चीवर
[[chitr:Buddha-3.jpg|paradarshi chivar dharan kie hue buddh
bhikshu yashadinn dvara nirmit sthapit buddh pratima, mathura
Buddha|thumb|200px]]
chivar sadhu-sannyasiyoan aur bhikshukoan dvara dharan kiye jane vale paridhan ko kahate haian. yah vastr ka ek chhota tuk da hota tha. vairagy aur tyag ke siddhaanto ke karan se, parivrajak niji upabhog ke lie jitana ho sake kam se kam saansarik vastuoan par nirbhar rahane ka prayas karate the. isilie sile hue vastr pahanane jaisi vilasita bhi ve nahian dikhate the. vastr ke chhote tuk de ko hi kandhe se upar gardan ke pichhe se gathan baandh kar lataka liya jata tha, jo bhikshukoan ke ghutanoan tak sharir ko dhak leta tha. yahi 'chivar' kahalata tha.
prakar
bhagavan buddh ki adhikaansh moortiyoan mean chivar parilakshit hota hai. sanskrit mean chivar shabd prayah sadhu-sannyasiyoan aur bhikshukoan ke paridhan ko kahate haian. kap doan ki sine ki kala ati prachin kal se astitv mean thi. bauddh granth 'vinayapitak' mean isake kitane hi praman milate haian.[1] is pitak ke anusar chivar do prakar ke hote the-
- paansukulik
- gahapati
bhikshu anand ki nipunata
'paansukulik' ka arth hi tha, chith doan ko jo d-jo d kar banaee gee 'kantha'. in chith doan ko jo dane mean bhi vishesh kala thi. rajagrih se dakshinagiri jate samay buddh ne anand ko meand bandhe hue[2], katar bandhe hue[3] sundar khetoan ko dikhalaya aur usi prakar bhikshuoan ke chivar banane ki ajna di.[4] anand ne bhi apani poori kala dikhalaee aur aise chivar banakar buddh ke samane rakhe, jinamean kyari[5] bhi bani thi, vivart[6] aur dharmamandal donoan ka sammilit roop bhi bana tha, anuvivart[7] bhi bana tha aur graiveyak[8] arthath gardan ke pas chivar ko majaboot karane ki dohari patti, jaangheyak, yani piandali ki jagah chivar ko majaboot karane ki dohari patti, tatha 'bahuvant' arthath baanh ki jagah chivar ki dohari patti bhi bani thi.[9] nisandeh anand sooee chalane ki kala mean poorn parangat the. isake atirikt sooee ke prachur upayog ke bhi praman milate haian.
jab chivar phat jate the, tab bhikshu unamean paiband lagate the.[10] yah kary bhi bina sooee ke upayog ke asambhav tha. isake atirikt 'vinayapitak' mean taankoan ke nam bhi milate haian. taanke ko 'suttantarika' kaha jata tha. 'kalambak' aur 'moghasuttak' sine ke prakar the.[11] mo dakar sine ko 'sobhan' kaha jata tha.[12] 'vinayapitak' mean sine ke lie kam mean ane vali sari samagri ke ullekh milate haian. sooee kam karate samay hath mean g d n jaye, isalie ajakal log tarjani aanguli mean dhatumayi topi-si pahanate haian, jise 'aangushtana' kaha jata hai. pitak kal mean bhi usaka prayog sarvamany tha. us samay ise 'pratigrah' (patiggah) kahate the.[13] samaj mean sone-chaandi ke pratigrah chalate the, kiantu bhikshuoan ke lie shankh, hatti, daant, baans aur lak di isi prakar ke patiggah hote hoange.
sine ka phatta
chivar ko bhali prakar se sine ke lie ek any vastu ka avishkar kiya gaya tha, vah vastu thi- 'sine ka phatta'.[14] isake sahare chivar tana ja sakata tha, jisake usaki silaee sidhi ho aur sine mean bhi asani ho.[15] chivaroan ka sine ka bhi ek khas sthan hota tha, jise 'kathinashala' v 'kathinamandap' kaha jata tha.[16] yah bhi pakka bana hota tha, jisamean phatte ko taangane ke lie nagadant tatha kile lage hote the. kate aur sile chivar 'chhinnak' kahalate the.[17]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ sina pirona (hindi). . abhigaman tithi: 11 aprail, 2013.
- ↑ palibandh
- ↑ mariyad bandh
- ↑ mahavagg 8-12-1.
- ↑ kasi
- ↑ vivatt-mandal
- ↑ anuvivatt
- ↑ giveyyak
- ↑ mahavagg 8-12-2, rahul saankrityayan-vi.pi.prishth 279
- ↑ achchhupenti (mahavaggh 8-14-2)
- ↑ rahul saankrityayan-vi. pi. chull prishth 5-1-13 prishth 427
- ↑ oldenvarg, bhag 3, prishth 143
- ↑ chull. 5-11-5
- ↑ kathin, dand kathin
- ↑ chull. 5-11-3
- ↑ chull. 5-11-6
- ↑ rahul saankrityayan-vi.pi. mahavagg 5-4-1, prishth 279
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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