घास
ghas (aangrezi: Grass) shabd ka arth bahut vyapak hai. sadharanataya ghasoan mean ve sab vanaspatiyaan sammilit ki jati haian jo gay, bhaians, bhe d, bakari adi palatoo pashuoan ke chare ke roop mean kam ati haian, parantu adhunik yug mean vanaspatik vargikaran ke anusar keval ghas kul (gremini kul, Gramineae family) ke paudhe hi isake aantargat mane jate haian. lagabhag do lakh phoolane aur phalane vale paudhoan mean se paanch hazar is kul ke aantargat ate haian. charagah evan khel ke maidan aise sthanoan mean hone vale paudhe, jaise hathi ghas (nepiyar gras, Napier grass), soodan ghas (Sudan grass), doob adi ko to ghas kahate hi haian. hamare bhojan ke adhikaansh anaj, jaise gehooan, dhan, makka, jvar, bajara adi bhi ghas kul mean hi pariganit haian. inake atirikt eekh, baans adi bhi isi kul mean sammilit haian.
akar evan ooanchaee
ghasoan ke akar evan ooanchaee mean bhinnata hoti hai. kuchh paudhe keval kuchh ianch lanbe hate haian, jaise khel ke maidan evan lan (lawn) ki ghasean; kuchh madhyam varg ke hote haian, jaise gehuan, makka adi tatha kuchh bahut hi ooanche hote haian, jaise eekh, baans adi. kuchh pakakar ke paudhoan mean phool alag alag tatha kuchh mean guchchhoan mean hote haian. anaj vale paudhe adhikatar varshik hote hai, kiantu baans, kaans adi 30 - 40 varsh, ya isase bhi adhik, jivit rahate haian. kuchh ghasean pani mean ugati haian ya pray: nadi, talab aur samudr ke kinare paee jati haian. isake viparit kuchh prakar ki ghasean keval kam varsha vale sthanoan tatha marusthaloan mean hi jivit rahati haian.
aantarik sanrachana
ghasoan ki j dean pray reshedar hoti haian. tane thos tatha sandhiyukt hote haian. sandhiyoan ke bich ke bhagoan ko por ya pori (internodes) kahate haian. pattiyaan nukili aur tane ke jo doan par ek ke bad doosari or mu di rahati haian. pattiyaan sadaiv samaantaramukhi (parallel viewed) hoti haian. aur do spasht bhagoan, mutan (sheath) evan phalak (blade), mean vibhajit hoti haian. pattiyaan tane ke jo d se nikalati haian aur mutan pori ko ghere rahati haian. mutan mean phalak ke mool ke kuchh oopar se vishesh prakar ke astar (linings) nikalate haian. inhean chhoti jibh (Little tongue) kahate haian. kuchh ghasoan ki pattiyoan ke niche phalak ke mool par ek vishesh prakar ke vriddhi upaang (growth appendages) hote haian, jinhean karnabh (Auricles) kahate haian. is prakar ghas ki pattiyoan ki banavat vishesh prakar ki hoti hai tatha pattiyoan dvara hi is kul ke paudhoan ko pahachana jata hai. kuchh ghasoan mean niche ki or ki kuchh poriyaan kuchh adhik lanbi aur upavartul (Subglobular) hokar paudhe ke liye bhojan tatv ikattha karane ka sthan bana leti haian. is pakar ke paudhe kandiy (bulbus) kahalate haian.
phool evan patti
jis prakar patti ki banavat se graimini kul ke paudhe pahachane jate haian usi prakar phooloan aur bijoan dvara jatiyaan pahachani ja sakati haian. phooloan ke guchchhe vibhinn prakar ke hote haian. phool akele ya samooh mean phool dene vali anushookiyoan (spikelets) par lage hote haian. puankesar aur strikesar pray: sath sath hote haian, kiantu makka jaise paudhoan mean alag alag bhi hote haian. phool ke atirikt anushooki mean do ya adhik nipatr (bracts) hote haian, jinhe tushanipatr ( glumes) kahate haian. inamean phooloan ke niche vale tushanipatr ko bahy pushpakavach (lema, Lemmas) aur unake oopar valoan ko aant: pushpakavach (peliya, palea) kahate haian. kabhi kabhi bahy pushpakavach mean nukili tatha kaante ki tarah vriddhi hoti hai, jise sikur (Awn) kahate haian, jaise gehooan, jau ityadi mean. phooloan mean akarshit karane vala koee rang ya suangadh nahian hoti. paragan pray: hava dvara hota hai. kuchh phooloan mean svayan paragan bhi hota hai. kailiks (calyx) aur pankh diyoan (petals) ke sthan par do ya tin patale parabhasak shalk hote haian, jinhean paripushpak (Lodicules) kahate haian. jab phooloan ke khilane ka samay ata hai tab paripushpak ek prakar ke ras se bhar jate haian aur bahmapushpakavach tatha aant:pushpakavach par dabav p data hai, jisase phool khil jate haian. is avastha mean vayu dvara paragan hota hai.
phal evan bij
sabhi paudhoan ka phal ek bij vala hota hai, jisamean bijavaran (seed coat), ya bijakavach (Testa), phalakavach (fruit coat) phalavaran (pericarp) se chipaka rahata hai. ghasoan ke bij bahut chhote hote haian tatha bahut adhik matra mean paida hote haian. ye bahut dinoan tak jivit rah sakate haian aur vibhinn prakar ki jalavayu aur mitti mean ugae ja sate haian. bijoan ka vikiran (dispersal) unaki banavat ke anusar vibhinn prakar se hota hai, parantu mukhy roop se hava, pani manushyoan aur pashuoan dvara hota hai.
upayukt mitti evan jalavayu
mitti aur us par ugane vali vanaspati mean paraspar bahut ghanishth sanbandh hota hai. sansar ki kuchh prakar ki mittiyaan ghasoan ke prakar aur upaj se vishesh roop se sanbandhit haian. jin pradeshoan mean b di b di ghasean ugati haian, vahaan ki mitti adhik upajaoo hoti hai. bahut adhik ghas upajane vale sthaloan (grass lands) ko pray: bred baskets (Bread Baskets) kaha jata hai. udaharan ke liye sanyukt rajy amarika, tatha kanada ke prerij (prairies), ajeantaina ke panpaj (pampas), astreliya ki gren belt (Grain belt) aur yooreshiya mean steps ke bahut se bhag, visheshakar roos ke yookren pradesh mean sthit bhag ajakal sansar ke mukhy mukhy bred baskets haian. kuchh prakar ki ghasean, jinamean prasaran (propagation), virohak (stolon) tatha prakand (rhizone) se hota hai, kam varsha vale pradeshoan mean bahut ugati haian. inamean doob pradhan ghas hai. ise dharmagranthoan mean rashtrarakshak (Preserver of nations) evan bharat ki dhal (Shield of India) kaha gaya hai. mitti ke bhitar in ghasoan ki j doan ka ghana jal rahata hai, jisase varsha jal se mitti ka katav ya bahav kam hota hai. bhoomi ke oopar ghani pattiyaan hone se vayu dvara mitti ka katav nahian hota. hava aur pani se katav rokakar bhoomi sanrakshan karane mean ghasean b di sahayak hoti haian. isake atirikt ghasoan ki j doan mean ashray pane vale upayogi jivanu vahaan se naitrojan sanchit kar mitti ki urvara shakti badhate haian tatha unaki j doan dvara mitti ka vinyas (texture) atyadhik uttam ho jata hai. is prakar ghasoan dvara patharili ya kam upajaoo bhoomi bhi adhik upajaoo banaee ja sakati hai.[1]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh