गुप्त साम्राज्य

gupt samrajy ka uday tisari sadi ke ant mean prayag ke nikat kaushambi mean hua. gupt kushanoan ke samant the. is vansh ka aranbhik rajy uttar pradesh aur bihar mean tha. lagata hai ki gupt shasakoan ke lie bihar ki upeksha uttar pradesh adhik mahattv vala prant tha, kyoanki arambhik abhilekh mukhyatah isi rajy mean pae ge haian. yahi se gupt shasak kary sanchalan karate rahe. aur anek dishaoan mean badhate ge. gupt shasakoan ne apana adhipaty anuganga (madhy ganga maidan), prayag (ilahabad), saket (adhunik ayodhya) aur magadh par sthapit kiya.

guptoan ki utpatti

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gupt rajavanshoan ka itihas sahityik tatha puratatvik donoan pramanoan se prapt hai. isake atirikt videshi yatriyoan ke vivaran se bhi gupt rajavanshoan ke bare mean janakari prapt hoti hai.

• sahityik sadhanoan mean puran sarvapratham hai jisamean matsy puran, vayu puran, tatha vishnu puran dvara prarambhik shasakoan ke bare mean janakari milati hai.
• bauddh granthoan mean 'ary manjooshrimoolakalp' mahattvapoorn granth hai. isake atirikt 'vasubandhu charit' tatha 'chandragarbh pariprichchh' se gupt vanshiy itihas ki mahattvapoorn janakari milati hai.
• jain granthoan mean 'harivansh' aur 'kuvalayamala' mahattvapoorn granth hai.
• smritiyoan mean narad, parashar aur brihaspati smritiyoan se guptakal ki samajik, arthik evan rajanitik itihas ki janakari milati hai.
• laukik sahity ke antargat vishakhadatt krit 'devichandraguptamh' (natak) se gupt naresh ramagupt tatha chandragupt ke bare mean janakari milati hai. any sahityik srotoan mean - abhijnan shakuntalamh, raghuvansh mahakavy, mudrarakshas, mrichchhakatikam, harshacharit, vatsayanan ke kamasootr adi se guptakalin shasan vyavastha evan nagar jivan ke vishay mean janakari prapt hoti hai.
• abhilekhiy sakshy ke antargat samudragupt ka prayag prashasti lekh sarvapramukh hai, jisamean samudragupt ke rajyabhishek usake digvijay tatha vyaktitv par prakash p data hai. any abhilekhoan mean chandragupt dvitiy ke udayagiri se prapt guha lekh, kumar gupt ka vilas d stambh lekh skand gupt ka bhitari stambh lekh, joonagadh abhilekh mahatpoorn haian.
• videshi yatriyoan ke vivaran mean fahyan jo chandragupt dvitiy ke kal mean bharat aya tha. usane madhy desh ke janata ka varnan kiya hai. 7vi. shatabdi ee. mean chini yatri hvenasaang ke vivaran se bhi gupt itihas ke vishay mean janakari prapt hoti hai. usane buddhagupt, kumar gupt pratham, shakadity tatha baladity adi gupt shasakoan ka ullekh kiya hai. usake vivaran se yah jnat hota hai ki kumar gupt ne hi nalanda vihar ki sthapana ki thi.

guptoan ki utpatti sanbandhi vichar

guptoan ki utpatti ke sanbandh mean vidvanoan mean matabhed hai. is sanbandh mean kuchh vicharak ise shoodr athava nimnajati se utpann manate hai jabaki kuchh ka manana hai ki guptoan ki utpatti brahmanoan se huee hai. is sanbandh mean vibhinnh vicharakoan ke vichar nimnalikhit haian.

guptoan ki utpatti

jati	itihasakar
1- shoodr tatha nimn jati se utpatti	kashi prasad jayasaval
2- vaishy	elan, es.ke. ayangar, anand sadashiv altekar, romila thapar, ramasharan sharma
3- kshatriy	sudharak chattopadhyay, ar.si.majoomadar, gauri shankar hira chandr ojha
4- brahman	d aau ray chaudhari, d aau ramagopal goyal adi

guptakalin prashasan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

gupt samratoan ke samay mean ganatantriy rajavyavastha ka hmas hua. gupt prashasan rajatantratmak vyavastha par adharit tha. devatv ka sidvant guptakalin shasakoan mean prachalit tha. rajapad vanshanugat siddhant par adharit tha. raja apane b de putr ko yuvaraj ghoshit karata tha. usane utkarsh ke samay mean gupt samrajy uttar mean himalay se lekar dakshin mean vianghyaparvat tak evan poorv mean bangal ki kha di se lekar pashchim mean saurashtr tak phaila hua tha.

rajasv ke srot

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

guptakal mean rajakiy ay ke pramukh srot 'kar' the, jo nimnalikhit haian-

• bhag- raja ko bhoomi ke utpadan se prapt hone vala chhathaan hissa.
• bhog- sambhavatah raja ko har din phal-phool evan sabjiyoan ke roop mean diya jane vala kar.
• pranayakar- guptakal mean gramavasiyoan par lagaya gaya anivary ya svechchha chanda tha. bhoomikar bhog ka ullekh manusmriti mean hua hai. isi prakar bheant namak kar ka ullekh harshacharit mean aya hai.

vyapar evan vanijy

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

gupt kal mean vyapar evan vanijy apane utkarsh par tha. ujjain, bh dauch, pratishshthan, vidisha, prayag, pataliputr, vaishali, tamralipi, mathura, ahichchhatr, kaushambi adi mahattvapoorn vyaparik nagar hai. in sab mean ujjain sarvadhik mahattvapoorn vyaparik sthal tha kyoanki desh ke har kone se marg ujjain ki or ate the. svarn mudaoan ki adhikata ke karan hi sanbhavatah guptakalin vyapar vikas kar saka.

samajik sthiti

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

guptakalin bharatiy samaj paranparagat 4 jatiyoan -

1. brahman,
2. kshatriy,
3. vaishy evan
4. shoodr mean vibhajit tha.

• kautily ne arthashastr mean tatha varahamihir ne vrihatasanhita mean charoan varno ke lie alag alag bastiyoan ka vidhan kiya hai.
• nyay sanhitaoan mean yah ullekh milata hai ki brahman ki pariksha tula se, kshatriy ki pariksha agni se, vaishy ki pariksha jal se tatha shoodr ki vishay se ki jani chahie.

dharmik sthiti

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

gupt samrajy ko brahman dharm v hindoo dharm ke punarutthan ka samay mana jata hai. hindoo dharm vikas yatra ke is charan mean kuchh mahattvapoorn parivartan drishtigochar hue jaise moortipooja hindoo dharm ka samany lakshan ban gee. yajn ka sthan upasana ne le liya evan gupt kal mean hi vaishnav evan shaiv dharm ke madhy samanvay sthapit hua. eeshvar bhakti ko mahattv diya gaya. tatkalin mahattvapoorn sampraday ke roop mean vaishnav evan shaiv sampraday prachalan mean the.

kala aur sthapaty

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

gupt kal mean kala ki vividh vidhaoan jaise vastan sthapaty, chitrakala, mridabhaand kala adi mean abhootapoorn pragati dekhane ko milati hai. gupt kalin sthapaty kala ke sarvochch udaharan tatkalin mandir the. mandir nirman kala ka janm yahi se hua. is samay ke mandir ek ooanche chabootarean par nirmit kie jate the. chabootare par chadhane ke lie charoan or se sidhiyoan ka nirman kiya jata tha. devata ki moorti ko garbhagrih mean sthapit kiya gaya tha aur garbhagrih ke charoan or oopar se achchhadit pradakshina marg ka nirman kiya jata tha. guptakalin mandiroan par pashvoan par ganga, yamuna, shankh v padm ki akritiyaan bani hoti thi. guptakalin mandiroan ki chhatean prayah sapat banaee jati thi par shikhar yukt mandiroan ke nirman ke bhi avashesh mile haian. guptakalin mandir chhoti-chhoti eetoan evan pattharoan se banaye jate the. ‘bhitaragaanv ka mandir‘ eetoan se hi nirmit hai.

guptakalin mahattvapoorn mandir

mandir	sthan
1- vishnumandir	tigava (jabalapur madhy pradesh)
2- shiv mandir	bhoomara (nagod madhy pradesh)
3- parvati mandir	nachana kuthar (madhy pradesh)
4- dashavatar mandir	devagadh (jhaansi, uttar pradesh)
5- shivamandir	khoh (nagaud, madhy pradesh)
6- bhitaragaanv ka mandir lakshman mandir (eetoan dvara nirmit)	bhitaragaanv (kanapur, uttar pradesh)

sahity

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

guptakal ko sanskrit sahity ka svarn yug mana jata hai. barnet ke anusar prachin bharat ke itihas mean gupt kal ka vah mahattv hai jo yoonan ke itihas mean perikliyan yug ka hai. smith ne gupt kal ki tulana british itihas ke ejilabethan tatha stuart ke kaloan se ki hai. gupt kal ko shreshth kaviyoan ka kal mana jata hai.

gupt kal svarn kal ke roop mean

gupt kal ko svarn yug (Golden Age), klasikal yug (Classical Age) evan pairiklin yug (Periclean Age) kaha jata hai. apani jin visheshataoan ke karan guptakal ko ‘svarnakal‘ kaha jata hai, ve is prakar haian- sahity, vijnan, evan kala ke utkarsh ka kal, bharatiy sanskriti ke prachar prasar ka kal, dharmik sahishnuta evan arthik samriddhi ka kal, shreshth shasan vyavastha evan mahansamratoan ke uday ka kal evan rajanitik ekata ka kal, in samast visheshataoan ke sath hi ham gupt ko svarnakal, klasikal yug evan pairiklin yug kahate haian. kuchh vidvanoan jaise ar.es.sharma, di.di. kaushambi evan d aau. romila thapar gupt ke ‘svarn yug‘ ki sankalpana ko niradhar siddh karate haian kyoanki unake anusar yah kal samantavad ki unnati, nagaroan ke patan, vyapar evan vanijy ke patan tatha arthik avanati ka kal tha.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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