केरल का इतिहास
keral bharatiy upamahadvip ke dakshin-pashchimi sire par sthit hai. shvatantr bharat mean jab chhoti chhoti riyasatoan ka vilay hua tab travanakore tatha kochin riyasatoan ko milakar 1 julaee, 1949 ko 'travanakor kochin' rajhy bana diya gaya, lekin malabar madras praant ke adhin hi raha. rajhy punargathan adhiniyam, 1956 ke aantargat 'travanakor-kochin rajhy tatha malabar' ko milakar 1 navanbar, 1956 ko 'keral rajhy' ka nirman kiya gaya. hinduoan aur musalamanoan ke atirikt yahaan eesaee bhi b di sankhya mean rahate haian. keral ka itihas apane vanijy se nikat se ju da hai, jo hal tak apane masale ke vyapar ke ird-gird ghoomata tha. bharat ke ‘spais kost’ ke roop mean vikhyat, prachin keral ne vishvabhar ke paryatakoan aur vyapariyoan ki mejabani ki hai jinamean shamil haian grik, roman, arabi, chainiz, purtagali, dach, phraansisi, aur aangrez. inamean se lagabhag sabhi ne is bhoomi par anek roopoan mean, jaise- sthapaty, vyanjan-vidhi, sahity mean apani chhap chho di hai.
'keral' shabd ki vyutpatti
'keral' shabd ki vyutpatti ko lekar vidvanh ekamat nahian haian . samanyatah kaha jata hai ki cher - sthal aur kichad aur alam - pradesh shabdoan ke yog se keral shabd bana hai . keralam shabd se yah arth bhi nikalata hai ki vah bhoobhag jo samudr se nikala hai athava samudr aur parvat ka sangam sthan hai . keral ko prachin videshi yayavaroan ne malabar nam se bhi pukara hai.[1]
mahaprastar yug
hazaroan varsh pahale hi keral abad tha. praranbh mean log paha़ di ilakoan mean rahate the. prachin prastar yug ke katipay khandahar keral ke kuchh bhagoan se prapt hue haian . prachin khandaharoan ke bad mahaprastar smarikaean ati haian jo keral mean manushy ke adhivas ki pramanik janakari deti haian jo adhikatar shmashan roop mean haian. kudakkallu (chhatari numa chattan), toppikkallu (topi numa chattan), kanmesha (patthar se bani mez), muniyara (muniyoan ki kothi), nannannadi (ek tarah ki qabr athava patr jisamean asthiyaan dali jati haian) adi vibhinn prakar ki mahaprastar yugin qabrean khoj nikali gee haian. inaka kal eesa poorv 500 se eesvi sanh 300 tak mana jata hai . adhikatar mahaprastar yugin smarikaean pahadi kshetr se prapt huee. yah is bat ka praman hai ki adikalin adhivas sthan vahian tha.[1]
sanghamakal
keral mean avas kendroan ke vikas ka doosara charan sanghamakal mana jata hai. isi kal mean prachin tamil sahity nirmit hua tha. sanghamakal sanh 300 ee. se 800 ee. tak tha. is kal mean bharat ke anyany pradeshoan se log keral mean akar basane lage. isi kal mean vahaan bauddh aur jain dharmoan ka prachar hua tha. brahman log bhi keral pahuanch ge. keral ke vibhinn kshetroan mean brahmanoan ki kulamilakar 64 bastiyaan thian. eesa ki pahali shatabdi mean hi eesaee dharm keral mean pahuanch gaya tha. kanayi ke th aaumas ke netritv mean sanh 345 mean pashchim eshiya ke sat kabiloan ke 400 eesaee dharmavalambi keral akar base jinase keral mean eesaee dharm prachar ko bal mila. jis keral ke sath araboan ka samudr marg se vyapar chal raha tha us keral ka islam dharm se eesa ki athavian shati mean hi parichit hona aur keral dvara usaka svagat kiya jana ekadam svabhavik tha.[1]
prachin keral ko itihasakar tamil bhoobhag ka aang samajhate the. keral ki niji visheshataoan ke vikas mean jo tattv sahayak hue unamean mukhy haian - logoan ka prakriti prem, avas kendroan ka vikas, utpadan kendroan ka uday aur bhasha ka vikas. jab kshetriy shaktiyoan ke hath mean krishi aur sansadhanoan ka niyantran a gaya tab keral ko samajik parivartan ka samana karana pada jo anek pidhiyoan tak chala. phalasvaroop chhoti-chhoti riyasatoan se lekar bade-bade rajyoan tak ka vikas hua. parinamatah keral ka ek naya itihas bana jo samrajyoan aur yuddhoan ka itihas hai, bhasha aur sahity ke vikas ka itihas hai, videshi senaoan ke agaman tatha unake dirghakalin upanivesh ban jane ka itihas hai, jati paanti aur shoshan ka itihas hai, shiksha mean huee pragati aur vaijnanik kshetroan mean huee tarkki ka itihas hai, vyaparik pragati aur samajik nabajagaran aur janataantrik sansthaoan ke avirbhavoan ka itihas hai. [1] suvidha ki drishti se keral ke itihas ko nimnalikhit tin bhagoan mean vibhajit kar sakate haian.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh