कश्मीरी साहित्य

kashmiri sahity kashmiri bhasha ka rachana sansar hai. sambhavat: shaiv siddhoan ne pahale kashmiri ko shaiv darshan ka lok sulabh madhyam banaya aur bad mean dhire-dhire isaka lok sahity bhi likhit roop dharan karata gaya. kintu rashtriy aur saanskritik ashray se nirantar vanchit rahane ke karan isaki kshamataoan ka bharapoor vikas dirgh kal tak ruka hi raha. kashmiri sahity mean sahityik srijanashilata ki shuruat shrikant achary ki kriti 'mahanay prakash' se mani jati hai.

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paramparaean

kashmiri sahity mean tin pramukh paramparaean nihit haian-

1. shaiv (trikashastr jaisi paranparaoan se bhinn)
2. bhakti
3. kashmir mean soofi rrishi kahe jane vale islami adhyatmavadiyoan dvara sanpreshit v upadeshik paranpara.

in paramparaoan ki vishayagat v bhashaee prishthabhoomi tatha itihas ya kalakram pramanikata kashmiri sahity ki sahityik srijanashilata se parilakshit hoti hai. shrikaant achary ki kriti 'mahanay prakash' se isaka aranbh mana jata hai, jo goodh taantrik mat ka shastr hai. sarvagochar desi bhasha mean isaki rachana ka prayas hua tha. lekin pramukh srot shaiv rahasyavadi 'lalleshvari' ki 'vak' nam se jnat rachana hai, jo maukhik paranpara ke madhyam se sanrakshit aur sancharit huee hai.

vidvan

lall ke 'vak' vibhinn liangoan, dharmoan v pidhiyoan ke vidvat aur samany kashmiriyoan ke prabandhoan ka abhinn aang haian. pashchimi aur sthaniy vidvanoan ne isaki kee bhinn-bhinn vyakhyaean ki haian. unake kanishth samakalin aur kashmir ke ek rahasyavadi siddh sant shekh nooruddin ne 'shrukh' namak upadeshatmak chhandoan ki rachana ki, jo 'vak' se kuchh alag hai. avant bhatt (lagabhag 1446) ka mahakavy 'banasur katha' harivanshapuran ki pauranik katha par adharit hai. isi kal mean sahab kaul (janm-1629 ee.) aur mirza akamalu dinabeg khaan badakhshi (1642- 1717 ee.) bhi hue the.

madhyakalin vidvan

madhy kal (1500-1717 ee.) mean bhashaee aur vishayagat farasikaran, l aaul gitoan ki rachayita habba khatoon (16vian shatabdi) aur 'vak' ke nipun rachayita khvaja habibulla naushahari (1555-1617 ya 1618 ee.) ki kritiyoan mean spasht hua. mahila adhyatmavadi roopa bhavani (1621-1721 ee.) ne atyant sanskritanishth vakoan ki rachana ki, jinamean goodh rahasyavadi anubhavoan ka ullekh hai. ek any kavayitri aranimal (mrityu-1800 ee.) ne l aaul ko vishadapoorn svar pradan kiya, jo habba khatoon ke l aaul ki vishayasakti aur bhavapravan bhavatirek se mukt hai. madhy kal mean farasi bhasha ke sahity ki 'gazal' aur 'masanavi' jaisi shailiyaan aur farasi ke sahityik vidhan sansthapit ho ge. sahityik pratimanoan v shailiyoan ke sammilan vali do samanaantar pravrittiyaan thian. vedaantik darshan se prabhavit lakshanik soofi (rahasyavadi) kavy aur bhakti kavy. rahasyavadi aziz daravesh (mrityu-1819 ee.), masanavi ke mahir mahamood gami (1765-1855 ee.), valiullah mattoo (mrityu-1859 ee.), rasool mir (mrityu-1870 ee.) aur kashmiri ki masanavi paranpara ki utkrisht rachana 'gularez' ke rachayita maqabool shah kralavari (1820-1875 ee.) ki kritiyoan mean soofi prabhav parilakshit hota hai. paramanand (1791-1874 ee.), lachhaman raina (1812-1898?) aur prakasharam (1819-1885 ee.) ki upadeshatmak kavitaoan, bhajanoan, stutiyoan mean tatha krishnaa razadan ke navin evan nipunatapoorn rachit bhajanoan mean bhakti prabhav dikhaee deta hai.

adhunik vidvan

adhunik kal (1900-1947 ee.) mean dhire-dhire bharatiy upamahadvip ke rajanitik aur samajik aandolan ghati mean pahuanche. 1930 ke dashak mean kashmiriyoan ki pahachan aur samajik-rajanitik sashaktikaran ki maang, shekh muhammad abdulla (1905-1982 ee.) ke rajanitik netritv mean ek sashakt avaz ban gee. farasi bhasha ki pradhanata kam ho rahi thi aur rajy ke dogara shasak maharaja pratap sianh (1885-1925 ee.) ke prayasoan ke karan urdoo ne dhire-dhire darabari bhasha ka sthan le liya. adhunik kavi ahamad mahajoor (1885-1952 ee.), moordhany evan adhyatmik jiandaan kaul 'mastaraji' (1884-1965 ee.) aur kraantikari vicharak abdul ahad azad (1903 ee.), halaanki apane vicharoan v shailiyoan mean kafi bhinnata rakhate the, lekin is trimoorti ne us dhara ka marg prashast kiya, jo adhunik kal ki visheshata hai.

mahajoor ne gitatmak lay, vishayagat parivartan, 'mastaraji' ne bhavyata atmavishleshan evan azad ne ne samajik aur vaicharik pragativad ki shuruat ki, jo us samay tak kashmiri sahity mean lagabhag ajnat tha. yah naya prabhav gulam hasan arif (janm-1910 ee.), abdul zaragar (1908ee.), mir gulam rasool nazki (1910-1998 ee.) dinanath vali alamast (1910 ee.), gulam nabi dilasoz (1916-1941 ee.) aur gulam ahamad phazil (1914-?) jaise sahityakaroan ki kritiyoan mean drishtigochar hua. inhoanne tatha any yuva kaviyoan ne sahityik srijanatmakata aur vicharoan mean adhunik dhara ko sashakt liya.

sahityik aur saanskritik prayas

punarjagaran vibhajan ke bad (1947-1980) kashmir ki simaoan se pare shuroo hue aur bad mean ghati mean bhi pahuanche sangharsh ka parinam tha. in akramanoan ke parinamasvaroop kee sahityik aur saanskritik prayasoan ki shuruat huee, jo prathamik roop se kashmiriyoan ko sangathit karane ke lie thian. lekhakoan, abhinetaoan aur chitrakaroan ke saanskritik manch ke gathan, rediyo kashmir ki sthapana (1948), jisane kashmiri bhasha mean kee vidhaoan ko sthapit karane ka abhootapoorn avasar pradan kiya. isi ka parinam bad mean 'jammoo-kashmir akaidami aauf art, kalchar aiand laiangvejez' ki sthapana tha. samasyaoan se bhare nirasha v anishchitata ke kal ke is sandarbh mean kee any lekhakoan aur kalakaroan ki bhaanti dinanath nadim (1916-1988) ne chunauti ko svikara aur navajagriti aandolan ke rachanakar ban ge. nadim ne atulaniy shailigat pravinata, desi dhvaniyoan aur taloan ke prati ruchi tatha kalpanik v varnanatmak ullekhoan ke prati sahaj pravritti v pravinata ka pradarshan kiya. vah us kal ke sarvadhik parivartanakari aur atmavishleshak kavi the, jise unake nam par ab 'nadim yug' kaha jata hai.

pragatishil lekhak aandolan

1930 ke dashak mean upamahadvip ke sahity paridrishy mean vyapt pragatishil lekhak aandolan ki vicharadharaoan, vishay-vastugat prayogoan aur samajik yartharthavad ka sashakt, vyapak aur lagatar prabhav 1940 ke dashak ke uttarardh mean kashmir pahuancha. nadim v unake yuva samakalin is aandolan ke sakriy bhagidar the. inamean mahir gazalakar muhammad amin kamil (1924 ee.) aur abdul rahaman rahi (1925 ee.) shamil the, jo shuroo mean dinanath nadim se kafi had tak prabhavit the aur bad mean nee dhara ke kavi ban ge. noor mahammad roshan aur gulab nabi phirak mean nadim ke pratimanoan se kuchh parivartan dikhaee deta hai. kavy prayog kuchh kaviyoan ki kritiyoan mean jari rahe, jisamean gulab nabi firaq, arjun deve majabood, motilal saqi (1936-1999 ee.) chamanalal chaman (1936) aur gulab nabi ariz (1916-1965 ee.) ullekhaniy haian.

sahityik gady ka vikas

kashmiri bhasha mean sahityik gady ka vikas 1940 ke dashak mean hua. aranbhik ganbhir prayog punarjagaran ke sath hi shuroo hue. isase pahale ka gady mukhyat: 'lukakatha', lokakatha sangrah tha. sath hi 'baibil' se sanbandhit pustakoan, jaise- 'nyoo testameant' (lagabhag 1821), 'peantatyuk' (1927) aur 'joshua aiand kiangs' (1835) ke kee anuvad sharada lipi mean aur 'nyoo testameant' (1884) ka anuvad nastalik lipi mean upalabdh tha.

nee shaili mean rachana

samajik-rajanitik paristhitiyoan aur vaicharik sangharsh ne is kal mean nee tatha vikasashil shaili ki vishayavastu ki rachana ki, jisamean kahaniyaan bhi shamil thian. is shaili ki shuruat 1950 mean somanath jutshi aur dinanath nadim ne ki thi. mohiuddin hajani ne natakoan, nandalal kaul ne pauranik natakoan, amin kamil v akhtar mohiuddin ne upanyasoan aur dinanath nadim ne gitinaty ki rachana ki. 1940 mean kavi mahajoor ne 'gash' (prakash) patrika se sahityik patrakarita ki shuruat ki; alochanatmak aur tarkamoolak gady abhi bhi shaishavavastha mean hai. alochanatmak gady ke aranbhik prayas 'k aauangaposh' (kesar ka phool) mean 1947 mean aur samay-samay par prakashit alpajivi patrikaoan mean prakashit hue.

1990 ke dashak mean kashmir ghati aur simavarti kshetr mean atankavad ki tivrata tatha isake prabhav ne punarjagaran ke dauran kashmiri bhasha mean aee gati ko rok diya. ghati mean aur anyatr base muthti bhar samakalin kashmiri lekhakoan ki rachanoan ka alochanatmak adhyayan aur vivechan kiya jana shesh hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh