'aruळ maruळ' unake gitasangrahoan mean mukhy haian.

sanh‌ 1930 mean jis pragatishil aandolan ka sootrapat hua usane is samay ke sahity par gahara prabhav dala. kavita ke kshetr mean bhi nee shakti ka sanchar hua. ne chhand aur ne rachanavidhan ki pratishtha huee.

adhunik kannad sahity mean chhoti kahani sabase adhik lokapriy hai. masti veankatesh ayangar (shrinivas) adhunik kannad kahani sahity ke pita mane jate haian. unaki kahaniyoan mean darshanikata, deshabhakti, aitihasikata, gramin jivan ke chitr, manovaijnanik vishleshan, parivarik chitran adi tatvoan ka b da hi suandar samavesh hua hai. kahani ke vastuvidhan tatha shilpavidhan ki drishti se is samay kannad ki kahani mean vikasakram ka spasht parichay milata hai.

kannad mean bangala aur marathi upanyasoan ke anuvad ke sath upanyas sahity ke nirman mean nee prerana ka sanchar hua. bi.veankatachar ne bankimachandr ke upanyasoan ka saphal anuvad prastut kiya. galaganath ne anuvad ke atirikt 'madhav karun vilas' tatha 'kumudini' namak do maulik aitihasik upanyas bhi likhe. phir bhi, gulvadi veankatarav ka likha 'iandiradevi' (1899) tatha em.es. puttanna ka likha 'madidunnoan maharaya' kannad ke sarvapratham maulik upanyas mane jate haian. is avadhi mean kannad mean vishisht upanyas likhe ge jinake kee udaharan aj bhi milate haian, jaise batageri ke 'sudarshan' mean samajik shishtachar ke upanyas, e.en. krishnarav ke 'sandhyarag' mean charitrapradhan upanyas, kastoori ke 'chakradrishti' mean vyangyapradhan upanyas, devud ke 'aantarang' mean manovaijnanik upanyas, shivaram karant ke 'marळi mannige' mean kalapradhan upanyas, mugali ke 'karanapurush' mean samasyapradhan upanyas. masti ka 'chennabasav' namak, ke.vi.ayyar ka 'shaantala' tatha e.en. krishnarav ka 'natasarvabhaum', t.ra.su. ka 'hasangite', ke. vi. puttappa ka 'kanoor subbamm heggadati', karant ke 'bettad jiv' aur 'chomanadudi' gokak' ka 'samaras ve jivan' adi upanyas apane vishisht gunoan ke karan kannad bhashabhashiyoan ke jivan, sanskriti tatha itihas ke sachche pratinidhi kahe ja sakate haian. mirji annarav, basavaraj, kattimani, kuळkuand, shivarav, inamadar aur puranik bhi adhunik kannad ke samarth upanyasakar haian. karant ka 'marali mannige', ke.vi. ayyar ka 'shaantala', t.ra.su. ka 'hansagite' ka hiandi roopaantar prakashit ho chuka hai. kuveanpu ka 'kanoor subbamm heggaditi' apane dhang ka anootha upanyas hai.

jis prakar hiandi ke natak sahity aur rangamanch ka mool roop ramalila, krishnalila, rasadhari mandaliyoan ke roop mean paya jata hai usi prakar kannad ke natak tatha rangamanch ka moolaroop 'yakshagan', 'bayalat', 'taळmaddale' ke roop mean prapt hota hai. yakshagan ke lie likhe ge natak pray: pady mean pae jate haian. kannad ke prachin sahity ke aantargat sanh‌ 1680 mean likha hua siangarary ka 'mitravianda goviand' kannad ka sarvapratham natak mana jata hai. yah harsh ki 'ratnavali natika' ke adhar par likha hua roopak hai. adhunik kannad mean pahale pahal sanskrit tatha aangreji natakoan ka anuvad prastut kiya gaya. in anuvadakoan mean basavapp shastri, nanjanagood, shrikanth shastri evan gahani krishnaachary, ramashesh shastri, anantanarayan shastri, kavitilak appa shastri, narahari shastri ke nam ullekhaniy haian. is samay anoodit natakoan mean uttararamacharit, ratnavali, venisanhar, vikramorvashiy, mudrarakshas, naganand mrichchhakatik, harishchandr, shakuantal adi mukhy haian. anuvad karane ki kala mean basavappa shastri ne itani saphalata paee ki unhean karnatak ke tatkalin maharajane 'abhinav kalidas' ki upadhi se puraskrit kiya. age chalakar aangreji ke prasiddh natakoan ka anuvad hone laga. isi samay kuchh natak kanpaniyaan bhi sthapit huee jinake lie vishesh roop se pauranik tatha kutoohalavardhak samajik natak likhe ge. aise natakoan mean krishnalila, rukminisvayanvar, lankadahan, krishnaparijat, sadar mean, kabiradas, jalandhar mukhy haian. karnatak ke prasiddh nat e.bi. varadachar tatha gubbiviranna dvara kanpaniyoan ke ashray mean rangamanch ki hi nahian, natay sahity ki bhi vishesh vriddhi huee.

aangreji sahity ke adhyayan ke phalasvaroop kannad ke natak sahity par pashchaty natayakala ka prabhav p da. adhunik kannad ke pramukh sahityakaroan ne bhi natak rachakar usaki shrivriddhi mean yog diya. natak ki vastuoan mean vividhata dikhaee dene lagi. sheridan, aauskar vaild aur ibsan jaise pashchaty lekhakoan ka anukaran karake kannad mean b de hi suandar, vyangatmak, hasy-ras-pradhan natak rache ge. aise natakoan mean ti.pi. kailasam ke 'homarool' tatha 'tollugatti', shrirang ka 'harijanvar', karant ka 'garbhagudi', kuveanpu ka 'raktakshi' adi nam ullekhaniy haian. du:khaant natakoan mean, bi.em. 'shri' ke 'ashvatthaman' aur 'gadayuddh' tatha kuveanpu ke 'beralgekoral' mukhy kahe ja sakate haian. romaantik evan sukhaant natakoan mean gokak ke 'yugaantar' jaise natak pathaniy haian. adhunik kannad mean ekaanki, gitinatak, atutaank padyanatak, sangitaroopak (aaupera), rediyo natak adi natak ke vividh roopoan ka bhi prachalan hua hai.

nibandh adhunik kannad sahity ki ek mahatvapoorn vidha hai. adhunik yug ke dvitiy utthan mean aloor veankatarav ke 'karnatak gatavaibhav' tatha pandit taranath ke 'dharmasanbhav' jaise vicharatmak granthoan dvara adhunik kannad ki ganbhir gadyashaili ka marg prashast hua. di.vi. gudappa ke 'sahityashakti', s.s. malavad ke 'karnatak-sanskriti-darshan', siddhavanahalli krishnasharma ke gaandhi sahity mean vicharapradhan gadyashaili nikharane lagi. vyangyatmak nibandhoan ke lie ji.pi. rajaratnamh‌, na. kastoori, karant, ballari bichi ki rachanaean ullekhaniy haian. pi.ti. narasianhachar ke bhavanachitr, pro.e.lun. moortirav ke hageganasugalu evan vaman bhatt ke kodandan upanyas galu jaise nibandhoan mean laghu vartalap ke suandar namoone milate haian. beandre ke rekhachitr, ti.en. shrikanthayya aur e.en. krishnarav ke alochanatmak nibandh, putatappa ke varnanatmak nibandh, gokak ke patratmak tatha bhaugolik saanskritik nibandh, mote taur par yah darshate haian ki is kshetr mean kitani aur kaisi upalabdhiyaan huee haian. di.vi.gudappa ke 'gokhale', puttappa ke 'vivekanand', madhuchetr ke 'prilyood' masti ke 'raviandranath thagur' rajaratnamh‌ ke 'das varsh', divakar ke 'seremane', gokak ke 'samudradacheyiand' adi granthoan mean kramash: klasikal jivanacharith‌, romaantik sahityik tatha sauandaryatmak jivanavritt, sahityik dayari, adi nibandh ke vividh roopoan ke suandar namoone haian. vi. sitaramayya ke 'panpa yatre', karant ke 'abuviand' aur 'baramakke', manvi narasianharav ke nibandh ityadi pravas sanbandhi sahity ke adarsh prastut karate haian.

lagabhag 30 varsh pahale bachchoan ka vishvakosh 'balaprapanch' likhakar sanbhavat: bharatiy bhashaoan ke sahityoan ke sammukh ek nootan adarsh upasthit karane ka shrey kannad ke mahanh‌ lekhak shivaram karant ko milana chahie. unhoanne 'eejagatt' ke nam se apane vishvakosh ke pratham bhag ka prakashan karaya hai aur any bhagoan ke sanpadan kary mean ab ve nirantar lage hue haian.

revareand eph. kittal, bi.el. rais tatha aaur. narasianhachar jaise vidvanoan ne kannad ke prachin granthoan ka shodh, sanpadan tatha prakashan kary hi nahian kiya apitu adhunik kavyavimarsh ki bhi panrapara chalaee. aangreji tatha prachin sanskrit kavyashastr ka ganbhir adhyayan karake kannad mean alochana sahity ke lie nishchit marg darshan karanevaloan mean di.vi. guandappa, masti veankatesh ayangar, e.ar. krishnashastri tatha em. goviand pai mukhy kahe ja sakate haian. di.vi. guandappa ka jivan sauandary matu sahity' aur 'sahityashakti', masti ka tin bhagoan mean prakashit 'vimarshe', e.aaur. krishna shastri ka 'bhashanagळu mattu lekhanagळu', adhunik kannad ke alochana sahity mean apana vishisht sthan rakhate haian. d aau.e. veankatasubbayya tatha em. goviand pai ne apane shodhapoorn nibandhoan mean kannad ke prachin kaviyoan ke kalanirnay, vastuniroopan, bhashasvaroop adi par ganbhir adhyayan prastut kiya hai. kannad sahity parishadh ki chhamahi patrika 'parishatpatrike' tatha maisoor vishvavidyalay ki traimasik patrika 'prabuddh karnatak' mean kannad ke kavi aur kavy par alochanatmak lekh gat pachchis tis varsho se barabar prakashit hote a rahe haian. maisoor vishvavidyalay tatha kannad sahity parishadh ke tatvavadhan mean panp, kumaravyas, nagachandr, rann adi prachin kaviyoan par uttam vimarshatmak granth prakashit hue haian. sath hi anyany sahity sanghoan ki or se chhote b de alochanatmak nibandhoan ke sangrah nikale ge haian. pi. ji. halakatti, ar.ar. divakar, em. ar. shrinivasamoorti jaise vidvanoan ne kramash: 'vachanashastrasar', 'vachanashastrarahasy', 'vachanadharmasar', tatha 'bhakti bhandari basavann' namak granthoan mean virashaiv bhakt kaviyoan tatha unaki kritiyoan ka ganbhir adhyayan prastut kiya hai. muliy timmappaya ka 'nadojapanp', shi.shi. basavanal ka 'prabhuliangalile', kuandanagar ka 'harihar dev', mahadeviyakak, ar.si. hiremath ka 'mahakaviraghavaank', ke.vi. raghavachar ka 'yashodharacharit', e.ar. krishnashastri ka 'sanskrit natakagalu', 'ti.en. shrikanthayya ka 'bharatiy kavyamimaanse, aur 'kavyasamikshe', kuveanpu ke 'sahityavihar' tatha 'taponandan', 'vibhootipooje',beandre ka 'sahityasanshodhane', goviand pai ka 'kannad sahityad prachinate', betageri ka 'karnatak darshan', ar.es. panchamukhi ka 'haridas sahity', d aau. karki ka 'chhandovikas', di.el. narasianhachar dvara sanpadit 'shabdamanidarpan', ar. es.mugळi ka 'kannad sahityacharitr' adi granth aise mahatvapoorn haian jinake adhyayan se kannad bhasha evan sahity ki vyapakata tatha gaharaee par spasht prakash p data hai. sanh‌ 1947 mean maisoor vishvavidyalay ki or se ek 'brihat aangreji-kannad-kosh' prakashit hua. shivaram karant ka 'kannad arthakosh' tatha di.ke bharadvaj ka 'kannad-aangreji-kosh' ullekhaniy haian. karnatak rajy sarakar tatha bharat sarakar ke anudan se kannad-sahity-parishadh ki or se ek brihat kannad kosh ka sanpadan kary chal raha hai.

adhunik kannad mean shishu sahity ke nirman ke lie bhi prashansaniy kary hua hai. is disha mean pahale pahal panjemangesharav ne 'bal-sahity-mandal' namak sanstha ki sthapana karake balasahity ki vriddhi mean yog diya. kuveanpu, ji.pi. rajaratn, dinakar desaee, hoisal, devudu narasianh shastri, adi anek adhunik kannad ke lekhakoan ne bachchoan ke lie suandar git rachakar shishusahity ko lokapriy banaya hai. karnatak mean bachchoan ki shiksha ke lie shishuvihar jagah-jagah sthapit hue haian. 'akhil karnatak makkalakoot', 'chikkavarakanaj' jaisi bachchoan ki sansthaoan ke karan shishusahity ke srijan mean vishesh protsahan mila hai. makkal pustak, nammapustak kand, chandamama, jaisi bachchoan ki masik patrikaoan ke nam ullekhaniy haian.

kannad ke lokagitoan tatha lokakalaoan ke adhyayan ka kary bhi praranbh hua hai. karnatak mean gat 300 varsho se atyant lokapriy lokakala 'yakshagan' par shivaram karant ka likha hua 'yakshagan' vayalat ek mahatvapoorn granth hai jisapar bharat sarakar ne 5,000 rupe ka puraskar pradan kiya hai. masti veankatesh ayangar ne apane 'papular kalchar in karnatak' mean kannad ke lokasahity ka suandar parichay diya hai. gramagitoan ke bhi kee sangrah prakashit hue haian jinamean beandre ka 'garatiyarahadu', el. guandappa ka 'halliyapadagalu', bi.en. rangasvami tatha goroor ramasvamayangar ka 'halliyahadugalu', matigatt krishnamoorti ka 'halliyapadagalu', tatha ka.ra.kri. ka 'janapadagitegalu' ullekhaniy haian.

vigat 60-70 varsho se kannad mean adhyatm, darshan, jyotish, vijnan, bhoogol, itihas, arthashastr, shiksha, pranishastr, ganit, arogy, vaidyak, shasyashastr, krishi, chitrakala, sangitakala adi vibhinn vishayoan par granthanirman ka kary hua hai. idhar kuchh varsho se haee skooloan tatha kalejoan ki padhaee ke lie kannad ko madhyam ke roop mean svikar kiya ja raha hai jisake parinamasvaroop vibhinn vishayoan par kannad mean pathay pustakean bhi taiyar ki ja rahi haian.

adhunik kannad sahity ki shrivriddhi mean kannad ki patrapatrikaoan ka sahayog kuchh kam mahatv ka nahian hai. mangalor ke basel mishan ke padariyoan ko kannad mean sarvapratham patrika prakashit karane ka shrey diya jata hai. in padariyoan ne eesaee dharm ke prachar ke lie sanh‌ 1856 mean 'kannadavartik' namak patrika ka prakashan aranbh kiya. aangreji bhasha tatha sahity ke prachar ke sath-sath karnatak ke vibhinn pradeshoan se anek patrapatrikaoan ka sanpadan praranbh hua. maisoor ke em. veankatkrishnayya ke parishram ke phalasvaroop kannad ki praranbhik patrikaoan mean hitabodhini, sudarshan, aryamatasanjivani, karnatak kavyakalanidhi, suvasini, vagbhooshan, vivekoday, sadguru sadbodhachandrike, dhanurdhari, madhuravani, shrikrishnasookti tatha sadhavani ke nam ullekhaniy haian. sanh‌ 1921 ke sarvekshan ke anusar karnatak ke vibhinn pradeshoan se kul 66 patrapatrikaean prakashit ho rahi thian. ajakal ki dainik patrikaoan mean sanyukt karnatak, prajavani, janavani, tamilanadu tatha navabharat mukhy haian. prajamat, karmavir, janapragati adi saptahik patr lokapriy haian. kahani sanbandhi patrikaoan mean kategar, kathaanjali, kathakuanj, koravanji tatha masik patrikaoan mean jivan, kastoori, jay karnatak adi ullekhaniy haian.

adhunik kannad ke pratham tatha dvitiy utthan mean rashtriyata ka svar mukharit hua. usake bad samajasudhar tatha dalit jatiyoan ke uddhar ki bhavana jor pak dane lagati hai. pauranik vishayoan tatha patroan ka manavikaran ek mahatvapoorn vishay hai. prakriti ke prati romaantik drishtikon poori tarah se vyakt hua hai. navin lekhak ke kee mahatvapoorn siddhaantoan mean ek atmabhivyanjana hai. manushy ke vyaktitv ki mahanata tatha usaki pavitrata par sarvatr agrah dikhaee deta hai. lekhakoan ke lie yah naya sakshatkar tha ki sahity vyaktitv ki abhivyanjana hokar svayan poornata ko prapt hota hai. git aur nibandh, upanyas aur natak ityadi bhi isi vyaktivad se anupranit hue haian. yatharthavadi lekhakoan ne samajik, rajanitik aur dharmik sansthaoan ke jhoothe vishvasoan tatha khokhalepan ka pardaphash kiya hai. pragatishil sahityakaroan ne pradhanataya samaj ki durvyavastha ki samasya ko marksavadi vicharadhara ke adhar par hal karane ka prayatn kiya hai. roodhivadi lekhak apane supratishthit vishvas ke mooly mean astha rakhate haian. lekhakoan ka ek varg vah hai jisane kavyatmak dharmik anubhootiyoan ki suandar vyanjana ki hai. aise bhi katipay lekhak haian jinaka charam uddeshy sauandaryajagath‌ mean sahasapoorn abhiyan hai. lekhakoan ki ek astik dhara bhi hai jisamean niti tatha vicharapoorn darshanikata ki dhvani mukharit hai. is dhara ke lekhakoan par ramkrishna paramahans, vivekanand evan araviand ke jivanadarshan ka gahara prabhav lakshit hota hai. is dal ki kritiyoan mean buddhivad aur rahasyavad, sauandaryavad aur samajavad, karm aur jnan jaise paraspar virodhi tatvoan, ka samahar hua hai. is prakar vividh vicharadhara ke lekhakoan ne sahity ki vibhinn vidhaoan ke madhyam se kannad bharati ko sajaya hai. in vibhinn vicharadhaoan se jis sahityasangam ki srishti huee hai usake samashtiroop mean se ek manavatavadi ujval jivanadarshan prakashit hua hai jisaka kalaantar mean vyapak prabhav avashy lakshit hoga.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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