गुप्तकालीन साहित्य

gupt kal ko sanskrit sahity ka svarn yug mana jata hai. barnet(Barnett) ke anusar ‘prachin bharat ke itihas mean gupt kal ka vah mahattv hai jo yoonan ke itihas mean perikliyan(Periclean) yug ka hai.‘ smith ne gupt kal ki tulana british itihas ke 'ejilabethan' tatha 'stuart' ke kaloan se ki hai. gupt kal ko shreshth kaviyoan ka kal mana jata hai. is kal ke kavi ko do bhagoan mean baanta gaya hai,-

• pratham bhag mean ve kavi ate hai jinake vishay mean hamean abhilekhoan se janakari milati hai halaanki inaki kisi bhi kriti ke vishay mean janakari nahian hai. is shreni mean harishen, shav(virasen), vatsabhatti aur vasul ate hean.
• dvitiy shreni mean ve kavi ate haian jinaki rachanaoan ke bare mean hamean jnan haian, jaise - kalidas, bharavi, bhatti, matrigupt, bhartrishreshth tatha vishnu sharma adi.

harishen

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mahadayadanayak dhruvabhooti ka putr harishen samudragupt ke samay mean sandhivigrahik kumaramaty evan mahadandanayak ke pad par karyarat tha. harishan ki shaili ke vishay mean janakari 'prayag stambh' lekh se milati hai. harishan dvara stambh lekh mean prayukt chhand kalidas ki shaili ki yad dilate haian. harishen ka poora lekh 'chanpoo (gadyapady-mishrit) shaili' ka ek anokha udaharan hai.

shav(virasen)

chandragupt vikramadity ke samay mean sandhivigrahik amaty pad par karyarat shav ki kavy shaili ke vishay mean janakari ekamatr srot 'udayagiri gupha ki divar par utkirn lekh hai. lekh ke adhar par yah mana jata hai ki shav vyakaran, nyay evan rajaniti ka jnata evan patiliputr ka nivasi tha.

vatsabhatti

inaki kavy shaili ke vishay mean janakari malav sanvat ke 'mandasaur ke stambh' lekh se milati hai. is lekh mean kul 44 shlok haian, jinamean pahale tin shlokoan mean soory stuti ki gee hai.

vasul ne mandasaur prashasti ki rachana yashodharman ke samay mean ki. kul 9 shlokoan vala yah lekh shreshth kavy ka anokha udaharan hai.

kalidas

sanskrit sahity ke is mahanh kavi ki mahattvapoorn kritiyaan haian- rritusanhar, meghadoot, kumarasanbhav evan raghuvansh mahakavy. kalidas ki sarvotkrisht kriti unaka natak ‘abhijnan shakuntalamh‘ hai. isake atirikt unhoanne malavikagnimitramh, vikramorvashiyamh natak ki bhi rachana ki hai.

bharavi

inake dvara rachit mahakavy - ‘kiratarjuniyamh‘ mahabharat ke vanaparv par adharit hai isame kul 18 sarg hai.

bhatti

inake dvara rachit ‘bhattikavy‘ ko ‘ravanavadh‘ bhi kaha jata hai. ramayan ki katha par adharit is kavy mean kul 22 sarg tatha 1624 shlok haian.

guptakalin natak evan natakakar

natak	natakakar	natak ka vishay
malavikagnimitramh	kalidas	agnimitr evan malavika ki pranay katha par adharit hai.
vikramorvashiyamh	kalidas	samrat pururava evan urvashi apsara ki pranay katha par adharit hai.
abhijnanashakuntalamh	kalidas	dushyant tatha shakuntala ki pranay katha par adharit
mudrarakshasamh	vishakhadatt	is aitihasik natak mean chandragupt maury ke magadh ke sianhasan par baithane ki katha varnan hai.
devichandraguptam	vishakhadatt	is aitihasik natak mean chandragupt dvara shakaraj ka vadh par dhrav-svamini se vivah ka varnan hai.
mrichchhakatikamh	shoodrak	isamean nayak charudatt, nayika vasantasena, raja, brahman, juari, vyapari, veshya, chor, dhoortadas ka varnan hai.
svapnavasavadattam	bhas	isamean maharaj udayan evan vasavadatta ki premakatha ka varnan kiya gaya hai.
pratijnayaugandharayanakamh	bhas	maharaj udayan ke yaugandharayan ki sahayata se vasavadatta ko ujjayini se lekar bhagane ka varnan hai.
charudattamh	bhas	is natak ka nayak charudatt moolatah bhas ki kalpana hai.

matrigupt

inake vishayamean janakari kalhan ke rajatarangini se milati hai. sanbhavatah matrigupt ne bharat ke naty-shastr par koee tika likhi thi.

bhartribhenth

‘hastipak‘ nam se bhi jane vale is kavi ne ‘hayagrivavadh‘ kavy ki rachana ki.

vishnu sharma

vishnu sharma ke dvara rachit kavy ‘panchatantr‘ ke vishv ki lagabhag 50 bhashaoan mean 250 bhinn bhinn sanskaran nikal chuke haian. panchatantr ki ganana sansar ke sarvadhik prachalit granth ‘baibil‘ ke bad doosare sthan par ki jati hai. 16vi shati ke aant tak is granth ka anuvad yoonan, laitin, spenish, jarman evan aangrezi bhashaoan mean kiya ja chuka tha. panchatatr 5 bhagoan mean banta hai-

1. mitrabhed,
2. mitralabh.
3. sandhi-vigrah,
4. labdh-pranash,
5. aparikshakaritv.

guptakal ke dharmik granth

puran

puranoan ke vartaman roop ki rachana gupt kal mean hi huee, inamean aitihasik paramparaoan ka ullekh milata hai. puranoan ka aantim roop se sankalan bhi gupt kal mean hua hai. do mahanh gatha kavy ramayan aur mahabharat eesa ki chauthi sadi (guptakal) mean poore ho chuke the. atah inaka sankalan gupt yug mean hi hua. ‘ramayan‘ mean parivar roopi sanstha ka adarsh roop varnit hai. ‘mahabharat‘ mean dusht shakti par isht shakti ki vijay dikhaee gee hai. ‘bhagavatgita‘ pratiphal ki kamana ke bina kartavy palan ke nirdesh deti haian.

smritiyaan

gupt kal mean yajnavalky, narad, katyayan, evan brihaspati ki smritiyaan likhi gee. inamean 'yajnavalky smriti' sabase mahattvapoorn mani jati hai. is smriti mean achar, vyavahar, prayashchit adi ka ullekh hai. hinayan (bauddh dharm) shakha ke 'buddh ghosh' ne tripitakoan par bhashy likha, inaka prasiddh ganth ‘visuddibhagy‘ hai. jain darshinik achary 'siddhasen' ne nyay darshan par 'nyayavatamh' granth likha hai.

guptakalin takanik granth

rachanakar	rachana
chandragomin	chandr vyakaran
amar sianh	amarakosh (sanskrit ka pramanit kosh)
kamandak	nitisar (kautily ke arthashastr se prabhavit)
vatsyayan	kamasootr

vijnan

gupt kal mean khagol shastr, ganit tatha chikitsa shastr ka vikas bhi apane utkarsh par tha.

varahamihir

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

gupt kal ke prasiddh khagolashastri varahamihir hai. inake prasiddh granth vrihatsasanhita tatha panchasiddhantika hai. vrihatsanhita mean nakshatr-vidya, vanaspatishastramh, prakritik itihas, bhautik bhoogol jaise vishayoan par varnan hai.

aryabhat

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

‘aryabhatiy‘namak granth ki rachana karane vale aryabhat apane samay ke sabase b de ganitajn the. inhonean dashamalav pranali ka vikas kiya. inake prayasoan ke dvara hi khagol vijnan ko ganit se alag kiya ja saka. aryabhat aise pratham nakshatr vaijnanik the, jinhoanne yah bataya ki prithvi apani dhuri par ghoomati huee soory ke chakkar lagati hai. inhonean sooryagrahan evan chandragrahan hone vastavik karan par prakash dala. aryabhat ne soory siddhant likha.

aryabhat ke siddhant par bhaskar pratham ne tika likhi. bhaskar ke tin any mahattvapoorn granth hai- ‘mahabhaskary‘, ‘laghubhaskary‘ evan ‘bhashy‘. brahmagupt ne ‘brahm-siddhant‘ ki rachana kar bataya ki ‘prakriti ke niyam ke anusar samast vastuean prithvi par girati haian, kyoanki prithvi apane svabhav se hi sabhi vastuoan ko apani or akarshit karati hai. yah nyootan ke sidvant ke poorv ki gayi kalpana hai. aryabhat, varahamihir evan brahmagupt ko sansar ke sarvapratham nakshatr-vaijnanik aur ganitajn kaha gaya hai.

chikitsa granth

• chikitsa ke kshetr mean vagbhatt ne ayurved ke prasiddh granth ‘ashtaang haday‘ ki rachana ki. ayurved ke ek aur granth ‘navinatakamh‘ ki rachana bhi gupt kal mean huee
• chandragupt vikramadity ke darabar ka prasiddh ayurvedachary evan chikitsak 'dhanvantari' tha.
• guptakalin chikitsakoan ko ‘shaly shastr‘ ke vishay mean janakari thi.
• gupt kal mean anu siddhant ka bhi pratipadan hua.

gupt kal svarn kal ke roop mean

gupt kal ko svarn yug (Golden Age), klasikal yug (Classical Age) evan pairiklin yug (Periclean Age) kaha jata hai. apani jin visheshataoan ke karan guptakal ko ‘svarnakal‘ kaha jata hai, ve is prakar haian- sahity, vijnan, evan kala ke utkarsh ka kal, bharatiy sanskriti ke prachar prasar ka kal, dharmik sahishnuta evan arthik samriddhi ka kal, shreshth shasan vyavastha evan mahanh samratoan ke uday ka kal evan rajanitik ekata ka kal, in samast visheshataoan ke sath hi ham gupt ko svarnakal, klasikal yug evan pairiklin yug kahate haian. kuchh vidvanoan jaise ar.es.sharma, di.di. kaushambi evan d aau. romila thapar gupt ke ‘svarn yug‘ ki sankalpana ko niradhar siddh karate haian kyoanki unake anusar yah kal samantavad ki unnati, nagaroan ke patan, vyapar evan vanijy ke patan tatha arthik avanati ka kal tha.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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