कार्बनिक रसायन
karbanik rasayan (aangrezi: Organic Chemistry) rasayan vijnan ki ek tin pramukh shakhaoan mean se ek hai. doosari pramukh shakha akarbanik rasayan aur tisari bhautik rasayan hai. karbanik rasayan ka sambandh mukhyatah karban aur haidrojan ke anuoan vale rasayanik yaugikoan ke sanrachana, gunadharm, rasayanik abhikriyaoan evan unake nirman (sanshleshan ya sinthesis evan any prakriya dvara) adi ke vaijnanik adhyayan se hai. karbanik yaugikoan mean karban aur haidrojan ke atirikt any anu bhi ho sakate haian, jaise- naitrojan (natrajan), aauksijan, hailojan, ph aausphoras, silik aaun, gandhak (salphar) adi.
sanyojakataean
sanyojakataean (jinake dvara anu mean paramanu ek doosare ke sath sanbaddh hote haian) do prakar ki hoti haian-
- vaidyuth sanyojakata (Electrovalency)
- sahasanyojakata (Covalency)
akarbanik lavanoan mean anu mean paramanu, ya moolak, bahudha vidyuth sanyojakata dvara sanbaddh rahate haian aur ye anu n keval vilayanoan mean hi ayanoan mean vibhakt ho jate haian, balki thos kristaloan mean bhi inake ayan vishesh sthiti mean vidyamanh rahate haian. karban paramanu ki bahyatam paridhi par char ilektr aaun (.) haian. yah apane charoan or char aur ilektr aaun lekar apana ashtak poora kar sakata hai. ek karban paramanu is prakar char haidrojanoan se bhi sanyukt ho sakata hai, ya klorin ke char paramanuoan se. yah sanyojan vidyuth sanyojan se bhinn hai. n to karban tetrakloraid vilayanoan mean vibhajit hokar kloraid ayan deta hai aur methen vibhajit hokar haidrojan ayan. do do ilektr aaunoan ke bhagidar banane par ek ek bandh banata hai. at: karban ki sahasanyojakata 4 hai. kee karban paramanu bhi sahasanyojakataoan dvara apas mean uttarottar kram se sanyukt ho sakate haian. isi prakar saiklopeanten, ka5ha10 (C5H10), mean 5 karbanoan ka band valay, aur saikloheksen, ka6ha12 (C6H12), mean 6 karbanoan ka band valay hai.
kabhi kabhi anuoan mean asantript sanyojakataean hoti haian. yadi do karban paramanuoan ke bich mean 4 ilektr aaunoan ki bhagidari ho, to kaha jaega ki inake bich mean ek dvibandh hai, aur 6 ilektr aaunoan ki bhagidari ho to kaheange ki inake bich mean tribandh haian. ekabandh (:) dvibandh (::) ki apeksha aur dvibandh tribandh (:::) ki apeksha adhik prabal hai. jin yaugikoan mean dvibandh haian, ve adhik asthayi aur adhik asantript haian. benzin, ka6ha6 (C6H6), bad valay ka ek yaugik hai. isamean tin dvibandh bhi mane ja sakate haian, par yah vishesh roop se sthayi hai. isake pratyek do karbanoan ke bich ka ek bandh anunadi mana jata hai, jisake karan benzin valay ko vishesh sthayitv prapt hota hai. is prakar ke anunadi gunoan ke karan airomaitik nabhik (jaisa benzin mean hai) ailiphaitik ki apeksha bhinn samajhe jate haian. karbanik yaugikoan ki visheshata unaki vistrit samavayata ke karan hai. ek hi anu ke vibhinn gunavale anek yaugik hote haian. saiklopropen aur propilin donoan ka ek hi anu sootr ka3ha6 (C3H6) hai. digvinyas samavayata ke karanh bhi karbanik yaugikoan mean bahut bhinnata paee jati hai. maleik aml (sis roop) aur phoomairik aml (trans roop) mean isi karan aantar hai. donoan amlaan ke bhautik aur rasayanik gunoan mean aantar hai.
laiktik aml, kaha3. kahaauha. kaauauha (CH3. CH. OH. COOH) mean ek asamamit karban paramanu hai. jis karban ki char sanyojakataoan se bhinn bhinn moolak sanyukt hoan, vah asamamit karban kahalata hai. jin anuoan mean is prakar ke asamamit karban hoange, ve vilayanoan aur kristanoan mean prakash-ghoornan pradarshit karate haian. inake anu dakshin-bhrami (d-) aur vami bhrami (va-) aur nishkriy tinoan roopoan mean pae ja sakate haian. 8 aildopeantos aur 16 aildo-hekse ki kalpana hi prastut nahian ki, unhean prithakh karake unaka rachana vinyas bhi spasht kar diya. 8 peantos ye haian : liksos, zailo, airebinos aur ribos aur in charoan ke dakshinabhrami aur vamabhrami do do roop. aildoheksos mean 4 asamamit karban haian. at: ye 16 prakar ke hoange. ath dakshinabhrami aur ath vamabhrami. anuoan ki rachana tinoan vimaoan mean prasarit haian, n keval do vimaoan ke dharatal mean. in sanrachanaoan mean anek prakar ki samavayavataean sanbhav haian aur karbanik rasayan ke adhyayan mean in sabaka mahatv hai.
karban aur aidrojan ke yaugikoan ko haidrokarban kahate haian. methen (CH4) sabase chhote anusootr ka haidrokarban hai. eethen (C2H6), propen (C3H8) adi isake bad ke haian, jinamean kramash: ek ek karban ju data jata hai. haidrokarban tin reniyoan ke haian: eethen reni, ethilin reni aur aisitilin reni. eethen reni ke haidrokarban santript haian, arthath inamean haidrojan ki matra aur badhaee nahian ja sakati. ethilin mean do karbanoan ke bich mean e dvibandh (=) hai, aisitilin mean trigun bandh (===) vale yaugik asthayi haian. ye asani se aauksikrit evan hailojanikrit ho sakate haian. haidrokarbanoan ke bahut se vyutpann taiyar kie ja sakate haian, jinake vividh upayeg haian. aise vyutpann kloraid, bromaid, ayodaid, ailkohal, sodiyam ailk aauksaid, aimin, marakaiptan, naitret, naitrait, naitrait, haidrojan phasphet tatha haidrojan salphet haian. asatript haidrokarban adhik sakriy hota hai aur anek abhikarakoan se sanyukt ha saralata se vyutpann banata hai. aise anek vyutpann audyogik drishti se b de mahatv ke siddh hue haian. inase anek bahumooly vilayak, plastik, kriminashak oshadhiyaan adi prapt huee haian. haidrokarbanoan ke aauksikaran se ailkoh aaul eethar, kiton, aildihaid, vasa aml, estar adi prapt hote haian. ailkoh aaul prathamik, dvitiyak aur tritiyak ho sakate haian. inake estar drav sugandhit hote haian. anek sugandhit dravy inase taiyar ho sakate haian.
kashth ka bhanjak asavan
lak di ya kashth mean do padarth mukhyataya hote haian, selulos aur liganin. selulos ka sadharan sootr (ka6ha10au5)ch [(C6H10O5)n] hai. ch (n) ka man is sootr mean 3,000 tak ho sata hai. is prakar selulos ke anu b de lanbe akar ke hote haian aur selulos ke dhage ban sakate haian. liganin plastik bandhak ka kam karata hai. isaki rachana ajnat hai. isamean benzin valay, meth aauksi moolak, -aukaha3 (-OCH3), parv rriankhalaean haian. lak di ko 380° tak garam karean to isamean se kafi matra mean ek drav nikalata hai, jisamean aisitik aml, methil ailkoh aaul, aisiton adi padarth hote haian. ye padarth selyoolos aur liganin ke vibhan se banate haian. kashth ke bhanjak asavan se nimn yaugik prithakh kie ja sakate haian : ph aaurmik aml, kee vasa aml, asantript aml, aisetaildihaid, selil ailkoh aaul, methil ethil kiton, pharaphar aaul, methilal, daimethil aisit aaul, benzin, zailin, kyoomin, sayamin, phinol adi. aisitik aml, methil elkoh aaul aur aisiton, ye tin padarth pairolignias aml se vishesh roop se prapt kie jate haian. pairolignias aml se prapt methil ailkoh aaul ke aksikaran se ph aaurmeldihaid banata hai, jisaka avishkarak h aauphaman tha (1867 ee.). pharmeldihaid vyaparik matra mean taiyar karane ki vidhi parkin ne nikali aur is padarth ki upayogita ka mahatv uttarottar badhata hi gaya.
ailkohaliy kinvan
sura, asav, mady, mairey adi madak padarthoan ko kinvan vidhi se taiyar karane ki pratha bahut purani hai aur achchhi suraoan ke lie vishesh bij-kinv taiyar kie jate the, jinaki upasthiti mean yav, mahua, gu d, aangoor ke ras adi se sharabean taiyar hoti thian. in kinvoan ke jo sharab banane vale prerakanu hote haian, unhean sadharan bhasha mean yist kaha jata hai.
airomaitik haidrokarbanoan ke vyutpann
benjin ke klorineshan se kloro vyutpann, bromineshan se bromo vyutpann, naitreshan se mononaitret, dainaitret aur trainaitro vyutpann tatha salphonikaran se salphonik aml vyutpann prapt hote haian. phir inase ainilin, phinol, aildihaid, karboksilik aml, sailisilik aml, sailol, aispirin ityadi anek b de upayogi padarth prapt ho sakate haian. ek aur prasiddh yaugik sodiyam aiminosailisilet (PAS) hai, jisaka upayog streptomaisin ke sath rajayakshma ke upachar mean karate haian. benzin valay mean ek se adhik haidr aauksimoolak bhi sansthapit kie ja sakate haian aur is prakar daihaidrik, traihaidrik phinolean taiyar ki ja sakati haian. kaitikol katthe mean hota hai. aloo, seb aur bahut si tarakariyoan chakoo se katane par kali p d jati haian. in sab mean kuchh kaitikol ki matra hoti hai, jo hava ke sanpark mean aksikrit aur bahulikrit hokar yam varn ke yaugik deta hai.
ailkel aauid
paudhoan mean se prapt kshariy pravritti ke yaugikoan ko pahale to ailkel aauid kaha jata tha. ab un sab padarthoan ko ham ailkelaid kaheange jinaki pravritti kshariy ho, jo vanaspati jagath se upalabdh kie ge hoan aur jinamean kam se kam ek naitrojan vala vishamachakriy valay ho. kvinin, m aaurphin, siankonin adi oshadhiyaan ailkel aauid ke udaharan haian.
protin, palipeptaid aur emino aml
vanaspatik aur jantav jagath se prapt ye upayogi padarth haian aur bhojan ke param avayak aang haian. protinoan ke jal apaghatan se aiminoan aml milate haian. kee aiminoan aml milakar polipeptaid (bahu peptaid) banate haian.
daiaizo yaugik aur aizo ranjak
1858 ee. mean pitar gris (Peter Griess) ne yah dekha ki airomaitik aimino naitras aml ka prabhav usase bhinn hai jo ailiphaitik aimino par sadharanataya dekha jata hai. usane dekha ki ainilin naitras aml (athava sodiyam naitrait aur haidroklorik aml) se kriya karake ek navin yaugik deta hai, jisaka nam venzin daiaizoniyam kloraid hai.
sanleshit aushidhiyaan
karbanik rasayan ke kshetr mean sanleshit yaugikoan ka b da saphal prayog aushadhiyoan ke roop mean hua. vriksh aur vanaspatiyoan se prapt oshadhiyaan vastut: karbanik hi haian. in aushadhiyoan ke sakriy avayavoan ki rasayanajnoan ne pariksha ki. inaki rasayanik sanrachana janane ke anantar unhoanne inaka sanleshan kiya aur phir inake vyutpannoan ki aushadhi ki drishti se pariksha ki. kuchh aitihasik sanleshanoan ka ullekh nimn hai-
- (k) pootinashak
1867 ee. mean listar (Lister) ne phinol mean petinashak, ya raganunashak, gun dekhean. shauchalayoan mean 'phinayal' ka, jisamean kolatar se prapt avayavoan ka miran hai, jaise krisol, kresilik aml, kriosot, klorozailinol ityadi, aj tak upayog kiya jata hai. detol (Dettol) mean, jisaka itana prachar hai, klorojailinol, tarpiniol, elkoh aaul, aur tho da aandi ke tel ka sabun hai. di. si. em. eks. (DCMX) nam se daikloro-zailinol ka upayog 1952 ee. se bahut hone laga hai. kuchh rangoan ka upayog bhi chikitsa mean pootinashakoan ke roop mean hota hai, jaise jenashiyam v aauyalet (kristal vayalet), brilieant grin, melekait grin adi, jo traiphinil methen varg ke rang haian. kashth, selulos adi se bane padarthoan ko yadi kitanuoan or karphoodiyoan s bachana he, to sailisit ainilaid [vyaparik nam shiralan (Shirlan)] ka upayog karoan, athava dhatu sabunoan ka upayog karean, jaise jiang naiphthinet aur parad ke yaugik, peantaklorafinol, daiklorophin [di.di.di.em. (DDDM) ya di.di.em. (DDM): daihaidr aauksi daikloro-daiphenil mithen] adi chitr:Chemistry-1.gif
- (kh) samany aur sthanik nichetak, ya moorchchhotpadi
eethar namak drav ka nichetak ke roop mean pahali bar prayog hua aur isane prasav aur shalyakarm donoan mean b di sahayata di. eethar ka kvathanaank kam, arthath 35°seanlsiyas hai. yah isaka avagun haian. 1953 ee. mean traiphloro ethil vinil eethar, kaphlo3. kaha2. aukaha=kaha2 (CF3. CH2. OCH=CH2), ko eethar se kahian adhik reshth paya gaya. klorofarm, kahaklo3 (CHCl3), ethilakloraid (CH3CH2Cl) aur saiklopropen, (kaha2)3 [(CH2)3], to prasiddh hai hi.
samanay nichetana ya moorchchha paida karane ki apeksha sthanik nichetana sadharan shalyakarm mean b di upayogi haian. 1884 ee. mean kolar (Koller) aur phr aauyad (Freud) ne koken ka is drishti se prayog kiya. yah dekha gaya ki peraaimino benzoik aml ke vyutpann achchhe sthanik nichetak haian. venzoken, oken (novoken), emithoken adi isi varg ke yaugik haian. chitr:Chemistry-2.gif
- (g) nidrakari
rogi ko adhik kasht ke samay nidrakariyoan ka sevan karaya jata hai, jisase rogi so jae. kloralahaidret, [CCl3. CH(OH)2], ka upayog is kary mean sabase purana hai. klorokyootol [(CH3)2 C (CCl3) OH.] ke gun bhi kloral haidret ke saman hi haian. sabase prasiddh nidrakari barvityoorik aml ke vyutpann haian (yah aml yooriya aur mailonik aml ke sanghanan se banaya jata hai). chitr:Chemistry-3.gif isaka dvi aimil vyutpann varviton nam se vikhyat hai aur ethil phenil vyutpann phinovarviton (lyoominal) nam se. kodin, m aaurphin adi ailkailayad bhi nidrakari haian, jo aphim se nikale jate haian. m aaurphin se pi da ki anubhooti kam ho jati hai aur kodon shamanakari hai.
- (gh) tantrottejak
snayuoan aur mastishk ki tantrikaoan ko uttejan dene vali chijoan mean chay, kafi adi prasiddh haian. inamean kaiphin, zainthin aur inase milate julate pyoorin (Purine) varg ke yaugik pae jate haian. kola ke bijoan mean kaiphin aur thiobromin hota hai. eragot (Ergot) varg ke ailkailayadoan mean peshiyoan ko uttejit karane ka gun hai. ye ailkail aauid lisargik aml (lysergic acid) ke vyutpann haian. yah aml ab sanleshit kar liya gaya hai. mastishk ke vikaroan ke upachar mean isase sahayata milati hai.
- (n) jvaranashi aur vedananashi
jvar se grast rogi ke sharir ka tap jin oshadhiyoan se kam ho jae (jvar ka karan chahe door n ho), ve is varg mean ati haian. kuchh aushadhiyaan keval vedana door karati haian. sailisilik aml, jvarahariyoan mean, sabase purana hai. isaka ek aisitil vyutpann aispirin hai, jo shir pi da ki anubhooti door karane mean b da upayogi siddh hua hai. phinaisitin mean jvar ke tap ko kam kar dene ke achchhe gun haian. phinaisitin aisito ainilaid ka vyutpann hai.
- (ch) salphonaimaid aur salphon
1930 ee. mean yah dekha gaya ki proantosil (prontosil) namak lal rang mean shakanu ya jivanu ke marane ke gun vidyaman haian. bad ko dekha gaya ki ek saral yaugik salphainilaimaid mean bhi jivanu marane ke gun haian. tab se is varg ke saik doan yaugikoan aur vyutpannoan ki is drishti se pariksha ki gee. ye sab yaugik salphonaimaid varg ke kahe jate haian. chitr:Chemistry-4.gif ephidrin (ephedrine), ka6ha5kaha(auha) -kaha (naha kaha3) [C6H5. CH(OH). CH(NHCH3). CH3], aur aidrinailin (adrenaline), (auha)2ka6ha4-kaha (auha) kaha2.naha.kaha3 [(OH)2 C6H4-CH (OH) CH2. NH. CH3], ka upayog bhi tantrottejana ke salpha piridin, em aiand bi 693 (M & B 693) nam se vikhyat hai. pirimidin vyutpann bhi (jaise salphadaiaizin) b de gunakari siddh hue haian.
- (chh) maleriyanashi
kuchh aushadhiyaan maleriya jvar door karane mean b di gunakari siddh huee haian. sinakona ki chhal se prapt kvinin ka nam to vikhyat hai hi, isaka prachar ab bhi bahut hai. 1920 ee se is bat ka prayatn jarmani mean hota raha ki maleriya jvar ko door karane ki aur bhi aushadhiyaan prapt ki jaean. phalat: pemakvin namak yaugik is bat mean saphal paya gaya (1924 ee.). yah pratham sanleshit maleriyanashi tha. 1930 ee. mean etribin (mepakin aur kvinakrin) bhi achchhe pae ge. pemakvin kvinolin varg ka yaugik hai aur mepakrin pila ekridin rang hai. gat mahayuddh mean zin maleriyanashiyoan par amarika mean vishesh anusandhan hue, unamean premakvin aur klorokvin vishesh mahatv ke pae ge. pailoodrin (Paludrine) progvanil haidrokloraid ka vyapari nam hai, yah bhi maleriya rog mean kam ata hai.
- (j) aiantibayotik
1928 ee. mean sar ailegjeandar phlemiang (A. Fleming) ne dekha ki kuchh vaiktiriya vishesh phaphooandiyoan ki vidyamanata mean marane lagate haian. isi paranpara mean penisilin ka avishkar hua. 1946 ee. mean penisilin ke benzil vyutpann (penisilin-g) ka sanleshan bhi kar liya gaya. isaki rasayanik sanrachana nimn hai: chitr:Chemistry-5.gif penisilin ki samany sanrachana penisilin ji mean, ra=ka6 ha5 kaha2 (R=C6H5 CH2), benjil moolak hai. doosare moolak bhi pratisthapit kie ja sakate haian. bhoomi, ya mitti ke bhitar pae jane vale anek sookshm jivanuoan ka parikshan kiya gaya. sabase pahali bar 1939 ee. mean dyoob aaus (Dubos) ko saphalata mili aur usane vaisilas brevis (Bacillus brevis) namak jivanu mean se graimisidin (Gramicidin) namak padarth prapt kiya jo p aaulipeptaidoan ka miran tha. 1944 ee. mean streptomaisiz grisiyas (Streptomyces griseus) nam jivanu ka pata chala, jo rajayakshma ke prati bhi kriyashil tha. 1947 ee. mean venizvila mean ek jivanu ka pata chala, jisase kloraiphenikol (Chloramphenicol) nak yaugik prapt kiy gaya. is prakar aise aiantibayotik dravy ka pata chala jo anek rogoan mean akele hi ka a sakata tha. in sab adhyayanoan ke phalasvaroop kloromaisetin ka sanleshan kiya gaya. prophesar duggar (Duggar) ne us jivanu ka pata chalaya jo ek sunahare rang ka padarth bhi deta tha aur jisaka nam streptomaisiz aauriophesiyans (Streptomyces aureofaciens) tha. is jivanu se jo padarth mila use aॅriomaisin (Aureomycin) nam se prayog mean laya gaya. 1949 ee. mean neomaisin (Neomycin) ki khoj vaiksamain aur lekeveliyar (Waksman and Lechevalier) ne ki. teramaisin (Terramycin) ka avishkar bad mean phijar samuday ki prayogashalaoan mean hua. is prakar penisilin yag ka aranbh hua.[1]
|
|
|
|
|
tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ rasayan vijnan (hindi) bharatakhoj. abhigaman tithi: 14 pharavari, 2015.