कृंतक
kriantak (aangrezi: Rodent) vartaman stanadhariyoan mean sarvadhik saphal evan samriddh gan hai, jisamean 101 jatiyaan jivit praniyoan ki tatha 61 jatiyaan 'ashmibhoot' (Fossilized) praniyoan ki rakhi gee haian. jahaan tak jatiyoan ka prashn hai, samast stanadhariyoan ke varg mean lagabhag 4,500 jatiyoan ke prani ajakal jivit pae jate haian, jinamean se adhe se bhi adhik (2,500 ke lagabhag) jatiyoan ke prani kriantakagan mean hi a jate haian.
kriantakoan ki jatiyaan
vartaman mean stanadhariyoan mean sarvadhik saphal evan samriddh gan kriantakoan ka hai, jisamean 101 jatiyaan jivit praniyoan ki tatha 61 jatiyaan ashmibhoot[1] praniyoan ki rakhi gee haian. jahaan tak jatiyoan ka prashn hai, samast stanadhariyoan ke varg mean lagabhag 4,500 jatiyoan ke prani ajakal jivit pae jate haian, jinamean se adhe se bhi adhik[2] jatiyoan ke prani kriantakagan mean hi a jate haian. shesh 2,000 jatiyoan ke prani any 20 ganoan mean ate haian. is gan mean gilahariyaan, himamoosh[3], u danevali gilahariyaan[4] shvamoosh[5] chhachhooandar[6], dhanimoosh[7] ood[8], choohe[9], mooshak[10], shadvalamooshak[11], javitamoosh[12], venamooshak[13], sahi[14], bantamoosh[15], adi stanadhari prani ate haian.[16]
avas
prithvi par jahaan bhi praniyoan ka avas sanbhav hai vahaan kriantak avashy pae jate haian. ye himalay parvat par 20,000 phut ki ooanchaee tak aur niche samudr tal tak pae jate haian. vistar mean ye ushnakatibandh se lekar lagabhag dhruv pradeshoan tak milate haian. ye marusthal ushnapradhan varsha van, daladal aur mithe jalashay sabhi sthanoan par milate haian, koee samudri kriantak abhi tak dekhane mean nahian aya hai. adhikaansh kriantak thalachar haian aur pray: biloan mean rahate haian, kuchh gilahariyaan adi, vrikshashrayi haian. kuchh kriantak u dane ka prayatn bhi kar rahe haian, u danevali gilahariyoan ka vikas ho chuka hai. isi prakar, yadyapi abhi tak poorn roop se jalashrayi kriantakoan ka vikas nahian ho saka hai, phir bhi ood tatha chhachhooandar is disha mean paryapt age badh chuke haian.
lakshanik visheshataean
kriantakoan ki pramukh lakshanik visheshataean nimnalikhit haian-
- inamean shvadantoan[17] tatha agale pracharvan dantoan ki anupasthiti ke karan dantavakash[18] paryapt vistrit hota hai.
- char kartanak dant (Incisors) hote hai-do oopar vale jab de mean aur do niche vale jab de mean tatha daant lanbe tatha pusht hote haian aur ajivan barabar badhate rahate haian. inamean inaimal[19] mukhy roop se agale simaant par hi simit rahata hai, jisase ye ghisakar chheni sarikhe ho jate haian aur vyavahar mean ate rahane ke karan ap hi ap tikshn bhi hote rahate haian. kutarane ke lie is riti ke vikas ke atirikt kriantak stanadhari hi kahe ja sakate haian.
- adhikaansh stanadhari apana bhojan manushy ke saman chabate haian. chabate samay nichala jab da mukhy roop se oopar ki disha mean hi gati karata hai. kriantakoan mean isake viparit charvan ki kriya nichale jab de ki age pichhe ki disha mean hone vali gati ke parinam svaroop hi hoti hai. is prakar ki gati ke lie balashali tatha jatil hoti hai.
- any shakahari praniyoan ke sadrish kriantakoan ke ahar marg mean sikam[20] bahut b da hota hai, amashay ka vibhajan keval mooshakoan mean hi dekhane ko milata hai. isamean hriday ki or vale bhag mean shraiangik astar chadha hota hai.
- mastishk piand chikana hota hai, jisamean khaanche[21] bahut kam hote haian. phalat: inaki medha shakti adhik nahian hoti hai.
- vrishan sadharanat: udarasth hote haian.
- garbhashay pray: dohara hota hai.
- ye dekhane mean plaseanta[22] vividh roopi hota haian, ye bianbabhi[23] tatha shonagarbhaveshtit[24] dhang ka hota hai.
- kuchh kriantakoan ki garbhavidhi keval 12 din ki hoti hai. kuhani sandhi[25] charoan or ghoom sakati hai. charoan hath pair nakharayukt[26] hote haian tatha chalate samay poora bhar bhoomi par p data hai. agale pair tatha hath pray: pichhale pairoan ki apeksha chhote hote haian aur bhojan ko uthakar khane mean sahayak hote haian. kabhi-kabhi yah pravritti itani adhik badhi huee hoti hai ki ye do hi pichhale se hi pairoan se koodate hue chalate haian.
vargikaran
kritankoan ke vargikaran mean mukhy adhar hanupeshiyoan ki vibhinnata tatha inake sanbaddh kapal ki sanrachanaoan ko hi mana gaya hai. is prakar kriantak gan ko tin upaganoan mean vibhajit kiya gaya hai:
- saiyoorom aaurfa[27] arthath gilahari sadrish kritak,
- maiyom aaurfa[28] arthath mooshakoan jaise kriantak tatha
- histrikom aaurfa[29] arthath sahi ke anuroop kriantak.
saiyoorom aaurfa[30]
is upagan ki lakshanik visheshataean ye haian- inake oopari jab de mean do chavarn[31] hote haian tatha nichale jab de mean keval ek, aur doosare ek charvanapeshi[32] hoti hai, jo akshyadh:kulya se hokar nahian jati. kriantakoan ke is adyatam upagan mean gilahariyoan, u dane vali gilahariyoan tatha oodoan ke atirikt sivelel[33] jaise bahut hi puratan kriantak tatha puranootan[34] yug ke prachinatam ashmibhoot kriantak bhi rakhe jate haian. yahi nahian, is upagan mean kriantakoan ke kuchh aise vansh bhi ate haian jinake sanbandhasadrishy anishchit haian.
saiyoorom aaurfa mean kriantakoan ke 13 kul rakhe ge haian. iskairomaidi[35] namak kul mean rakhe ge sabhi prani yooreshiya tatha uttari amarika ke puranootan se lekar madhyanootam[36] yugoan tak ke prastarastaroan mean pae jate haian. is vansh ka ek udaharan pairamis[37] hai, jo puranootan se pradinootan (Eocene) yugoan tak ke prastar staroan mean paya gaya hai. saiyoorom aaurfa kriantakoan ka doosara mahatvapoorn vansh aiplodauantaidi[38] hai, jisaka udaharan aiplodauanshiya[39], ya sivalel, uttari amarika ke uttar pashchimi bhagoan mean paya janevala ek bahut hi puratan kriantak hai. yah lagabhag 12 ianch lanba, sthool akar ka tatha chhoti dumavala prani hota hai, jo kisi sima tak jalachar bhi kaha ja sakata hai.[16]
gilahari ki prajatiyaan
tin mahatvapoorn kul saiyooridi[40] haian, jisamean vrikshachari gilahariyaan[41], u dan gilahariyaan[42], sthalachari gilahariyaan[43], himamoosh[44], chipamank[45] adi kriantak ate haian. donoan kuloan ke praniyoan se gilahariyaan kuchh adhik vikasit kriantak haian. ye astreliya ke atirikt any sabhi mahadvipoan mean paee jati haian.
bharat ki sabase sadharan pancharekhini gilahari[46] hai, jisake gahare bhoore sharir par lanbaee ki disha mean age se pichhe tak jati hai apekshakrit halke rang ki paanch dhariyaan hoti hai. yah mukhy roop se uttari bharat mean manushy ke nivas sthanoan ke as-pas milati haian, inhean pal bhi kah sakate haian. doosari sadharan gilahari mukhy roop se dakshin bharat mean paee jane vali trirekhini hai, jisaki pith par keval tin dhariyaan hoti haian. ye jangaloan mean hi rahati haian aur pak dakar palatoo banane ka prayatn kie jane par kuchh hi saptahoan mean mar jati haian.
gilahariyoan ki sanbandhi akandalikaean, ya u dan gilahariyaan, mukhyat: vanachori hoti haian. gardan ke pichhe se lekar pichhali pair ke agale bhag tak jati huee charmavatarika[47] namak ek lochadar jhilli sarikhi rachana, jo inake sare dh d se chipaki rahati hai, in praniyoan ko ooanche-ooanche pe doan se niche bhoomi par, athava nichali shakhaoan par, utarane mean sahayata pahuanchati hai. u dan gilahariyoan ki is gati ko ham u dan to nahian kah sakate, visarpan[48] avashy kah sakate haian. ye prani mukhyat: eshiya ke ushn pradhan bhagoan mean pae jate haian. yadyapi yoorop tatha uttari amarika mean bhi inake pratinidhiyoan ka abhav nahian hai.
jalachar prakriti
is upagan ka chautha mahatvapoorn vansh kaist aauridi[49] hai, jisake pratinidhi ood apane parishram tatha jalachar prakriti ke lie prasiddh haian. kisi samay ye vishv ke sare uttar dhruviy bhoobhag[50] mean pae jate the aur jangali pradeshoan mean rahate the. inaka samoor[51] bahut moolyavan mana jata hai, jisake karan inaka bhayankar sanhar hua aur ye lupt pray kar die ge. ye b de kushal vanavasi kahe ja sakate haian, kis pe d ki kis prakar kata jae ki vah ek nishchit disha mean gire, yah ye bhali-bhaanti janate haian. pe doan ko jal mean girakar ye baandh baandhate haian. is prakar ek talab-sa banakar usamean kich d aur tahaniyoan ki sahayata se apane ghar banate haian. pe doan ki chhal khane ke kam mean late haian. kriantakoan mean kisi any prani ki sharir rachana jalachari jivan ke lie itani adhik roopaantarit nahian hoti jitani ood ki hoti hai. yahi nahian, dakshin amarika ke kuchh praniyoan ke atirikt ood sabase adhik b de kriantak hote haian. pratinootan[52] yug mean to yoorop tatha uttari amarika donoan hi disha mean aur bhi adhik b de-b de ood pae jate the, jo akar mean chhote-mote bhaloo ke barabar hote the.
maiyom aaurfa[53]
is upagan mean pariganit kriantakoan ki charvanapeshi ka madhy bhag akshyadh:kulya se hokar jata hai. is upagan mean kam se kam 200 jatiyoan tatha lagabhag 700 jatiyoan ke kriantak ate haian. is prakar adhunik staniyoan mean yah sabase b da prani samooh hai. yahi nahian anek drishtiyoan se ham is prani samooh ko stanadhariyoan mean sarvadhik saphal bhi pate haian. is upagan mean ane vale kriantakoan ke udaharan haian- daipodaidi[54] kul ke chapalakhu[55], kraisetaidi (Cricetidae) kul ke shadval moosh[56], mrigakhu[57]tatha sanyati[58], myooraidi[59], kul ke moosh[60], mooshak[61], svamooshak[62], kshetramooshika[63] adi tatha zepadaidi[64] kul ke plutamooshak[65]. inake atirikt is upagan mean paanch kul aur bhi haian. in praniyoan ne apane ko lagabhag sabhi prakar ke vatavaranoan ke anukool banaya hai. kuchh sthalachari haian, kuchh upasthalachari, kuchh vrikshashriy haian, kuchh dau d mean tej koodate hue chalate haian, kuchh uddayi[66] hote haian aur kuchh jalachari hote haian.[16] thumb|200px|kaipibara
histrikom aaurfa[67]
yah upagan bhi kriantakoan ka kafi b da upagan hai, jisamean 19 kul rakhe ge haian. in kriantakoan mean charvan peshi ke madhy bhag ko sthan dene ke lie akshyadh:kulya paryapt b di hoti hai, parantu usaka parshv bhag gandasthi[68] se ju da hota hai. eshiya tatha aphrika ke ood aur uttari amarika ke katipay bhinn oodoan ke atirikt is upagan ke shesh sabhi kriantak dakshini amarika mean hi simit haian. yahi nahian, is upagan ke praniyoan ke jivashm[69] bhi dakshini amarika ke adinootan[70] yug mean hi mile haian. is upagan ka pratyek prani vaijnanikoan ke lie b de mahatv ka hai.
hani tatha labh
manav hit ki drishti se kriantak b de hi arthik mahatv ke haian. jahaan tak haniyoan ka sanbandh hai, ye kheti, ghar ke saman tatha any vastuoan ko atyadhik matra mean nasht kiya karate haian. pleg phailane mean chooha kitana sahayak hota hai, yah kisi se chhipa nahian hai. jahaan tak labh ka sanbandh hai, inaki kee jatiyaan prayogashala mean vibhinn rogoan ki rokatham ke lie kie jane vale prayogoan mean kam mean laee jati haian. kee jatiyoan ka lomash charm aur maans upayogi hota hai aur kee jatiyaan hanikarak kitoan tatha krimiyoan ka ahar kar unhean nasht kiya karati haian.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ Fossilized
- ↑ 2,500 ke lagabhag
- ↑ Marmots
- ↑ Flyiug squirrels
- ↑ Prairie dogs
- ↑ Musk rats
- ↑ Pocket dogs
- ↑ Beavers
- ↑ Rats
- ↑ Mice
- ↑ Voles
- ↑ Gerbille
- ↑ Bamboo rats
- ↑ Porcupines
- ↑ Guinea pigs
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 kriantak (hindi) bharatakhoj. abhigaman tithi: 27julaee, 2015.
- ↑ Canines
- ↑ Diastema
- ↑ Enamel
- ↑ Caecum
- ↑ Furrows
- ↑ Placenta
- ↑ discoidal
- ↑ haemochorial
- ↑ Elbowjoint
- ↑ clawed
- ↑ Sciuromorpha
- ↑ Myomorpha
- ↑ Hystricomorpha
- ↑ Sciuromorpha
- ↑ Masseter
- ↑ Infra-orbital canal
- ↑ Sewellel
- ↑ Plaeocene
- ↑ Ischyromyidae
- ↑ Miocene
- ↑ Paramys
- ↑ Aplodontidae
- ↑ Aplodontia
- ↑ Sciuridae
- ↑ Ratufa
- ↑ Prtaurista
- ↑ Citellus
- ↑ Marmoda
- ↑ Tamias, Eutamias
- ↑ Funambulus Pennanti
- ↑ Patagium
- ↑ gliding
- ↑ Castoridae
- ↑ North Arctic regions
- ↑ fur
- ↑ Pleistocene
- ↑ Myomorpha
- ↑ Diepodidae
- ↑ Jerboas
- ↑ Voles
- ↑ Deer mouse
- ↑ Lemmings
- ↑ Muridae
- ↑ Rats
- ↑ Mice
- ↑ Dormice
- ↑ Field mice
- ↑ Zapodidae
- ↑ Jumping mice
- ↑ Volant
- ↑ Hystricomorpha
- ↑ Zygoma
- ↑ fossils
- ↑ Oligocene
sanbandhit lekh
- REDIRECT saancha:jiv jantu
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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