खगोलीय यांत्रिकी

khagoliy yaantriki mean akashiy piandoan ki gatiyoan ke ganitiy siddhaantoan ki vivechana ki jati hai. nyootan dvara priansipiya mean up-sthapit gurutvakarshan niyam tatha gati ke tin niyam khagoliy yaantriki ke mool adhar haian. is prakar isamean vicharaniy samasya dvitiy varn ke samany avakal samikaranoan ke ek varg ke hal karane tak simit ho jati hai.

khagol itihas

17vian shatabdi ke praranbh mean johain keplar ne grahagati ke tin prasiddh anubhootimoolak niyamoan ka nirman kiya, jinake sath usaka nam ju da hai. ye niyam nyootan ke gurutvakarshan tatha gati ke tin adharabhoot niyamoan ke do kayoan par prayog ke upaphal haian tatha is prakar ye nyootan ki prakh‌kalpana (hypothesis) ko pusht karate haian. nyootan ke tin gatiniyam sada ek j data pranali ke sandarbh mean haian, jisaka pray: paryapt sookshmata ke sath akashaganga ke sapeksh sthir pranali se ekatm sthapit kiya ja sakata hai. do kayoan ke prashnoan ko tin kayoan ke prashnoan tak tatha vyapak roop mean ‘n’ (n) kayoan ke prashnoan tak vistrit karane mean bahut kathinaee upasthit hoti hai. do kayoan ke prashnoan ke viparit ‘n’ kayoan ke prashn, yadi n do se adhik ho to, hal nahian hote. saur parivar, jisamean soory tatha navagrah haian, aur adhikaansh grah upagrahoan vale haian, ek bahukayik prashn prastut karata hai. isi prakar soory, prithvi tatha chandrama ki sanhati tin kayoan ke prashn ka udaharan hai.

niyam aur siddhaant

khagoliy yaantriki sanbandhi niyam nirman ke praranbhik dinoan mean hi ganitajn jyotishiyoan ka dhyan tin kayoan ke prashn ki or gaya tha. is prashn ke hal ke lie bijaganitiy prakriti se das jnat anukal apekshit haian. is prashn ka samikaran 18 varnoan ki sanhati ka hai, jise joseph luee lagraanj (Joseph Louis Lagrange) ne das anukaloan ki sahayata, patavilopan tatha kalavilopan ke chhah varnoan ke samikaran mean simit kar diya tha. par us disha mean isase adhik laghav sanbhav nahian tha. aisi dasha mean, jisamean ek kay ka dravyaman atyalp man liya jay aur vah aise do dravyamanoan ke kshetr mean gatishil ho jo vrittakar kakshaoan mean bhraman karate hoan, samasya simit ho jati hai aur isaka hal saral hai. vyapak roop mean tin kayoan ke prashn ka hal mil sakata hai, jise sansrit ghat shreniyoan mean vyakt kiya ja sakata hai. is vidhi ka ke. eph. suandaman ne prayog kiya tha. ‘n’ kayoan ke prashn mean grahoan ke paraspar akarshan ki tulana mean soory ka akarshan adhik hota hai. isake karan uttarottar asannikaran ki vidhi ka prayog kiya ja sakata hai. any grahoan ki upasthiti ke karan grah kakshaoan ke dirghavrittakar mean hone vale vichalan kshobh kahalate haian. lagraanj ne grahoan ke kshobhoan ki ganana ke liye ek vidhi nikali thi. dirghavrittakar kaksha mean chhah sthiraank hote haian, jinhean avayav kahate haian. kshubdh kaksha mean chhah avayavoan ko kal ka phalan mana ja sakata hai. lagraanj ki vidhi se in phalanoan ke avakalajoan ke liye vaishleshik vyanjak a jate haian, jinake anukoolan ke lie uttarotar asannikaran ki vidhi ka prayog karana p data hai. chhah avayavoan ke aantim roop mean avartak pad aur kal ke anupati pad arthath‌ tathakathit dirghakalik pad rahate haian. kshobh ke prashn ko hal karane ki doosari vidhi yah hai ki sidhe niyamakoan mean hi kshobhoan ko nikal liya jay. is prachar ki vidhiyoan ka laplas tatha nyook aaumb ne prayog kiya tha.

nepchyoon ka avishkar grahagati ke siddhaant ki mahatvooparn saphalata hai. je. si. aidams tatha bi. je. leveriyar ne yoorenas grah ki gati ke kshobhoan ka vichar karate samay siddhaant roop se isaki satta tatha akash mean isaki sthiti ki bhavishyavani ki thi.

chandrama tatha vyapak roop mean upagrahoan ki gati grahoan ki gati se bhinn hai. inamean pahali gati pichhali se bahut drut hai. at: jis prakar grahoan ke siddhaant mean kal kshobh ke padoan ke gunak roop mean ata hai, vaisa nahian hone diya ja sakata. isaliye aise siddhaant ke nirman ki avashyakata hai jo is dosh se rahit ho. upagrahoan ki gati ke vivechan ke liye chandrama ka siddhaant sarvottam hai. yah prayatn kiya gaya hai ki chandrama ke siddhaantoan mean prayukt adhik shuddh vidhiyoan ka grahagati ke prashnoan mean prayog kiya ja sake. nyootan ka gurutvakarshan niyam dravyakanoan ke liye vihit hai. khagoliy yaantriki ki samasyaoan mean akashiy piandoan ko samanyat: biandudravy man se vyakt kiya jata hai. saant kay, jinaka dravyaman goliy samiti se banta hai, ek doosare ko is prakar akarshit karate haian manoan tulyaman ke dravyakan keandr mean nihit hoan. kiantu akashiy piand golakar nahian haian. doori badhane se golakar n hone ke prabhav ka dosh is prakar kam ho jata hai ki paryapt doori par sthit do kayoan ki dasha mean golakar n hone ka prabhav mahatvooparn nahian hota. yadi do kay paraspar nikat hoan, jaise shani tatha usaka sabase bhitari upagrah haian, to isaka prabhav kafi drishy hota haian.

yah achchhi tarah jnat ho chuka hai ki nyootan ka vishvavyapi gurutvakarshan niyam tatha tin gatiniyam asann roop mean shuddh haian. shuddh gatiniyam to sapekshavad hi prastut karata hai, tathapi jyotish ki adhikaansh samasyaoan mean apeksh shodhan ati nyoon hote haian. budh ke ravinich ki gati mean apeksh prabhav kafi drishy hota hai aur ise vedh dvara bhi pusht kiya ja chuka hai. khagoliy yaantriki mean pray: apanaee jane vali vidhi yah hai ki pahale nyootan ke siddhaantoan se ganana kar li jati hai tatha bad mean apeksh prabhavoan ke liye upayukt shodhan kar diya jata hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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