चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य

	chandragupt maury
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poora nam	chakravarti samrat chandr gupt maury
janm	340 ee. poo.
janm bhoomi	magadh, bharat
mrityu tithi	298 ee poo (42 varsh mean)
mrityu sthan	shravan belgola, karnatak
pita/mata	"mura ya mora" (mata)
santan	bindusar
upadhi	samrat
rajy sima	sampoorn bharat (lagabhag)
shasan kal	322 se 298 ee. poo.
sha. avadhi	24 varsh (lagabhag)
rajyabhishek	322 ee.poo.
dharmik manyata	vaidik aur jain
prasiddhi	bharat ka pratham 'aitihasik samrat'
rajadhani	pataliputr
poorvadhikari	dhananand
vansh	maury vansh
sanbandhit lekh	chanaky . ashok

chitr:Disamb2.jpg chandragupt

ek bahuvikalpi shabd hai any arthoan ke lie dekhean:- chandragupt (bahuvikalpi)

chakravarti samrat chandr gupt maury (shasanakal: 322 se 298 ee. poo.tak) ki ganana bharat ke mahanatam shasakoan mean ki jati hai. usaki mahanata ki soochak anek upadhiyaan haian aur usaki mahanata kee batoan mean advitiy bhi hai. vah bharat ke pratham ‘aitihasik’ samrat ke roop mean hamare samane ata hai, is arth mean ki vah bharatiy itihas ka pahala samrat hai jisaki aitihasikata pramanit kalakram ke thos adhar par siddh ki ja sakati hai.^[1]

arambhik jivan

chandragupt ke prarambhik jivan ke bare mean janakari hamean bauddh kathaoan se prapt hoti hai. in kathaoan ka srot mukhyat: do rachanaoan mean milata hai:

mahavans tika, jise vansatthappakasini bhi kahate haian (jisaki rachana lagabhag 10vian shatabdi eesavi ke madhy huee thi) aur
mahabodhivans, jisake rachayita upatiss haian (lagabhag 10vian shatabdi eesavi ke uttarardh mean).

in donoan hi granthoan ka adhar, sihalatthakatha tatha uttaraviharatthakatha namak prachin granth haian. sihalatthakatha ke bare mean kaha jata hai ki usaki rachana ther mahiand (ashok ka putr) tatha unake sath magadh se ae hue any bhikshuoan ne ki thi, jinhean sangh ke pradhan ne dharmaprachar ke lie lanka bheja tha.^[2]

janm aur vansh

is sanbandh mean vibhinn mat haian:-

chandragupt ke vansh ke sambandh mean brahman, bauddh evan jain paramparaoan v anushrutiyoan ke adhar par keval itana hi kaha ja sakata hai ki vah kisi kulin gharane se sambandhit nahian tha. videshi vrittaantoan evan ullekhoan se bhi sthiti kuchh aspasht hi bani rahati hai. chandragupt ke vansh ke saman usake arambhik jivan ke punargathan ka bhi adhar kianvadantiyaan evan paramparaean hi adhik haian aur thos praman kam haian. is sambandh mean chanaky chandragupt katha ka saraansh ullekhaniy hai. jisake anusar nand vansh dvara apamanit kie jane par chanaky ne use samool nasht karane ka pran kiya. sanyogavash usaki bheant chandragupt se ho gee aur vah use takshashila le gaya.^[3]

dhuandhiraj^[4] ke matanusar chandragupt ka pita maury tha aur sarvarthasiddhi ne apana senapati apane nand putroan ko n banakar maury ko banaya tha, is par nand bandhuoan ne chhal se maury tatha usake sab patroan ko marava diya, keval chandragupt bhag nikala. nandoan ka ek doosara shatru chanaky bhi tha. saman shatruta ke karan ye donoan mitr ban ge.

mauryavansh ka sansthapak. usake mata-pita ke nam thik-thik jnat nahian haian. puranoan ke anusar vah magadh ke raja nand ka upaputr tha, jisaka janm mura namak shoodra dasi se hua tha. bauddh aur jain sootroan se pata chalata hai. ki chandragupt maury ka janm pippalivan ke moriy kshatriy kul mean hua tha. jo bhi ho chandragupt praranbh se hi bahut sahasi vyakti tha.^[5]

vishakhadatt ke natak 'mudrarakshas' mean chandragupt ko nandaputr n kahakar mauryaputr kaha gaya hai. phir bhi use ‘nandavansh ki santan’ kaha gaya hai, kyoanki vah sarvarthasiddhi ke putr maury ka beta tha aur sarvarthasiddhi nau nandoan ka pita tha aur svany nandavansh ki santan tha. is boodhe raja ko bhi nand kaha gaya hai. natak mean dikhaya gaya hai ki rakshas ke paramarsh se vah pataliputr chho dakar van mean bhag gaya tha kyoanki chandragupt tatha chanaky ne ek-ek karake usake sabhi putroan (nau nandoan ko) marava dala tha. phir bhi chandragupt ko apane pita ka hatyara nahian kaha ja sakata kyoanki use kahian nandaputr nahian kaha gaya hai. vah un nau nandoan mean se kisi ki bhi santan nahian tha. usake lie jis doosare shabd ‘mauryaputr’ ka prayog kiya gaya, usake karan vah is jaghany aparadh ke dosh se mukt ho gaya hai^[6].^[7]

vrittaantoan ke anusar chandragupt ka janm moriy namak kshatriy jati mean hua tha jinaka shakyoan ke sath sambandh tha. apani janmabhoomi chho dakar chali ane vali moriy jati ka mukhiya chandragupt ka pita tha. durbhagyavash vah simaant par ek jhag de mean mara gaya aur usaka parivar anath rah gaya. usaki abala vidhava apane bhaiyoan ke sath bhagakar pushyapur (kusumapur pataliputr) namak nagar mean pahuanchi, jahaan usane chandragupt ko janm diya. suraksha ke vichar se is anath balak ko usake mamaoan ne ek goshala mean chho d diya, jahaan ek g darie ne apane putr ki tarah usaka lalan-palan kiya aur jab vah b da hua to use ek shikari ke hath bech diya, jisane use gay-bhaians charane ke kam par laga diya. kaha jata hai ki ek sadharan gramin balak chandragupt ne rajakilam namak ek khel ka avishkar karake janmajat neta hone ka parichay diya. is khel mean vah raja banata tha aur apane sathiyoan ko apana anuchar banata tha. vah rajasabha bhi ayojit karata tha jisamean baithakar vah nyay karata tha. gaanv ke bachchoan ki ek aisi hi rajasabha mean chanaky ne pahali bar chandragupt ko dekha tha.^[8]

kuchh log chandragupt ko mura nam ki shoodr stri ke garbh se utpann nand samrat ki santan batate haian par bauddh aur jain sahity ke anusar yah maury (moriy) kul mean janma tha aur nand rajaoan ka mahattvakaankshi senapati tha. chandragupt ke vansh aur jati ke sambandh mean vidvanh ekamat nahian haian. kuchh vidvanoan ne brahman granthoan, mudrarakshas, vishnupuran ki madhyakalin tika tatha 10vian shatabdi ki dhundiraj dvara rachit mudrarakshas ki tika ke adhar par chandragupt ko shoodr mana hai. chandragupt ke vansh ke sambandh mean brahman, bauddh evan jain paramparaoan v anushrutiyoan ke adhar par keval itana hi kaha ja sakata hai ki vah kisi kulin gharane se sambandhit nahian tha. videshi vrittaantoan evan ullekhoan se bhi sthiti kuchh aspasht hi bani rahati hai.^[9]

bauddh rachanaoan mean kaha gaya hai ki ‘nandin’ ke kul ka koee pata nahian chalata (anat kul) aur chandragupt ko asandigdh roop se abhijat kul ka bataya gaya hai. chandragupt ke bare mean kaha gaya hai ki vah moriy namak kshatriy jati ki santan tha; moriy jati shakyoan ki us uchch tatha pavitr jati ki ek shakha thi, jisamean mahatma buddh ka janm hua tha. katha ke anusar, jab atyachari kosal naresh vidoodabh ne shakyoan par akraman kiya tab moriy apani mool biradari se alag ho ge aur unhoanne himalay ke ek surakshit sthan mean jakar sharan li. yah pradesh moroan ke lie prasiddh tha, jis karan vahaan akar bas jane vale ye log moriy kahalane lage, jinaka arth hai moroan ke sthan ke nivasi. moriy shabd ‘mor’ se nikala hai, jo sanskrit ke mayoor shabd ka pali paryay hai.
ek aur kahani bhi hai jisamean moriy nagar namak ek sthan ka ullekh milata hai. is shahar ka nam moriy nagar isalie rakha gaya tha ki vahaan ki imaratean mor ki gardan ke rang ki eeantoan ki bani huee thian. jin logoan ne is nagar ka nirman kiya tha, ve moriy kahalae. mahabodhivans ^[10] mean kaha gaya hai ki ‘kumar’ chandragupt, jisaka janm rajaoan ke kul mean hua tha (nariand-kulasanbhav), jo moriy nagar ka nivasi tha, jisaka nirman sakyaputtoan ne kiya tha, chanaky namak brahman (dvij) ki sahayata se pataliputr ka raja bana.
mahabodhivans mean yah bhi kaha gaya hai ki ‘chandragupt ka janm kshatriyoan ke moriy namak vansh mean’ hua tha (moriyanan khattiyanan vanse jatan). bauddhoan ke digh nikay namak granth mean^[11] pippalivan mean rahane vale moriy namak ek kshatriy vansh ka ullekh milata hai. divyavadan^[12]mean bindusar (chandragupt ke putr) ke bare mean kaha gaya hai ki usaka kshatriy raja ke roop mean vidhivat abhishek hua tha (kshatriy-moordhabhishikt) aur ashok (chandragupt ke pautr) ko kshatriy kaha gaya hai.^[13]

ek mat kathasaritsagar mean upalabdh hota hai. isake anusar chandragupt nand raja ka hi putr tha, aur usake any koee santan nahian thi.

chandragupt ke vishay mean mahavansh mean paye matanusar anusar chandragupt pippalivan ke moriy gan ka kumar tha. nand ke sath usaka koee sambandh nahian tha. moriy gan vajji-mahajanapad ke p dos mean sthit tha. uttari bihar ke sab ganarajy kaushal aur magadh ke samrajyavad ke shikar ho ge the, aur moriy gan bhi magadh ki adhinata mean a gaya tha. is gan ki ek rajamahishi pataliputr mean chhipakar jivan vyatit kar rahi thi. vahian par usane chandragupt ko janm diya. chandragupt kahian magadh ke rajakarmachariyoan ke hathoan mean n p d jae, isalie usane apane navajat shishu ko gvale ke supurd kar diya. apani ayu ke any gval-balakoan ke sath moriy chandragupt ka bhi palan hone laga.

chandragupt aur chanaky ki bheant

chanaky ne apani divyadrishti se turant is gramin anath balak mean rajatv ki pratibha tatha chihn dekhe aur vahian par 1,000 karshapan dekar use usake palak-pita se kharid liya. us samay chandragupt ath ya nau varsh ka balak raha hoga. chanaky jise takshashila namak nagar ka nivasi (takkasilanagar-vasi) bataya gaya hai, balak ko lekar apane nagar lauta aur 7 ya 8 varsh tak us prakhyat vidyapith mean use shiksha dilaee, jahaan jatakakathaoan ke anusar, us samay ki samast ‘vidhaean tatha kalaean’ sikhaee jati thian. vahaan chanaky ne use apravidhik vishayoan aur vyavaharik tatha pravidhik kalaoan ki bhi sarvaangin shiksha dilaee^[14].^[15]

pali srotoan se prapt chandragupt ke prarambhik jivan ke is vivaran se jastin ke is kathan ki bhi pushti hoti hai ki usaka janm ek mamooli gharane mean hua tha.^[16]

magadh ke raja jati-niyamoan ko vaise hi vishesh mahattv nahian dete the; maury to adivasi mool athava mishrit vansh ke the, yadyapi unaka aryikaran ho chuka tha. maury (pali: moriy) nam mor totem ka soochak hai, yah vaidik-ary nam nahian ho sakata.^[17]

jo bhi ho chandragupt praranbh se hi bahut sahasi vyakti tha. jab vah kishor hi tha, usane panjab mean p dav dale hue yavan (yoonani) vijeta sikandar se bheant ki. usane apani spashtavadita se sikandar ko naraz kar diya. sikandar ne use bandi bana lene ka adesh diya, lekin vah apane shaury ka pradarshan karata hua sikandar ke shikanje se bhag nikala aur kaha jata hai. ki isake bad hi usaki bheant takshashila ke ek achary chanaky ya kautily-se huee.^[18]

chandragupt ki shiksha

jatakakathaoan se hamean pata chalata hai ki us samay ke raja apane rajakumaroan ko vidyoparjan ke lie takshashila bheja karate the, jahaan vishv-vikhyat adhyapak the. in kathaoan mean ham padhate haian : "sare bharat se kshatriyoan tatha brahmanoan ke putr in adhyapakoan se vibhinn kalaean sikhane ate the." takshashila prathamik shiksha ka hi nahian, balki uchch shiksha ka kendr bhi tha. is bat ka ullekh milata hai ki vahaan balakoan ko 16 varsh ki avastha mean arthath ‘kishoravastha mean pravesh karane par’ bharati kiya jata tha. isase b di avastha ke chhatr athava grihasth log bhi yahaan shiksha prapt karate the. ve apane rahane adi ka prabandh svany karate the. hamean takshashila ke ek aise adhyapak ka bhi ullekh milata hai, jisaki pathashala mean keval rajakumar hi padhate the, "us samay bharat mean in rajakumaroan ki sankhya 101 thi." vahian jin vishayoan ki shiksha di jati thi, unamean tin vedoan tatha 18 ‘sippoan’ arthath shilpoan ka ullekh milata hai, jinamean dhanurvidya (issatth-sipp), akhet tatha hathiyoan se sambandhit jnan (hatthisutt) ka ullekh kiya gaya hai, jinhean rajakumaroan ke lie upayukt samajha jata tha. siddhant tatha vyavahar donoan hi ki shiksha di jati thi.

takshashila apani vidhishastr, chikitsa vijnan tatha sainyavidya ki alag-alag pathashalaoan ke lie prakhyat tha. takshashila ki sainik akadami ka bhi ullekh milata hai, jisamean 103 rajakumar shiksha pate the. ek jagah par yah vivaran milata hai ki kis prakar ek shishy ko sainyavidya ki shiksha samapt kar lene ke bad usake guru ne pramanapatr ke roop mean svany apani "talavar, ek dhanush aur ban, ek kavach tatha ek hira" diya aur usase kaha ki vah usake sthan par sainyavidya ki shiksha prapt karane vale 500 shishyoan ki pathashala ke pradhan ka pad grahan kare, kyoanki vah vriddh ho gaya hai aur avakash grahan karana chahata hai^[19]. chanaky apane alpavayask shishy ki shiksha ka isase achchha koee doosara prabandh nahian kar sakata tha ki use vidyoparjan ke lie takshashila mean bharati kara de.

dhananand

pali granthoan mean magadh ke tatkalin shasak ka nam dhananand bataya gaya hai. isaka ullekh sanskrit granthoan mean keval 'nand' ke nam se kiya gaya hai. isake atirikt pali granthoan mean nau nandoan ke nam tatha unake jivan se sambandhit kuchh batean bhi bataee gee haian. in granthoan se hamean pata chalata hai ki nandavansh ke nau raja, jo sab bhaee the, bari-bari se apani ayu ke kram se gaddi par baithe^[20]. dhananand unamean sabase chhota tha. sabase b de bhaee ka nam ugrasenanand bataya gaya hai; vahi nandavansh ka sansthapak tha. chandragupt ki tarah hi usaka prarambhik jivan bhi atyant romaanchapoorn tha. vah moolat: simaant pradesh ka nivasi tha (pachchant-vasik); ek bar dakuoan ne use pak d liya aur use malay namak ek simaant pradesh mean le ge^[21] aur use is mat ka samarthak bana liya ki lootamar karana zamin jotane se achchha vyavasay hai. vah apane bhaiyoan tatha sage-sambandhiyoan sahit dakuoan ke ek giroh mean bharati ho gaya aur shighr hi unaka neta ban baitha. ve asapas ke rajyoan par dhave marane lage (ratthan vilumapamano vicharanto) aur simaant ke nagaroan par chadhaee karake (pachchant nagar) yah chunauti di : ‘ya to apana rajy hamare havale kar do ya yuddh karo'^[22]. dhire-dhire ve sarvabhaum satta par adhikar karane ke svapn dekhane lage^[23]. is prakar ek dakoo raja rajaoan ka raja ban baitha.

dhananand dvara chanaky ka apaman

sikandar ke bharat akraman ke samay chandragupt maury ki usase panjab mean bheant huee thi. kisi karanavash rusht hokar sikandar ne chandragupt ko qaid kar lene ka adesh diya tha. par chandragupt usaki changul se nikal aya. isi samay isaka sanpark kautily ya chanaky se hua. chanaky nand rajaoan se rusht tha. usane nand rajaoan ko parajit karake apani mahattvakaanksha poorn karane mean chandragupt maury ki poori sahayata ki.

chandragupt ke vansh ke saman usake arambhik jivan ke punargathan ka bhi adhar kianvadantiyaan evan paramparaean hi adhik haian aur thos praman kam haian. is sambandh mean chanaky chandragupt katha ka saraansh ullekhaniy hai. jisake anusar nand vansh dvara apamanit kie jane par chanaky ne use samool nasht karane ka pran kiya.

jis samay chanaky pataliputr aya tha, us samay dhananand vahaan ka raja tha. vah apane dhan ke lobh ke lie badanam tha. vah ’80 karo d (koti) ki sampatti’ ka malik tha aur "khaloan, goand, vrikshoan tatha pattharoan tak par kar vasool" karata tha. tiraskar mean usaka nam dhananand rakh diya gaya tha, kyoanki vah ‘dhan ke bhandar bharane ka adi’ tha^[24]. kathasaritsagar mean nand ki ’99 karo d svarn mudraoan’ ka ullekh milata hai. kaha jata hai ki usane ganga nadi ki tali mean ek chattan khudavakar usamean apana sara khazana ga d diya tha^[25]. usaki dhan sampada ki khyati dakshin tak pahuanchi. tamil bhasha ki ek kavita mean usaki sampada ka ullekh is roop mean kiya gaya hai ki "pahale vah patali mean sanchit huee aur phir ganga ki badh mean chhip gee."^[26]. parantu chanaky ne use bilkul hi doosare roop mean dekha. ab vah dhan batorane ke bajae, use dan-puny mean vyay kar raha tha; yah kam danashala namak ek sanstha dvara sangathit kiya jata tha. jisaki vyavastha ka sanchalan ek sangh ke hathoan mean tha, jisaka adhyaksh koee brahman hota tha. niyam yah tha ki adhyaksh ek karo d mudraoan tak ka dan de sakata tha aur sangh ka sabase chhota sadasy ek lakh mudraoan tak ka. chanaky ko is sangh ka adhyaksh chuna gaya. parantu, honi ki bat, raja ko usaki kuroopata tatha usaka dhrisht svabhav achchha n laga aur usane use padachyut kar diya. is apaman par kruddh hokar chanaky ne raja ko shap diya, usake vansh ko nirmool kar dene ki dhamaki di aur ek nagn ajivik sadhu ke bhesh mean usake changul se bach nikala.^[27]

alakshendr (sikandar) ka hamala

thumb|'chandragupt' (sॅndrokiptॅsh) yoonani uchcharan bharat par sikandar ka akraman mee 327 ee.poo. se mee 324 ee.poo. tak raha. chandragupt sikandar ka samakalin tha aur svany sikandar se mila bhi tha. yah bat hamean plootark ki rachanaoan se maloom hoti hai jisane likha hai- ‘aiandrokottos (chandragupt) , jo us samay navayuvak hi tha, svany sikandar se mila tha.’ sikandar ne sabase pahale grik rajyoan ko jita aur phir vah eshiya mainar (adhunik turki) ki taraph badha. us kshetr par us samay faras ka shasan tha. farasi samrajy misr se lekar pashchimottar bharat tak phaila tha. faras ke shah dara tritiy ko usane tin alag-alag yuddhoan mean parajit kiya halaanki usaki tathakathit 'vishv-vijay' faras vijay se adhik nahian thi par use shah dara ke alava any sthaniy praantapaloan se bhi yuddh karana p da tha. misr, bॅktriya, tatha adhunik tazikistan mean sthaniy pratirodh ka samana karana p da tha. aisi manyata hai aur ullekh haian ki bharat par sikandar ke akraman ke samay chanaky takshashila mean pradhyapak tha. takshashila aur gandhar ke raja ambhi ne sikandar se samajhauta kar liya. chanaky ne bharat ki sanskriti ko videshiyoan se bachane ke lie sabhi rajaoan se agrah kiya kintu sikandar se l dane koee nahian aya. puru ne sikandar se yuddh kiya kintu har gaya.

sikandar ke akraman ne panjab ki in svatantr jatiyoan ki ranakshamata tatha virata ko prakat kar diya. yuvak chandragupt ne in batoan ko avashy dekha hoga. sikandar ke akramanoan ke viruddh unake pratirodh ki kahani sikandar ki vijay ki kahani se kam preranaprad nahian hai. bharat ke vibhinn sthanoan mean sikandar ka jo virodh kiya gaya, usaka moolyaankan svany yoonaniyoan dvara ullikhit tathyoan tatha aank doan ke adhar par kiya ja sakata hai.^[28]

tisari shatabdi ee.poo. mean jin yooropiy rajadootoan ko yoonani rajaoan ne bharat bheja tha, unamean se kuchh ne sikandar ke in sathiyoan ki rachanaoan mean poorak jo de haian.:

strabo : isaka jivanakal lagabhag 64 ee.poo. se 19 ee. tak tha. isane bhoogol ki ek atyant mahattvapoorn pustak likhi hai. is pustak ke 15vean bhag ka pratham adhyay bharat ke bare mean hai, isamean sikandar ke sathiyoan tatha megasthaniz ki rachanaoan se li gee samagri ke adhar par bharat ke bhoogol, usake nivasiyoan ke rahan-sahan tatha riti-rivajoan ka varnan kiya gaya hai.
diyodoras 36 ee.poo. tak jivit raha. isane megasthaniz ki rachanaoan ke adhar par bharat ka ek vrittaant likha.
plini jyeshth, jo necharal histri (prakriti vritt) namak vishad jnanakosh ka rachayita hai. usaki yah rachana lagabhag 75 ee. mean prakashit huee thi. isamean yoonani rachanaoan tatha vyapariyoan ke navinatam vivaranoan ke adhar par bharat ka vivaran diya gaya tha.
erriyan : isaka janm lagabhag 130 ee. mean hua tha. yah kam se kam 172 ee. tak jivit raha. isane sikandar ke abhiyanoan ka sabase achchha vrittaant (ainabesis) likha aur niarkas, megasthaniz tatha bhoogolavetta eratosthaniz (276-195 ee.poo.) ki rachanaoan ke adhar par bharat, usake bhoogol, vahaan ke rahan-sahan tatha riti-rivajoan ke bare mean ek chhoti-si pustak likhi hai.
plootark (lagabhag 45-125 ee.), jisaki laivs (jivaniyaan) namak rachana ke 57vean se 67vean adhyayoan tak sikandar ki jivani di gee hai. un adhyayoan mean bharat ka bhi vivaran milata hai.^[29]
jastin : yah doosari shatabdi eesavi mean hua tha. isane ek epitom (sarasangrah) ki rachana ki thi jisake 12vean khand mean bharat mean sikandar ke vijay-abhiyanoan ka vivaran diya gaya hai.

lekhakoan ke vrittaant

maury samrat chandragupt ko nand vansh ke unmoolan tatha panjab-siandh mean videshi shasan ka aant karane ka hi shrey nahian hai varanh usane bharat ke adhikaansh bhag par apana adhipaty sthapit kiya.

plootark ne likha hai ki chandragupt ne 6 lakh sena lekar samooche bharat par apana adhipaty sthapit kiya.
jastin ke anusar sara bharat usake qabze mean tha.
mahavansh mean kaha gaya hai ki kautily ne chandragupt ko janboodvip ka samrat banaya.
plini ne, jisaka vrittant maigasthaniz ki iandika par adharit hai, likha hai ki magadh ki sima siandhu nadi hai. pashchim mean saurashtr chandragupt ke adhikar mean tha. isaki pushti shak mahakshatrap rudradaman ke joonagadh abhilekh se hoti hai.

chandragupt ka magadh par akraman

chanaky tatha chandragupt ne sabase pahale simaant ke deshoan par akraman kiya (aantojanapadan pavisitva) aur sarvabhaum sattaprapt karane ki ichchha se (rajjam ichchhanto) unake gaanvoan ko lootana aranbh kiya. (gamaghatadikammamh). chandragupt simaant se bharat ke aant: pradesh ki or magadh tatha pataliputr ki or badh raha tha, parantu pahale usane rananiti mean galatiyaan ki. ek kahani is prakar prachalit hai:-

"inamean se kisi gaanv mean ek stri ne (jisake ghar mean chandragupt ke ek guptachar ne sharan le rakhi thi) roti pakakar apane bachche ko di. bachche ne roti ke kinare chho dakar keval bich ka bhag kha liya aur kinare pheankakar aur roti maangane laga. is par vah stri boli, 'yah l daka to bilakul vaisi hi bat kar raha hai jaisi chandragupt ne rajy par akraman karane mean ki hai.

l daka bola, ' kyoan maan, maian kya kar raha hooan aur chandragupt ne kya kiya hai? 'vah aur boli, bachche, too roti ka kinara-kinara chho dakar keval bich ka bhag kha raha hai. aise hi chandragupt ne raja banane ki mahattvakaanksha mean simaant pradeshoan se aranbh kie bina aur raste mean p danevale nagaroan par adhikar kie bina desh ke aantaral par akraman kar diya haian...... aur usaki sena ko gherakar nasht kar diya gaya hai. yah usaki moorkhata thi"^[30].

isake bad chandragupt ne doosari paddhati apanaee. usane simaant pradeshoan se apana vijay-abhiyan aranbh kiya (pachchantato patthay) aur raste mean p danevale anek rashtroan tatha janapadoan par vijay prapt ki; par usane ek galati yah ki ki apani vijayoan ko surakshit rakhane ke lie usane pichhe apani senaean nahian niyukt kian. parinam yah hua ki jaise-jaise vah age badhata gaya, vaise-vaise jin jatiyoan ko parajit karake vah pichhe chho data gaya, ve svatantratapoorvak apas mean mil sakati thian. aur usaki sena ko gherakar usaki yojanaoan ko nishphal bana sakati thian. tab use sahi rananiti soojhi. vah jaise-jaise in rashtroan tatha janapadoan par vijay prapt karata gaya vaise-vaise vah vahaan apani senaean bhi niyukt karata gaya (uggahitanaya balamh sanvidhay) aur phir usane apani vijayi sena ke sath magadh ki sima mean pravesh karake pataliputr par ghera dala aur ghananand ko mar dala.^[31]

chandragupt tatha nand ke bich jo l daee huee usaka vivaran nahian milata. parishishtaparvan namak jainagranth ke chhand mean^[32] kaha gaya hai ki 'nand ke shasan ko samool nasht karane ke lie zamin ke niche chhipakar rakhe ge ghanakoshoan ki sahayata se chanaky ne chandragupt ki sena ke lie sainik bharati kie.' "kuchh goloan ne yah mat bhi vyakt kiya hai ki kadachit nand ke viruddh apani l daee mean usane yoonani vetan bhogi sainikoan ko bhi istemal kiya hoga"^[33].^[34]

usane jo vijay prapt kian unake phalasvaroop yah rajy aur bhi badh gaya. isake bad ke chandragupt ke jivan ka pata hamean plootark ke nimnalikhit vaktavy se chal sakata hai "isake kuchh hi samay bad aiandrokottas^[35] ne, jo usi samay rajasianhasan par baitha tha, selyookas ko 500 hathi bheant kie aur 6,00,000 ki sena lekar sare bharat ko apane adhin kar liya."^[36] ^[37]

abhilekh

maisoor se prapt kuchh shilalekhoan ke anusar uttari maisoor mean chandragupt ka shasan tha.
ek abhilekh mila hai jisake anusar shikapur talluke ke nagarakhand ki raksha mauryoan ki zimmedari thi. yah ullekh 14vian shatabdi ka hai.
ashok ke shilalekhoan se bhi spasht hai ki maisoor maury samrajy ka mahattvapoorn aang tha.
plootark, jastin, tamil granthoan tatha maisoor ke abhilekhoan ke sammilit pramanoan se spasht hai ki pratham maury samrat ne vidhy par ke kafi bharatiy hissoan ko apane samrajy mean mila liya tha.

rajanitik paristhitiyaan

thumb|200px|chandragupt maury ka sabha grih
The court of Chandragupta Maurya jis samay chandragupt maury samrajy ke nirman mean tatpar tha, sikandar ka senapati selyookas apani mahanata ki nianv dal raha tha. sikandar ki mrityu ke bad usake senaniyoan mean yoonani samrajy ki satta ke lie sangharsh hua, jisake parinamasvaroop selyookas, pashchim eshiya mean prabhutv ke mamale mean, aintigonas ka pratidvandvi bana. ee. poo. 312 mean usane bebilon par apana adhikar sthapit kiya. isake bad usane eeran ke vibhinn rajyoan ko jitakar baiktriya par adhikar kiya. apane poorvi abhiyan ke dauran vah bharat ki or badha. ee. poo. 305-4 mean kabul ke marg se hote hue vah siandhu nadi ki or badha. usane siandhu nadi par ki aur chandragupt ki sena se usaka samana hua. selyookas panjab aur siandhu par apana prabhutv punah sthapit karane ke uddeshy se aya tha. kintu is samay ki rajanitik sthiti sikandar ke akraman ke samay se kafi bhinn thi. yoonani lekhak stravo ke anusar, chandragupt maury ke samay mean agronomoee namak adhikari nadiyoan ki dekhabhal, bhoomi ki napajokh, jalashayoan ka nirikshan aur naharoan ki dekhabhal karate the, taki sabhi logoan ko pani thik se mil sake.

panjab aur siandhu ab paraspar yuddh karane vale chhote-chhote rajyoan mean vibhikt nahian the, balki ek samrajy ka aang the. ashchary ki bat hai ki yoonani tatha romi lekhak, selyookas aur chandragupt ke bich hue yuddh ka koee vistrit byaura nahian dete. keval eppiyanas ne likha hai ki "selyookas ne siandhu nadi par ki aur bharat ke samrat chandragupt se yuddh chhe da. aant mean unamean sandhi ho gee aur vaivahik sambandh sthapit ho gaya." jastin ke anusar chandragupt se sandhi karake aur apane poorvi rajy ko shant karake selyookas entigonas se yuddh karane chala gaya. eppiyanas ke kathan se spasht hai ki selyookas chandragupt ke viruddh saphalata prapt nahian kar saka. apane poorvi rajy ki suraksha ke lie selyookas ne chandragupt se sandhi karana hi uchit samajha aur us sandhi ko usane vaivahik sambandh se aur adhik pusht kar liya.

silyookash ko apane un bhootapoorv sahayogi-senapatiyoan se yuddh karane ki chhoot thi jinhoanne sikandar ke vijit samrajy ko apas mean baant liya, parantu isake bad use bharat ko alag-alag karake chho d dena p da. bharat ke bare mean jin yoonani vivaranoan ka yahaan bich-bich mean ullekh hua hai, ve adhikatar pataliputr (patana) ki rajasabha mean silyookash ke rajadoot megasthaniz ki soochanaoan par adharit haian. megasthaniz ki mool kriti nasht ho gee hai, parantu usake vivaran ke kuchh aansh doosare lekhakoan ki pustakoan mean aj bhi dekhane ko milate haian.^[38]

chandragupt ne selyookas ko 500 yuddhopayogi hathi upahar mean dekar is maitri ko sudridh banane mean apana yogadan kiya. yah upahar selyookas ke lie bahut bahumooly tha, kyoanki usake sangh ke kaiseandar, laisimaikas tatha tolemi namak rajaoan ne jo usake mitr the, apane saman shatru aiantigonas ke viruddh, usase sahayata maangi thi jisake karan vah bahut chiantit tha. chandragupt ke die hue hathi thik samay par iptas ke ranakshetr mean pahuanch ge aur aiantigonas ka bana-banaya khel big d gaya. jab chandragupt ne selyookas ko hathi bheant kie to usake bad pashchimi deshoan mean l de janevale yuddhoan ke lie unaki maang hone lagi. 281 ee. poo. mean pairrahom in hathiyoan ko epiros se itali le gaya. 251 ee. poo. mean haisadrabul ne painoraman mean 'bharatiy' mahavatoan dvara chalae janevale hathi istemal kie. rom ke viruddh dvitit pyoonik yuddh mean hainibal tatha haisadrabul ne inhian hathiyoan ko istemal kiya aur rafiya ki l daee mean tolemi ke libiyaee hathi aiantiokas ke bharatiy hathiyoan ke samane jara der n tik sake^[39].^[40]

yoonan ke selyoosid rajavansh ne faras mean apani sthiti sudridh bana li thi aur vah siandhu-par ka kshetr apane adhikar mean rakhane ke lie kritasankalp tha. atah chandragupt ne apana dhyan kuchh samay ke lie madhy bharat par keandrit kiya aur narmada nadi ke uttar mean sthit pradesh par adhikar kar liya. parantu 305 ee. poo. mean uttar-pashchimi kshetr mean lautakar usane selyookas niketar se yuddh kiya aur aantatah 303 ee. poo. mean use parajit kar diya. phalatah siandhu par ke jo praant selyookas ke adhikar mean the- jinamean aj ke afaganistan ka kuchh bhag sammilit hai- chandragupt ko mil ge. is prakar, siandh evan ganga ka maidan tatha sudoor uttar-pashchim chandragupt ke niyantran mean a ge, jisase maury samrajy ki simaean nirdharit ho geean. kahana n hoga ki yah samrajy kisi bhi drishti se durjey tha.^[41]

vivah

straibo ka kathan hai ki selyookas ne airiyana ke pradesh, chandragupt ko vivah-sambandh ke phalasvaroop die. isase yah nishkarsh nikalata hai ki yoonani rajakumari maury samrat ko byahi gee aur ye pradesh dahej ke roop mean die ge. itihasakaroan ka amataur par yah mat hai ki selyookas ne chandragupt ko char prant dahej mean die. :-

eriya arthath kabul
arakosiya arthath kandhar
jedrosiya arthath makaran
paripemisadaee arthath herat pradesh

ashok ke lekhoan se siddh hota hai ki kabul ki ghati maury samrajy ke aantargat thi. in abhilekhoan ke anusar yon, yavan gaandhar bhi maury samrajy ke aantargat the.
plootark ke anusar chandragupt ne selyookas ko 500 hathi upahar mean die. sambhavatah is sandhi ke parinamasvaroop hi hindukush maury samrajy aur selyookas ke rajy ke bich ki sima ban gaya. 2,000 se adhik varsh poorv bharat ke pratham samrat ne us prakritik sima ko prapt kiya jisake lie aangrez tarasate rahe aur jise mugal samrat bhi poori tarah prapt karane mean asamarth rahe. vaivahik sambandh se maury samratoan aur selyookas vansh ke rajaoan ke bich maitripoorn sambandh ka sootrapat hua. selyookas ne apane rajadoot megasthaniz ko chandragupt ke darabar mean bheja. ye maitri sambandh donoan ke uttaradhikariyoan ke bich bhi bane rahe.

chandragupt maury ne takshashila-sahit poore panjab par adhikar kar liya; afaganistan ke bhitar tak ka gandhar ka shesh bhag usane 305 ee. poo. ke asapas tho di aur l daee l dakar silyookash niketan se chhin liya. janakari milati hai ki silyookash aur vijayi chandragupt maury ke bich vaivahik sanbandh sthapit hua tha, isalie plutark ki soochana ke anusar, 500 hathi bheant kie ge the. bataya jata hai ki silyookash ki ek putri ka byah chandragupt ke putr biandusar ke sath hua tha. yah koee asanbhav bat nahian hai, yadyapi do apattiyaan uthaee gee haian. yoonani vivah ke niyam aur bharatiy jatipratha. ^[42]

yogy shasak

chandragupt ek kushal yoddha, senanayak tatha mahanh vijeta hi nahian tha, varanh ek yogy shasak bhi tha. itane b de samrajy ki shasan - vyavastha koee saral kary nahian tha. atah apane mukhyamantri kautily ki sahayata se usane ek aisi shasan - vyavastha ka nirman kiya jo us samay ke anukool thi. yah shasan vyavastha ek had tak magadh ke poorvagami shasakoan dvara vikasit shasanatantr par adharit thi kintu isaka adhik shrey chandragupt aur kautily ki srijanatmak kshamata ko hi diya jana chahie. kautily ne likha hai ki us samay shasan tantr par jo bhi granth upalabdh the aur bhinn-bhinn rajyoan mean shasan - pranaliyaan prachalit thian un sabaka bhali-bhaanti adhyayan karane ke bad usane apana prasiddh granth "arthashastr" likha. vidvanoan ka vichar hai ki maury shasan vyavastha par tatkalin yoonani tatha akhamini shasan pranali ka bhi kuchh prabhav p da. chandragupt ne aisi shasan vyavastha sthapit ki jise paravarti bharatiy shasakoan ne bhi apanaya.

is shasan ki mukhy visheshataean thian -

satta ka atyadhik kendrikaran,
vikasit adhikarik tantr,
uchit nyay vyavastha,
nagar-shasan, krishi, shilp udyog, sanchar, vanijy evan vyapar ki vriddhi ke lie rajy ke dvara anek karagar upay.

chandragupt ke shasan prabandh ka uddeshy lokahit tha. jahaan ek or arthik vikas evan rajy ki samriddhi ke anek thos qadam uthae ge aur shilpiyoan evan vyapariyoan ke jan - mal ki suraksha ki gee, vahian doosari or janata ko unaki anuchit tatha shoshanatmak kary-vidhiyoan se bachane ke lie kathor niyam bhi banae ge. dasoan aur karmakaroan ko malikoan ke atyachar se bachane ke lie vistrit niyam the. anath, daridr, mrit sainikoan tatha rajakarmachariyoan ke parivaroan ke bharan - poshan ka bhar rajy ke oopar tha. tatkalin mapadand ke anusar chandragupt ka shasan - prabandh ek kalyanakari rajy ki dharana ko charitarth karata hai. yah shasan nirakuansh tha, dand vyavastha kathor thi aur vyakti ki svatantrata ka sarvatha abhav tha, kintu yah sab navazat samrajy ki suraksha tatha praja ke hitoan ko dhyan mean rakhakar kiya gaya tha. chandragupt ki shasan vyavastha ka charam lakshy arthashastr ke nimn uddharan se vyakt hota hai—

"praja ke sukh mean hi raja ka sukh hai aur praja ki bhalaee mean usaki bhalaee. raja ko jo achchha lage vah hitakar nahian hai, varanh hitakar vah hai jo praja ko achchha lage."

uparyukt uddharan se spasht hai ki kautily ne raja ke samaksh prajahitaishi raja ka adarsh rakha.

dharmik ruchi

chandragupt dharm mean bhi ruchi rakhata tha. yoonani lekhakoan ke anusar jin char avasaroan par raja mahal se bahar jata tha, unamean ek tha yajn karana. kautily usaka purohit tatha mukhyamantri tha. hemachandr ne bhi likha hai ki vah brahmanoan ka adar karata hai.

jainiyoan ka dava hai ki chandragupt ne apane jivan ke aantim samay mean jain mat svikar kar liya tha aur apane putr ko rajy dekar sannyasi ho gaya tha. ek jain muni aur anek any sadhuoan ke sath vah dakshin bharat gaya, jahaan usane jain dharm ki paranparagat riti se dhire-dhire anahar dvara apane jivan ka aant kar liya.^[43]

megasthaniz ne likha hai ki chandragupt van mean rahane vale tapasviyoan se paramarsh karata tha aur unhean devataoan ki pooja ke lie niyukt karata tha. varsh mean ek bar vidvanoan (brahmanoan) ki sabha bulaee jati thi taki ve janahit ke lie uchit paramarsh de sakean. darshanikoan se sampark rakhana chandragupt ki jijnasu pravritti ka soochak hai. jain anuyayiyoan ke anusar jivan ke antim charan mean chandragupt ne jain dharm svikar kar liya. kaha jata hai ki jab magadh mean 12 varsh ka durbhiksh p da to chandragupt rajy tyagakar jain achary bhadrabahu ke sath shravan belgola (maisoor ke nikat) chala gaya aur ek sachche jain bhikshu ki bhaanti usane nirahar samadhisth hokar 'prayopavesh' prakriya se pranatyag kiya (arthath kaivaly prapt kiya). 900 ee. ke bad ke anek abhilekh bhadrabahu aur chandragupt ka ek sath ullekh karate haian.

sikandar ki mrityu ke bad usaka senapati selyookas yoonani samrajy ka shasak bana aur usane chandragupt maury par akraman kar diya. par use muanh ki khani p di. kabul, herat, kandhar, aur baloochistan ke pradesh dene ke sath-sath vah apani putri helana ka vivah chandragupt se karane ke lie badhy hua. is parajay ke bad agale sau varsho tak yoonaniyoan ko bharat ki or muanh karane ka sahas nahian hua.

chandragupt maury ka shasan-prabandh b da vyavasthit tha. isaka parichay yoonani rajadoot megasthaniz ke vivaran aur kautily ke 'arthashastr' se milata hai. lagabhag-300 ee. poo. mean chandragupt ne apane putr biandusar ko gaddi sauanp di.

maury kal

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poorvadhikari
dhananand

chandragupt maury

uttaradhikari
bindusar