घड़ी

thumb|250px|gh di
Clock gh di vah yantr hai jo sanpoorn aharnish ko samay ki saman avadhiyoan mean svayanchalit pranali dvara vibhakt karata hai aur is prakar kalakshep ke sahi sahi vyakt karata hai. adhikatar gh diyoan mean niyamit roop se avartak kriyaean utpann karane ki svayanchalit vyavastha hoti hai, jaise lolak ka dolan, sarpil kamaniyoan tatha santulan chakroan ko dolan, dab vidyuth‌ manibhoan ka dolan athava uchch avrittivale sanketoan ki paramanuoan ki moolavastha ki atisookshm sanrachana se tulana ityadi.

prachin kal

prachin kal mean dhoop ke karan p dane vali kisi vriksh athava any sthir vastu ki chhaya ke dvara samay ke anuman kiya jata tha. aisi dhoopadh diyoan ka prachalan atyant prachin kal se hota a raha hai jinamean akash mean soory ke bhraman ke karan kisi patthar ya lohe ke sthir tuk de ki parachhaee ki gati mean hone vale parivartan ke dvara 'gh di' ya 'prahar' ka anuman kiya jata tha. badali ke dinoan mean, athava rat mean, samay janane ke liy jal gh di ka avishkar chin deshavasiyoan ne lagabhag tin hazar varsh pahale kiya tha. kalaantar mean yah vidhi misriyoan, yoonaniyoan evan romanoan ko bhi jnat huee.

jalagh di

jalagh di mean do patroan ka prayog hota tha. ek patr mean pani bhar diya jata ya aur usaki tali mean chhed kar diya jata tha. usamean se tho da-tho da jal niyantrit booandoan ke roop mean niche rakhe hue doosare patr mean girata tha. is patr mean ekatr jal ki matra nap kar samay anuman kiya jata tha. bad mean pani ke sthan par baloo ka prayog hone laga. ianglaiand ke ailphrade mahanh ne momabatti dvara samay ka jnan karane ki vidhi avishkrit ki. usane ek momabatti par lanbaee ki or saman dooriyoan par chihn aankit kar die the. pratyek chihn tak momabatti ke jalane par nishchit samay vyatit hone ka jnan hota tha.

yaantrik gh diyaan

ajakal prayog ki jane vali gh diyaan yaantrik vidhiyoan se sanchalit hoti haian. in yaantrik gh diyoan mean anek pahie hote haian, jo kisi kamani, latakate hue bhar athava any upayoan dvara chalae jate haian. inhean kisi dolanashil vyavastha dvara is prakar nianyatrit kiya jata hai ki inaki gati samaang hoti hai. inake sath hi isamean ghanti ya ghanta bhi hota hai, jo nishchit avadhiyoan par svayan hi baj uthata hai aur samay ki soochana deta hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

“khand 4”, hindi vishvakosh, 1964 (hindi), bharatadiskavari pustakalay: nagari pracharini sabha varanasi, 102.

sanbandhit lekh

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