कवक

kavak jivoan ka ek vishal samuday haian, jise sadharanataya vanaspatiyoan mean vargikrit kiya jata hai. is varg ke sadasy parnaharim rahit hote haian aur inamean prajanan bijanuoan ke dvara hota hai. ye sabhi sookay vanaspatiyaan haian, arthath‌ inake sharir ke ootakoan mean koee bhedakaran nahian hota. doosare shabdoan mean, inamean j d, tana aur pattiyaan nahian hotian tatha inamean adhik pragatishil paudhoan ki bhaanti sanvahaniy tantr nahian hota hai. pahale is prakar ke sabhi jiv ek hi varg kavak ke aantargat pariganit hote the, parantu ab vanaspati vijnanavidoan ne kavak varg ke atirikt do any vargoan ki sthapana ki hai, jinamean kramanusar jivanu aur shleshmornika (slime mold) haian. jivanu ekakoshiy hote haian, jinamean praroopik nabhik nahian hota tatha shleshmornik ki banavat aur poshahar jantuoan ki bhaanti hota hai. kavak adhyayan ke vijnan ko 'kavak vijnan' (maik aauloji) kahate haian.

vaijnanik mat

kuchh vaijnanikoan ka mat hai ki kavak ki utpatti shaival mean parnaharim ki hani hone se huee hai. yadi vastav mean aisa hua hai, to kavak ko 'padap srishti' mean rakhana uchit hi hai. doosare kuchh vaijnanikoan ka vishvas hai ki inaki utpatti rangahin kashabh (flaijeleta) ya prajiva (protozoa) se huee hai, jo sada se hi parnaharim rahit the. is vicharadhara ke anusar inhean vanaspatik srishti mean n rakhakar ek prithakh srishti mean vargikrit kiya jana chahie. vastavik kavak ke aantargat kuchh aisi parichit vastuean ati haian, jaise- guandhe hue ate se pavaroti banane mean sahayak ekakoshiy khamir (yist), basi rotiyoan par rooee ki bhaanti uga phaphooand, charm ko malin karane vale dad ke kitanu, fasal ke nashakari 'ratua tatha kanduva' (rast aiand smat) aur khane yogy ev vishaili khuanbhiyaan (mushrooms) adi.

poshahar

parnaharim ki anupasthiti ke karan kavak, karban dai-aauksaid aur jal dvara karbohaidret nirmit karane mean asamarth hote haian. at: apane bhojy padarthoan ki prapti ke lie any vanaspatiyoan, jantuoan tatha unake mrit sharir par hi ashrit rahate haian. inaki jivan-vidhi aur sanrachana isi par ashrit haian. yadyapi kavak karban dai-aauksaid se sharkara nirmit karane mean poornataya asamarth hote haian tathapi ye sadharan viley sharkara se jatil karbohaidret ka sanshleshan kar lete haian, jisase inaki koshikabhitti ka nirman hota hai. yadi inhean sadharan karbohaidret aur naitrojan yaugik die jaean, to kavak inase protin aur aantat: protoplajm nirmit kar lete haian. mritopajivi (saiprofait) ke roop mean kavak ya to karbanik padarthoan, utsarjit padarth ya mrit ootakoan ko vishleshit karake bhojan prapt karate haian. parajivi ke roop mean kavak jivit koshoan par ashrit rahate haian. sahajivi ke roop mean ye apana sanbandh kisi any jiv se sthapit kar lete haian, jisake phalasvaroop is maitri ka labh donoan ko hi mil jata hai. in donoan prakar ki bhojanaritiyoan ke madhy mean kuchh kavak ate haian, jo paristhiti ke anusar apani bhojanapranali badalate rahate haian.

• rahan-sahan aur vitaran ke anusar kavak ki jatiyoan ki sankhya lagabhag 80 se 90 hazar tak hai. sanbhavat: kavak sabase adhik vyapak haian.

vas sthan

jaliy kavak mean 'ekalaya', 'saiprolegniya' adi; mitti mean pae jane vale 'myookar', 'penisiliyam', 'esparajilas', 'fyoozeriyam' adi; lak di par pae jane vale 'merooliyas laikrimaians'; gobar par ugane vale 'pailobolas' tatha 's aauraderiya' adi; vasa mean ugane vale 'yoorotiyam' aur penisiliyam ki jatiyaan haian. ye vayu tatha any jivoan ke sharir ke bhitar ya unake oopar bhi pae jate haian. vastav mean vishv ke un sabhi sthanoan mean kavak ki utpatti ho sakati hai, jahaan kahian bhi inhean karbanik yaugik ki prapti ho sake. kuchh kavak to laiken ki sanrachana mean bhag lete haian, jo k di chattanoan par, sookhe sthan mean tatha paryapt ooanche tap mean ugate haian, jahaan sadharanataya koee bhi any jiv nahian rah sakata. kavak ki adhikadhik vriddhi vishesh roop se ardr paristhitiyoan mean, aandhere mean ya mand prakash mean hoti hai. isilie chhatrak adhik sankhya mean ardr aur ushn tap vale jangaloan mean ugate haian.

sharir sanrachana

kuchh ekakoshikiy jatiyoan, udaharanarth khamir ke atirikt any sabhi jatiyoan ka sharir koshikamay hota hai, jo sookshmadarshiy reshoan se nirmit hota hai, aur jisase pratyek disha mean shakhaean nikalakar jivadhar ke oopar ya bhitar phaili rahati haian. pratyek reshe ko 'kavak tantu' kaha jata hai aur in kavak tantuoan ke samooh ko 'kavakajal' (maisiliyam) kahate haian. pratyek kavak tantu ek patali, paradarshi naliy divar ka bana hota hai, jisamean jivadravy ka ek star hota hai, ya jo jivadravy se poornataya bhara hota hai. ye shakhi ya ashakhi rahate haian aur inaki motaee 0.5 myoo se lekar 100 myoo tak hoti hai. jivadravy poore kavak tantu mean phaila rahata hai, jisamean nabhik bina kisi nishchit vyavastha ke bikhare rahate haian, anyatha kavak tantu divaroan ke pat dvara vibhajit rahate haian, jisase sanrachana bahukoshikiy hoti hai. pahali avastha ko bahunabhik tatha doosari ko patayukt avastha kahate haian. pratyek koshika mean ek, do ya adhik nabhik ho sakate haian.

adhikaansh kavak ke tantu rangahin hote haian, kiantu kuchh mean ye vibhinn rangoan se range hote haian. sadharan kavak ka sharir dhile kavak tantuoan se nirmit hota hai, kiantu kuchh uchch kavakoan ke jivanavritt ki kuchh avasthaoan mean unase kavak jal ghane hokar saghan ootak banate haian, jise sanjivitak aur kootajivitak kahate haian. dirghitak dhila ootak hota hai, jisamean pratyek kavak tantu apana apanatv banae rakhata hai. kootajivitak mean sootr kafi ghane hote haian tatha ve apana aikatmy kho baithate haian, aur katane par uchchavargiy paudhoan ke jivitak koshoan ke saman dikhaee p date haian. in ootakoan se vibhinn prakar ke vanaspatik aur prajanan vinyas ka nirman hota hai. kavak ki banavat chahe kitani hi jatil kyoan n ho, par ve sabhi kavak tantuoan dvara hi nirmit hote haian. ye tantu itane saghan hote haian, ki ve ootak ke roop mean pratit hote haian, kiantu kavakoan mean kabhi bhi vastavik ootak nahian hota.

koshikabhitti

kuchh jatiyoan ko chho dakar kavakoan ki koshikabhittiyoan ki rasayanik vyakritiyaan vibhinn jatiyoan mean bhinn-bhinn hoti haian. kuchh jatiyoan ki koshikabhittiyoan mean selyulos ya ek vishesh prakar ka kavak selyoolos paya jata hai tatha any jatiyoan mean 'kaitin' koshikabhitti ke nirman ke lie mukhy roop se uttaradayi hota haian. kee kavakoan mean kailos tatha any karbanik padarth bhi koshikabhitti mean pae ge haian. kavak tantu mean nabhik ke atirikt koshikadravy tailaviandu tatha any padarth upasthit rahate haian, udaharanarth kailsiyam aauksalet ke rave, protin kan ityadi. pratyek jati mean protoplast, kloroplast rahit hota hai. yadyapi koshikaoan mean starch ka abhav hota hai, tathapi ek doosara jatil paulisaikeraid glaeekojan paya jata hai. mritopajivi kavak adhar ke nikat sansparsh mean akar apana bhojan apane reshoan ki divar se visaran dvara prapt karate haian. parashrayi kavak jantuoan aur vanaspatiyoan ki koshikaoan se poshit hote haian aur is prakar ye apane poshak ko hani pahuanchate haian, jisake karan vanaspatiyoan evan jantuoan mean vyadhiyaan utpann hoti haian. kavakajal pray: poshakoan ke dharatal par athava poshakoan ke bhitari sthanoan mean aant: koshika ya poshakoan ke koshoan ko chhedakar ugate haian. kavak tantu ke agrabhag se ek prakar ke enjaim ka srav hota hai, jisase inhean koshakabhitti ke bedhan tatha vighatan mean sahayata prapt hoti hai. aant: koshik tantu ek vishesh prakar ki shakhaoan ko poshak koshikaoan mean bhejate haian, jinhean ashoshaang kahate haian. ye ashoshaang ati sookshm chhidroan dvara koshika bhitti mean pravesh karate haian. ye visheshit avashoshak aang hote haian, jo vibhinn jatiyoan mean vibhinn prakar ke hote haian. jantuoan mean pae jane vale parashrayi kavakoan mean avashoshakaang nahian pae ge haian.

kitoan dvara kavak kheti

dakshin aphrika mean kuchh chiantiyaan tatha dimakean kavakoan ka keval ahar hi nahian karatian, varanh‌ unako ugati bhi haian. ye jiv vishesh prakar ke karbanik padartho ko ikattha kar apane ghosaloan mean bichhate haian, jisase kavak in par achchhi tarah ug sakean. kuchh dashaoan mean ye kavakoan ka ropan karate haian. vidvanoan ka aisa vichar hai ki ek jati ki chianti apana vishesh kavak utpann karati haian.

kitoan par ugane vale kavak

anek kavak kitoan par hi ugate haian. eantom aaufthora ki kee jatiyaan kitashrayi haian. eantom aaufh‌thora maski sadharan makkhiyoan par akraman karata hai. kavak jal se makkhiyoan ko poora sharir bhar jata hai aur bijanuoan ke paripakv hone par ve prakshipt hokar mrit makkhi ke charoan aur vrittakar kshetr mean phail jate haian. k aaurdiseps ki kee jatiyaan kitoan par hi ashrit rahati haian. k aaudiseps militairis, pyoopa aur illi par ashrit rahata hai. ek kavak boveriya baisiyana resham ke ki de ki mukhy vyadhi shvetamari ke lie uttaradayi hai.

shikari kavak

shikari kavakoan ko pray: 'hiansakari kavak' kaha jata hai. kavak ki kuchh jatiyaan mitti aur jal mean rahati haian. ye jatiyaan apane bhojan ke lie amiba, sootr-krimi evan any chhote-chhote bhoomiy jantuoan ko grahan karati haian, jaise traikothesiyam sait aausporiyam. parantu kuchh doosare kavak apane shikar ko pak dane ke lie vishesh prakar ki yuktiyoan ka upayog karate haian; udaharanarth dektileriya riangs mean sankuchit valay tatha somarastorfiya mean chipakane vali khooantiyaan hoti haian. kavak tantu kuandali banakar sootr-krimi ke charoan aur chipat jate haian aur use choos dalate haian. kavak vijnan mean kavak tantuoan dvara prachooshan ka yah ek vichitr aur ashcharyajanak udaharan hai.

sahajivan

kavak uchch vanaspatiyoan se sahajivan ka sanbandh sthapit kar kavakamoolata banate haian. is sahajivan sanbandh ki sthapana pe doan, jh diyoan tatha teridofaits aur brayofaits se bhi hoti hai. kavak nile tatha hare shaival ke sahachary se laiken ki sthapana karate haian. kavak aur in jivoan ka yatharth sanbandh abhi tak spasht jnat nahian ho saka hai.

pratijivita

kavak pray: aise jatil karbanik utsargi padarthoan ka utpadan karate haian, jo doosaroan ki vriddhi par prabhav dalate haian. isaki kriya kabhi-kabhi uttejak hoti hai, jaise kainvak namak padarth ki, parantu adhikatar inaka kary nirodhi hota hai. is disha ko pratijivita kahate haian. is kriya ke jnan se hi roganunashi padarthoan ka avishkar hua hai.

prajanan

kavakoan mean prajanan kary vishesh roop se alaiangik aur laiangik donoan ritiyoan se hota hai, kiantu adhikaansh kavakoan mean inamean se keval ek hi riti se hota hai. prajananaang ke nirman mean ya to sanpoorn sookay (sharir) ek ya anek prajanan aang mean parivartit ho jata hai ya keval isaka koee ek bhag. inamean se poorv bhag ko ekaphalik aur apar bhag ko bahuphalik kahate haian.

alaiangik prajanan

sabase sadharan prakar ke janan mean ek ya adhik koshikaean prithakh hokar svatantr roop se badhati haian aur ne kavak sootr ko janm deti haian. yadyapi daihik roop se ye bijanuoan ke saman acharan karati haian, tathapi unase bhinn hoti haian aur inako chipito-bijanu ya khamir (yist) mean kudm (bud) ya kudmalanu (gemma) nam diya jata hai. bijanu sookshm hote haian aur inake akar tatha sanrachanaean bhinn-bhinn jatiyoan ke lie vibhinn hoti haian. ye bijanu janm dene vale sootroan se akar prakar, rang, utpatti sthan aur dhang mean bhinn hote haian. phir ye bijanu svayan alag-alag akar, prakar aur rang ke hote haian tatha patayukt va patarahit rahate haian. pray: ye ati sookshm hote haian aur bahut kam dashaoan mean ye bina sookshmadarshi ke dekhe ja sakate haian. bijanu ek vishesh prakar ke thaile ya avaran mean nirmit hote haian, jinhean bijanudhani kahate haian. jab ye bijanu char hote haian, tab inhean chalajanyu (joospors) kahate haian. inamean ek ya do kashabh ho sakate haian. yadi bijanu kisi kavakasootr ke shirsh se katakar prithakh hote haian, tab ye kani kahalate haian aur sootr tab kanidhar kahalata hai. kanidharoan mean bahut bhinnata hoti hai. yah bahut chhote tatha saral se lekar lanbe tatha shakhit tak hote haian. ye vyavasthahin, ek doosare se poornataya svatantr hote haian athava vishesh roop se vibhinn sanrachanaoan mean sanghatit rahate haian.

laiangik prajanan

laiangik prajanan mean do anuroop nabhikoan ka sammel hota hai. is vidhi mean tin avasthaean hoti haian-

1. jivadravy-sayujyan : is kriya se do ekal nabhik ek koshika mean a jate haian.
2. nabhik-sayujyan : isamean donoan ekal nabhik milakar ek dvigunit nishechanaj nabhik ka nirman karate haian.
3. ardhasootran : isake dvara dvigunit yukt nabhik vibhajit hokar char ekal nabhikoan ko janm dete haian.

kavakoan ke laiangik aangoan ko yugmakadhani kahate haian. ye yugmakadhani vibhinn laiangik koshikaoan ko nirmit karate haian, jinhean yugmak kahate haian ya kabhi-kabhi inamean keval yugmak nabhik hi hota hai. jab yugmakadhani aur yugmak apas mean akar prakar mean saman hote haian, tab is prakar ki dasha ko samayugmakadhani kahate haian. jab ye banavat, akar-prakar mean bhinn hote haian, tab inhean vishamayugmakadhani aur vishamayugmak kahate haian. purush yugmakadhani ko puandhani aur stri yugmakadhani ko stridhani kahate haian.

nimnalikhit kee sadhanoan dvara laiangik nabhik ek koshika mean a jate haian, jisase nabhik sayujy ho sake :

1. dvi-yugmak : ye yugmak, jo akar mean saman ya bhinn hote haian aur jinamean donoan hi ya ek chalayaman hota hai, milakar nishechanak (zaigot) ka nirman karate haian.
2. liangasangam : isamean puandhani purush nabhik ko ek chhidr ya nishechan nal dvara stridhani mean bhejata hai.
3. yugm sangam : isamean do abhinn akhand koshikaoan ka yojan hota hai.
4. prashukrajanyuta : isamean puanjanyu, jo sookshm, ekanabhik nar piand hota hai, kisi bhi stri yugmakadhani ya vishesh sangrahanashil kavakatantu athava daihik kavak tantroan tak le jae jate haian aur vahaan puanjanyu ki aantarvastuean ek chhidr dvara stri iandriy mean pahuanchati haian.
5. daihik sangam : uchchavargiy kavakoan mean laiangik aang nahian hote, unamean deh koshika hi laiangik kary karati haian.

kuchh kavakoan mean nabhikoan ka sayujyan ek vishesh koshika mean hota hai. aiskomaisitiz mean yah vishesh aang ek thaile ke roop mean vikasit hota hai, jise aiskas kahate haian. aiskas mean ardhasootrana hoti hai, jisake phalasvaroop pahale char, bad mean ath nabhik hote haian, jo ath dhani-bijanuoan mean ayojit hote haian. ye aiskas bijanu ekal hote haian aur aiskas mean vyavasthit hote haian. besidiomaisitij mean ve koshikaean, jinamean nabhik sayujyit hote haian, besidiyam ka roop dharan karati haian, jisamean ardhak vibhajan ke pashchath‌ char nabhik banate haian. isi samay besidiyam mean se char kanivriant nikalate haian, jinake sire par ek nabhik chala jata hai aur vahian besidiyam bijanu ka nirman hota hai. is prakar ye besidiyam bijanu bahyat: besidiyam par ayojit hote haian. kuchh adhik uchch besidiyomaisitij apane besidiyam ek vishesh phalan kay mean banate haian, jise besidio kay kahate haian.

arthik mahatv

kavakoan ke ahar poshan ko dekhane se jnat hota hai ki inaki tatha hamari avashyakataoan mean asadharan samanata hai. ye n keval manushy ke bhojy padarth par hath saf karate haian, varanh‌ manushy, jiv-jantu tatha paudhoan par akraman kar unhean rugn kar dete haian. parantu kee dashaoan mean ye manushy ke lie labhadayak bhi siddh hote haian.

kavakoan se labh

kavakoan se hone vale labh is prakar haian-

1. aushadhi ke roop mean prachin kal mean kavakoan ka prayog bahut adhik hota tha, parantu vartaman samay mean kuchh kam ho gaya hai. khamir (yist) vitamin 'bi' tatha eragestr aaul ke karan prayog mean laya jata hai. isi prakar parapyooriya ke jalashm ka prayog prasooti vishayak karyoan mean hota aya hai. hal hi mean jivanudveshi oshadhiyaan, kloromaisitin tatha teramaisin, sab kavakoan dvara hi nikali gee haian.
2. kavak audyaugik karyoan mean bhi prayog mean ate haian. pavaroti, madira, any asavoan tatha amloan ke banane mean kinvan kiya jata hai, jo kavakoan dvara hi sanpann hota hai, udaharanat: saikaramaisiz serevisi roti banane mean prayukt hota hai, myookar oraizi madira banane mean. isake atirikt kavak kee prakar ke panir ki utpatti mean tatha tantuvechan mean bhi kam ate haian.
3. bhojan ke roop mean bhi kavakoan ka vishesh mahatv raha hai. adhikatar to ye jangaloan se ekatr kie jate haian aur inamean maurakela eskyooleanta aur aigerikas keanpestris mukhy haian. parantu vartaman kal mean bahut se deshoan mean khuanbhi ki kheti ki jane lagi haian.

kavakoan se hani

kavakoan se hone vali haniyaan is prakar haian-

1. inase manushyoan mean kee prakar ke rog utpann hote haian. bachchoan mean kanthapak rog, moniliya ailabikaians dvara; gadak dosh, jisamean aang ak d jate ya nirjiv ho jate haian, kleviseps parapyooriya dvara; dad, khaj adi tvacha ke rog traikofaiton tonasyooreans dvara tatha kavakaruja rog any kavakoan dvara hote haian.
2. jantuoan mean kavak dvara utpann rog keval palatoo pashoan mean hi jnat haian. adarun namak charmarog, akoriaaun shaunalinaee dvara, pakshi, kharagosh tatha billi mean utpann hota hai. dad, bail, gho da tatha kutte ko hota hai. aiktinomaisiz bovis dvara utpann 'ganthila jab da' tatha 'k di jihva' namak rog gay, bhaians, bhe d, bakari, suar adi pashuoan mean hote haian. machhaliyaan jal kavakoan dvara rugn ho jati haian. in kavakoan mean saiprolegniya feraiks mukhy haian.
3. paudhoan mean rog utpann karane vale kavak bahut adhik haian tatha unaka prabhavakshetr bhi vistrit hai. ayaralaiand ke 1846 ee. vale akal ka karan ek kavak faitofthora infestaians dvara aloo ki fasal ka s d jana tha. gehooan ka ratua tatha kanduva, ganne ka lali rog, ruee tatha arahar ke paudhoan ka uktha (vilt) evan sarasoan ka shvet ratua, ye sab kavakoan dvara hi hote haian. kuchh phaloan ki s dan bhi kavakoan dvara hoti hai. in tatha any paudhoan ke rogoan se prati varsh manushy ke dhan tatha shram ki aparimit hani hoti hai.
4. kavakoan dvara hani hamare anuman se kahian adhik hoti hai. audyogik haniyoan mean lak di ki s dan meruliyas lekraimaians tatha poriya vaiporeriya dvara, taantvik kshay aisparajilas, penisiliyam tatha klaidosporiyam dvara hote haian. any vastuoan ke kalk bhi anek prakar ke kavakoan dvara hote haian.
5. poorvokt ke atirikt khady padarthoan ke vinash ke mool karan bhi kavak haian. maans kalk sporotraikam karnis dvara phaloan ke kalk glomerela athava penisiliyam ya myookar ityadi dvara, roti ki phaphooand raizopas tatha penisiliyam dvara hote haian.

khady kavak

kuchh kavak svad mean achchhe hote haian aur inaka prayog pray: bhojan ko svadisht aur akarshak banane mean hota hai. bharatavarsh mean varsha ke dinoan mean paha d athava paha d ke niche jangaloan mean s di aur mrit vanaspatiyoan ke dheroan par athava jantuoan ke mrit avasheshoan par kuchh khady kavakoan ki jatiyaan ugi huee paee gee haian. kuchh khady kavak bharat ke paha di aur uttar tatha poorvi bharat ke maidanoan mean bhi ugate haian. inaka vriant safed, chikana aur kianchith‌ chhota hota hai, jisake madhy ya shirsh ke pas ek patala valay hota hai. in khady kavakoan mean se khuanbi ke kritrim sanvardhan ke lie uparyukt samay maidanoan mean agast se march tak aur paha doan par march se aktoobar tak mana gaya hai. khuanbi taji athava sukhakar donoan tarah se pakaee jati hai. danthal sahit chhatrakoan ko praudh hone ke poorv hi to d liya jata hai, pani se achchhi tarah dhokar inake chhote-chhote tuk de katakar dhoop mean sukha lie jate haian. sanpoorakoan ke sath protin srot ke roop mean khuanbi ka upayog kabhi-kabhi kiya jata hai.

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