छायावाद

'dvivedi yug' ke pashchath hindi sahity mean kavita ki jo dhara pravahit huee, vah chhayavadi kavita ke nam se prasiddh huee. 'chhayavad' ki kalavadhi san 1917 se 1936 tak mani gee hai. vastut: is kalavadhi mean 'chhayavad' itani pramukh pravritti rahi hai ki sabhi kavi isase prabhavit hue aur isake nam par hi is yug ko 'chhayavadi yug' kaha jane laga tha. 1916 ee. ke as-pas hindi mean kalpanapoorn, svachchhand aur bhavukata ki ek lahar um d p di. bhasha, bhav, shaili, chhand, alankar in sab drishtiyoan se purani kavita se isaka koee mel nahian tha. alochakoan ne ise 'chhayavad' ya 'chhayavadi kavita' ka nam diya. 'chhayavad' shabd ka sabase pahale prayog mukutadhar pandey ne kiya. is yug ki hindi kavita ke aantarang aur bahirang mean ekadam parivartan ho gaya. vastu niroopan ke sthan par anubhooti niroopan ko pradhanata prapt huee thi. prakriti ka pranamay pradesh kavita mean aya. jayashankar prasad, sooryakaant tripathi 'nirala', sumitranandan pant aur mahadevi varma is yug ke char pramukh stanbh the.

kya hai chhayavad?

'chhayavad' ke svaroop ko samajhane ke lie us prishthabhoomi ko samajh lena avashyak hai, jisane use janm diya. sahity ke kshetr mean pray: ek niyam dekha jata hai ki poorvavarti yug ke abhavoan ko door karane ke lie paravarti yug ka janm hota hai. 'chhayavad' ke mool mean bhi yahi niyam kam kar raha hai. isase poorv 'dvivedi yug' mean hindi kavita kori upadesh matr ban gee thi. usamean samaj sudhar ki charcha vyapak roop se ki jati thi aur kuchh akhyanoan ka varnan kiya jata tha. upadeshatmakata aur naitikata ki pradhanata ke karan kavita mean nirasata a gee. kavi ka hriday us nirasata se oob gaya aur kavita mean sarasata lane ke lie vah chhatapata utha. isake lie usane prakriti ko madhyam banaya. prakriti ke madhyam se jab manav-bhavanaoan ka chitran hone laga, tabhi 'chhayavad' ka janm hua aur kavita 'itivrittatmakata' ko chho dakar kalpana lok mean vicharan karane lagi.

hindi kavita ke kshetr mean pratham mahayuddh (1914-1918 ee.) ke asapas ek vishesh kavy dhara ka pravartan hua, jise 'chhayavad' ki sanjna di gee hai. yah namakaran kis adhar par tatha kisake dvara kiya gaya, is sambandh mean nishchit roop se kuchh kahana kathin hai. jahaan tak 'chhaya' aur 'vad' ka sambandh hai, chhayavad kavy ke svaroop ya usake lakshanoan se inaka koee mel nahian hai. achary ramachandr shukl ka vishvas tha ki bangala mean adhyatmik pratikavadi rachanaoan ko 'chhayavad' kaha jata tha. at: hindi mean bhi is prakar ki kavitaoan ka nam 'chhayavad' chal p da, kiantu hajariprasad dvivedi ne is manyata ka khandan karate hue kaha hai ki- "bangala mean chhayavad nam kabhi chala hi nahian".

samay kal

hindi sahity mean 'chhayavad' ka aankuran ritikalin kavy, nivritti margi bhav aur soophi shrriangar ke sath-sath aangrez raj ke pooanjivadi upabhoktavad ke parimarjan ki bhoomika ke sath hua. is dauran hindi sahity ka ek naya roop banane laga. naye roop, nee upamaean samane aeean. kavy mean bhi romaantik pravritti ka uday hua. chhayavad vishesh roop se hindi sahity ke utthan ki vah dhara haian, jo lagabhag 1917 se 1936 ke bich hindi sahity ki pramukh yugavani rahi. jayashankar prasad, sooryakaant tripathi nirala, sumitranandan pant, mahadevi varma aur premachand is yug ke pramukh sahityakar ke roop mean sthapit hue. ajney ke anusar 'chhayavad' bharatiy romaantikavad tha. udar, sundar prakriti ke prati ashchary isamean tha, par bhagyavadi patr isamean nahian the. romaantikavad ka sabal eeshvaravadi saratatv isamean antarnihit tha. prarambhik romaantikavad aur bharatiy darshan ke sanshleshan ka mishran tha 'chhayavad'.

chhayavad shabd ka prayog

hindi ki kuchh patrikaoan- 'shrisharada' aur 'sarasvati' mean kramash: san 1920 aur 1921 mean mukutadhar paandey aur sushil dvara do lekh 'hindi mean chhayavad' shirshak se prakashit hue the. at: kaha ja sakata hai ki is nam ka prayog san 1920 se ya usase poorv se hone lag gaya tha. sanbhav hai ki mukutadhar paandey ne hi inaka sarvapratham avishkar kiya ho. yah bhi dhyan rahe ki paandey ji ne isaka prayog vyangyatmak roop mean chhayavadi kavy ki aspashtata (chhaya) ke liye kiya tha. kiantu age chalakar vahi nam svikrit ho gaya. svayan chhayavadi kaviyoan ne is visheshan ko b de prem se svikar kiya hai. ek or jayashankar prasad likhate haian- "moti ke bhitar chhaya aur taralata hoti hai, vaise hi kaanti ki taralata aang mean lavany kahi jati hai. chhaya bharatiy drishti se anubhooti ki bhangima par nirbhar karati hai. dhvanyatmakata, lakshanikata, saundaryamay pratik vidhan tatha upachar vakrata ke sath anubhooti ki vivritti chhayavad ki visheshataean haian. apane bhitar se pani ki tarah antar sparsh karake bhav samarpan karane vali abhivyakti chhaya kaantimay hoti hai."

doosari or mahadevi varma bhi prasad ke svar mean svar milati huee kahati haian- "srishti ke bahyakar par itana likha ja chuka tha ki manushy ka hriday abhivyakti ke lie ro utha. svachhand chhand mean chitrit un manav anubhootiyoan ka nam chhaya upayukt hi tha aur mujhe to aj bhi upayukt lagata hai." jayashankar prasad aur mahadevi varma ki in uktiyoan mean koee tark nahian hai. jayashankar prasad jin gunoan ka akhyan kar rahe haian, usake adhar par to is kavita ka nam 'prakash', 'chamak' ya 'kaanti' hona chahie tha, ya mahadevi varma dvara pariganit visheshata ko lekar ise anubhooti bhavukata adi kisi nam se pukara jana chahie tha, kiantu vastavikata yah hai ki namakaran ke sambandh mean poorvajoan ke age kisi ka vash nahian chalata. kavita ki to bat hi kya, svayan kaviyoan ko bhi kuchh aise nam virasat mean mile haian ki unhean upanam dhooandhane ko vivash hona p da hai. at: 'chhayavad' nam ko lekar jyada oohapoh karana anavashyak hai.

samaj ka antarvirodh

chhayavadi kavita aur premachand ki kahani aur upanyasoan ke tulanatmak adhyayan mean is yug ke bharatiy samaj ka kee antarvirodh samane ata hai. bharat mean vikasit ho rahe pooanjivadi vikas, rashtriy atmachetana ke jagaran tatha aupaniveshik aur samantavadi utpi dan ke virudhd vyapak sangharsh ke prabhav ke sath-sath 1919-1922 ke rashtravyapi aandolan ki parajay ka pratinidhitv bhi isamean hua tha. 1914 se pratham vishvayudhd shuroo ho gaya tha. 1917 se mahatma gaandhi ka prabhav bharatiy rajaniti mean badhane laga tha. 'chaurichaura kaand' ke hiansak prabhav ko dhyan mean rakhakar gaandhi ji ne asahayog aandolan ko 1922 mean sthagit kar diya. isase bharat ke kuchh buddhijiviyoan mean gahari nirasha aur udasi chha gee thi. 1920 ke asapas sooryakaant tripathi nirala ne likha- "manushyoan ki mukti ki tarah kavita ki bhi mukti hoti hai. manushyoan ki mukti karmoan ke bandhan se chhutakara pana hai aur kavita ki mukti chhandoan ke shasan se alag ho jana hai." bharatiy rajaniti mean 'gaandhi yug' aur hindi sahity mean 'chhayavadi yug' ek hi kal ki upaj hai. sahity roopoan ke navikaran ke margoan ki khoj, roodhigat bimboan ko naye sire se samajhane ka prayas, bhavavegoan ki asadharan prachurata, prakritik saundary ki tivr anubhooti, ojapoorn, abhivyanjanatmk bhasha, kalatmak gady adi is kal ke hindi sahityakaroan ki svabhavik vishishtataean thian. chhayavadi kavi bhi sundar, chirayuva prakriti ko prastut karate the.

mukhy kavi

'chhayavad' ka keval pahala arthath mool arth lekar to hindi kavy kshetr mean chalane vali mahadevi varma hi haian. jayashankar prasad, sooryakaant tripathi 'nirala', sumitranandan pant aur mahadevi varma is yug ke char pramukh stanbh haian. ramakumar varma, makhanalal chaturvedi, harivansharay bachchan aur ramadhari sianh dinakar ko bhi 'chhayavad' ne prabhavit kiya. kiantu ramakumar varma age chalakar natakakar ke roop mean prasiddh hue, makhanalal chaturvedi rashtravadi dhara ki or rahe, bachchan ne prem ke rag ko mukhar kiya aur dinakar ji ne vidroh ki ag ko avaz di. jayashankar prasad, sumitranandan pant aur sooryakaant tripathi 'nirala' ityadi aur sab kavi pratik paddhati ya chitrabhasha shaili ki drishti se hi chhayavadi kahalae. chhayavadi yug ke pramukh kavi the-

1. raykrishna das
2. viyogi hari
3. d aau. raghuvir sahay
4. makhanalal chaturvedi
5. jayashankar prasad
6. mahadevi varma
7. nand dulare vajapeyi
8. d aau. shivapoojan sahay
9. sooryakant tripathi nirala
10. ramachandr shukl
11. padumalal punnalal bakhshi
12. baboo gulabaray

"chhayavad ke kavi vastuoan ko asadharan drishti se dekhate haian. unaki rachana ki sanpoorn visheshataean unaki is ‘drishti’ par hi avalanbit rahati haian....vah kshan-bhar mean bijali ki tarah vastu ko sparsh karati huee nikal jati hai....asthirata aur kshinata ke sath usamean ek tarah ki vichitr unmadakata aur aantarangata hoti hai, jisake karan vastu usake prakrit roop mean nahian kiantu ek any roop mean dikh p dati hai. usake is any roop ka sanbandh kavi ke aantarjagat se rahata hai....yah aantarang drishti hi ‘chhayavad’ ki vichitr prakashan riti ka mool hai." is prakar mukutadhar paandey ki sookshm drishti ne ‘chhayavad’ ki mool bhavana ‘atmanishth aantardrishti’ ko pahachan liya tha. jab unhoanne kaha ki "chitr drishy vastu ki atma ka hi utara jata hai," to chhayavad ki maulik visheshata ki or sanket kiya. chhayavadi kaviyoan ki kalpanapriyata par prakash dalate hue mukutadhar ji kahate haian- "unaki kavita devi ki aankhean sadaiv oopar ki hi or uthi rahati haian; martyalok se usaka bahut kam sanbandh rahata hai; vah buddhi aur jnan ki samarthy-sima ko atikram karake man-pran ke atit lok mean hi vicharan karati rahati hai." yahian chhayavadita se adhyatmikata tatha dharm-bhavukata ka mel hota hai, yatharth mean usake jivan ke ye do mukhy avalanb haian.

paribhashaean

'chhayavad' ka namakaran bhale hi bina soche samajhe kar diya gaya ho, kiantu paribhashaoan ki drishti se yah b da saubhagyashali hai. vibhinn vidvanoan ne apane apane dhang se chhayavad ki itani adhik aur vichitr paribhashaean di haian ki unhean padhakar chahe 'chhayavad' samajh mean aye ya n aye, pathak ke mastishk par avashy 'chhayavad' chha jata hai. 'chhayavad' apane yug ki atyant vyapak pravritti rahi hai. phir bhi yah dekh kar ashchary hota hai ki usaki paribhasha ke sanbandh mean vicharakoan aur samalochakoan mean ekamat nahian ho saka. vibhinn vidvanoan ne 'chhayavad' ki bhinn-bhinn paribhashaean ki haian-

• achary ramachandr shukl ne 'chhayavad' ko spasht karate hue likha hai ki- "chhayavad shabd ka prayog do arthoan mean samajhana chahie. ek to 'rahasyavad' ke arth mean, jahaan usaka sanbandh kavy-vastu se hota hai arthath jahaan kavi us anant aur ajnat priyatam ko ko alamban banakar atyant chitramayi bhasha mean prem ki anek prakar se vyanjana karata hai. 'chhayavad' shabd ka doosara prayog kavy shaili ya paddhati-vishesh ke vyapak arth mean hai.... 'chhayavad' ek shaili vishesh hai, jo lakshanik prayogoan, aprastut vidhanoan aur amoort upamanoan ko lekar chalati hai." doosare arth mean unhoanne 'chhayavad' ko chitr-bhasha-shaili kaha hai.
• mahadevi varma ne 'chhayavad' ka mool sarvatmavad darshan mean mana hai. unhoanne likha hai ki- "chhayavad ka kavi dharm ke adhyatm se adhik darshan ke brahm ka rrini hai, jo moort aur amoort vishv ko milakar poornata pata hai. anyatr ve likhati haian ki- "chhayavad prakriti ke bich jivan ka udh-gith hai".
• d aau. ram kumar varma ne 'chhayavad' aur 'rahasyavad' mean koee aantar nahian mana hai. 'chhayavad' ke vishay mean unake shabd haian- "atma aur paramatma ka gupt vagvilas rahasyavad hai aur vahi chhayavad hai. ek any sthal par ve likhate haian- "chhayavad ya rahasyavad jivatma ki us aantarnihit pravritti ka prakashan hai, jisamean vah divy aur alaukik satta se apana shaant aur nishchal sanbandh jo dana chahati hai aur yah sanbandh itana badh jata hai ki donoan mean kuchh aantar hi nahian rah jata hai. paramatma ki chhaya atma par p dane lagati hai aur atma ki chhaya paramatma par. yahi chhayavad hai."
• achary nandadulare vajapeyi ka mantavy hai- "manav athava prakriti ke sookshm kiantu vyakt sauandary mean adhyatmik chhaya ka bhan mere vichar se 'chhayavad' ki ek sarvamany vyakhya ho sakati hai. 'chhayavad' ki vyaktigat visheshata do roopoan mean dikh p dati hai- ek sookshm aur kalpanik anubhooti ke prakash mean aur doosari lakshanik aur pratikatmak shabdoan ke prayog mean. aur is adhar par to yah kaha hi ja sakata hai ki 'chhayavad' adhunik hindi-kavita ki vah shaili hai, jisamean sookshm aur kalpanik sahanubhooti ko lakshanik evan pratikatmak dhang par prakashit karate haian."
• shaantipriy dvivedi ne 'chhayavad' aur 'rahasyavad' mean gahara sanbandh sthapit karate hue kaha hai- "jis prakar 'maitar aauf phaikt' (itivrittatmak) ke age ki chij chhayavad hai, usi prakar chhayavad ke age ki chij rahasyavad hai."
• gangaprasad paandey ne 'chhayavad' par is prakar se prakash dala hai- "chhayavad nam se hi usaki chhayatmakata spasht hai. vishv ki kisi vastu mean ek ajnat sapran chhaya ki jhaanki pana athava usaka arop karana hi 'chhayavad' hai. jis prakar chhaya sthool vastuvad ke age ki chij hai, usi prakar rahasyavad 'chhayavad' ke age ki chij hai."
• jayashankar prasad ne 'chhayavad' ko apane dhag se paribhashit karate hue kaha hai- "kavita ke kshetr mean pauranik yug ki kisi ghatana athava desh-videsh ki suandari ke bahy varnan se bhinn jab vedana ke adhar par svanubhootimayi abhivyakti hone lagi, tab hindi mean use 'chhayavad' ke nam se abhihit kiya gaya."
• d aau. devaraj chhayavad ko adhunik pauranik dharmik chetana ke viruddh adhunik laukik chetana ka vidroh svikar karate haian.
• d aau. nagendr 'chhayavad' ko sthool ke prati sookshm ka vidroh manate haian aur sath hi yah bhi svikar karate haian ki- "chhayavad ek vishesh prakar ki bhav-paddhati hai. jivan ke prati ek vishesh prakar ka bhavatmak drishtikon hai. unhoanne isaki mool pravritti ke vishay mean likha hai ki vastav par aantarmukhi drishti dalate hue, usako vayavi athava atindriy roop dene ki pravritti hi mool vritti hai. unake vichar se, yug ki udabuddh chetana ne bahy abhivyakti se nirash hokar jo atmabaddh aantarmukhi sadhana aranbh ki vah kavy mean 'chhayavad' ke roop mean abhivyakt huee. ve 'chhayavad' ko atript vasana aur manasik kuanthaoan ka parinam svikar karate haian.
• d aau. namavar sianh ne apani pustak "chhayavad" mean vishvasaniy taur par dikhaya ki 'chhayavad' vastut: kee kavy pravrittiyoan ka samoohik nam hai aur vah us "rashtriy jagaran ki kavyatmak abhivyakti" hai, jo ek or purani roodhiyoan se mukti pana chahata tha aur doosari or videshi paradhinata se.

uparyukt paribhashaoan se 'chhayavad' ki anek paribhashaean spasht hoti haian, kiantu ek sarvasammat paribhasha nahian ban saki. uparilikhit paribhashaoan se yah bhi vyakt hota hai ki 'chhayavad' svachchhandatavad (romaantisijm) ke kafi samip hai. uparyukt paribhashao ko samanvit karate hue yah kaha ja sakata hai ki "sansar ke pratyek padarth mean atma ke darshan karake tatha pratyek pran mean ek hi atma ki anubhooti karake is darshan aur anubhooti ko lakshanik aur pratik shaili dvara vyakt karana hi 'chhayavad' hai." adhunik kal ke 'chhayavad' ka nirman bharatiy aur yooropiy bhavanaoan ke mel se hua hai, kyoanki usamean ek or to sarvatr ek hi atma ke darshan ki bharatiy bhavana hai aur doosari or us bahari sthool jagath ke prati vidroh hai, jo pashchimi vijnan ki pragati ke karan ashaant evan du:khi hai.

mahattvapoorn tathy

vidvanoan dvara di gee paribhashaoan se 'chhayavad' ke sambandh mean anek mahattvapoorn batean jnat hoti haian-

1. 'chhayavad' aur 'rahasyavad' ek haian.
2. 'chhayavad' ek shaili vishesh hai.
3. prakriti mean chhayavad manav jivan ka pratibimb dekhata hai arthath prakriti ka manavikaran karata hai.
4. yah ek darshanik anubhooti hai.
5. chhayavad ek bhavatmak drishtikon hai.
6. prakriti mean chhayavad adhyatmik saundary ka darshan karata hai.
7. gati tattv ki chhayavad mean pramukhata hai.
8. chhayavad mean prakriti ka chitran hota hai.
9. chhayavad sthool ke prati sookshm ka vidroh hai.

rachanaean

'chhayavad' ki rachanaean gitoan ke roop mean hi adhikatar hoti haian. isase unamean anviti kam dikhaee p dati hai. jahaan yah anviti hoti hai, vahaan samoochi rachana anyokti paddhati par ki jati hai. is prakar samy bhavana ka hi prachury ham sarvatr pate haian. yah samy bhavana hamare hriday ka prasar karane vali, shesh srishti ke sath manushy ke goodh sanbandh ki dharana bandhane vali, atyant apekshit manobhoomi hai, isamean sandeh nahian, par yah sachcha marmik prabhav vahian utpann karati hai, jahaan yah prakritik vastu ya vyapar se prapt sachche abhas ke adhar par kh di hoti hai. prakriti apane anant roopoan aur vyaparoan ke dvara anek batoan ki goodh va agoodh vyanjana karati rahati hai. is vyanjana ko n parakhakar ya n grahan karake jo samy vidhan hoga, vah manamana arop matr hoga. is anant vishv mahakavy ki vyanjanaoan ki parakh ke sath jo samy vidhan hota hai, vah marmik aur udbodhak hota hai, jaise-

dukhadava se navaankur pata jag jivan ka van
karunardr vishv ka garjan barasata navajivan kan.
khul khul nav ichchhaean phailati jivan ke dal.
yah shaishav ka saral has hai, sahasa ur mean hai a jata.
yah oosha ka navavikas hai, jo raj ko hai rajat banata.
yah laghu laharoan ka vilas hai, kalanath jisamean khianch ata.

hans p de kusumoan mean chhaviman, jahaan jag mean padachidd punit.
vahian sukh mean aauansoo ban pran, os mean ludhak damakate git. (guanjan)

mera anurag phailane do, nabh ke abhinav kalarav mean.
jakar soonepan ke tam mean, ban kiran kabhi a jana.
akhil ki laghuta aee ban, samay ka suandar vatayan.
dekhane ko adrishtarh nattan. (lahar)

jal utha sneh dipak sa, navanit hriday tha mera.
ab shesh dhoomarekha se, chitrit kar raha aandhera. (aauansoo)

manamane arop, jinaka vidhan prakriti ke sanket par nahian hota, hriday ke marmasthal ka sparsh nahian karate, keval vaichitray ka kutoohal matr utpann karake rah jate haian. 'chhayavad' ki kavita par kalpanavad, kalavad, abhivyanjanavad adi ka bhi prabhav jnat ya ajnat ke roop mean p data raha hai. isase bahut sa aprastut vidhan manamane arop ke roop mean bhi samane ata hai. prakriti ke vastu vyaparoan par manushi vrittiyoan ke arop ka bahut chalan ho jane se kahian-kahian ye arop vastu vyaparoan ki prakrit vyanjana se bahut door ja p de haian, jaise- chaandani ke is varnan mean-

1. jag ke du:kh dainy shayan par yah rugna jivanabala.
pili p d, nirbal, komal, krish dehalata kumhalaee.
vivasana, laj mean, lipati, saansoan mean shoony samaee.

• chaandani apane ap is prakar ki bhavana man mean nahian jagati. usake sanbandh mean yah udbhavana bhi keval stri ki suandar mudra samane kh di karati jan p dati hai ,

2. nile nabh ke shatadal par vah baithi sharad hasini.
mridu karatal par shashimukh dhar nirav animish ekakini.

• isi prakar aauansuoan ko 'nayanoan ke bal' kahana bhi vyarth sa hai. niche ki joothi pyali bhi kisi maikhane se lakar rakhi jan p datihai ,

3. laharoan mean pyas bhari hai, hai bhanvar patr se khali.
manav ka sab ras pikar, ludhaka di tumane pyali.

prakriti chitran

chhayavadi kaviyoan ki rachanaean paranparik bharatiy rachanaoan (kalidas, jayadev, vidyapati, tulasidas, sooradas) se is bat mean oopari taur par bhinn dikhati haian ki unamean prakriti chitran apane ap mean dhyey nahian hota, apitu manaviy bhavanaoan se poorn hota hai. chhayavadi rachanaoan mean prakritik chitroan ke madhyam se manavi bhavanaoan aur anubhootiyoan ke jagath ko samajhane ka prayas pramukh visheshata banakar ubharata hai. aravindo ke anusar- "prakriti ka yah ramy aanchal kavi ki kalpana-bhavana adi ka manohar vihar-sthal tha. is prashant haritima mean use kabhi maan ki mamata bhari moorti milati, kabhi sahachari sakhi ka sneh bhara saundary milata aur kabhi anuragamayi bahan ka saumy roop dikhata, kabhi rrishiyoan ki ashishavani, kabhi guru ka ganbhir sandesh aur mitr ki shubhakamana dikhati." vastav mean chhayavad oopar se jitana naya aur maulik dikhata hai, usase kahian adhik isake bhitar adhunikata aur parampara ke bich ke bharatiy dvandv evan sanshleshan ka yugin abhivyakti hai. isamean parampara ka punarnavinikaran hi hua. nirala par ramkrishna paramahans evan vivekanand ka prabhav tha. prasad kashmir shaivagam aur abhinavagupt se prabhavit the. pant par aravindo ka prabhav tha. mahadevi varma par mirabaee ka prabhav tha. premachand par mahatma gaandhi aur dayanand sarasvati ka prabhav tha. durbhagy se ab tak chhayavad ke vishleshan par marksavadi alochakoan ne hi vyavasthit kam kiya hai. in logoan ne chhayavadi rachanakaroan ki paramparik chintanadhara ko anadekha karane ka kam kiya hai. vagish shukl ne nirala par nee drishti se chintan kiya hai. ramasvaroop chaturvedi ki alochana mean bhi kuchh nayapan hai. lekin adhunik kal ke bharatiy chintakoan- ramkrishna, vivekanand, mahatma gaandhi, aravindo ya inake poorv ke acharyoan- shankarachary, ramanujachary, vallabhachary, abhinavagupt, gorakhanath, kabir adi ki chintan dhara ke alok mean chhayavadi kaviyoan evan lekhakoan ka vyavasthit moolyaankan hona abhi baki hai.

prasad ki 'kamayani'

kuchh alochakoan ke anusar jayashankar prasad ki 'kamayani' chhayavad ki aantim shreshth upalabdhi hai. hindi kavita ke nootanikaran ki ichchha se prerit hokar prasad ne 'kamayani' mean bharat ki pauranik kathaoan ke patroan aur vishay-vastuoan ko naye saanchoan mean dhala hai. thik isi prakar mahadevi varma ke bare mean yah kaha jata hai ki rahasyavadi goodharth, vishv ke marmo mean paithane ki abhilasha, nirav svaroan aur ardhasvaroan se dhvanit laghu pragitatmakata, chirasthayi vishadabhari man: sthiti baudhdadharm se prabhavit karuna ki pukarean adi mahadevi varma ki kavita ki vishishtatayean haian.

premagitatmak pravritti

'chhayavad' ki pravritti adhikatar premagitatmak hone ke karan hamara vartaman kavy prasangoan ki anekaroopata ke sath nee-nee arth bhoomiyoan par kuchh dinoan tak bahut kam chal paya. kuchh kaviyoan mean vastu ka adhar atyant alp rahata hai. vishesh lakshy abhivyanjana ke anoothe vistar par raha hai. isase unaki rachanaoan ka bahut sa bhag adhar mean thaharaya sa jan p data hai. jin vastuoan ke adhar par uktiyaan man mean kh di ki jati haian, unaka kuchh bhag kala ke anoothepan ke lie panktiyoan ke idhar udhar se hata bhi liya jata hai. at: kahian-kahian vyavahrit shabdoan ki vyanjakata paryapt n hone par bhav asphut rah jata hai, pathak ko apani or se bahut kuchh akshep karana p data hai, jaise niche ki panktiyoan mean-

nij alakoan ke aandhakar mean tum kaise chhip aoge.
itana sajag kutoohal! thaharo, yah n kabhi ban paoge.
ah, choom looan jin charanoan ko chaanp chaanp kar unhean nahian.
dukh do itana, are! arunima usha si vah udhar bahi.

yahaan kavi ne us priyatam ke chhipakar dabe paanv ane ki bat kahi hai, jinake charan itane sukumar haian ki jab ahat n sunaee p dane ke lie vah unhean bahut daba dabakar rakhate haian, tab e diyoan mean oopar ki or khoon ki lali dau d jati hai. vahi lalaee usha ki lali ke roop mean jhalakati hai. 'prasadaji' ka dhyan sharir vikaroan par vishesh jamata tha. isi se unhoanne 'chaanp chaanpakar du:kh do', se lalaee dau dane ki kalpana pathakoan ke oopar chho d di hai. 'kamayani' mean unhoanne male hue kan mean bhi kamini ke kapoloan par ki 'lajja ki lali' dikhaee hai.

samy

hamare yahaan samy mukhyat: tin prakar ka mana gaya hai-

1. sadrishy - roop ya akar ka samy
2. sadharmy - gun ya kriya ka samy
3. shabdasamy - dobhinn vastuoan ka ek hi nam hona.

isamean se aantim to shlesh ki shabd kri da dikhane valoan ke hi kam ka hai. rahe sadrishy aur sadharmy. vichar karane par in donoan mean prabhav samy chhipa milega. siddh kaviyoan ki drishti aise hi aprastutoan ki or jati hai, jo prastutoan ke saman hi sauandary, dipti, kaanti, komalata, prachandata, bhishanata, ugrata, udasi, avasad, khinnata ityadi ki bhavana jagate haian. kavy mean bandhe chale ate hue upaman adhikatar isi ke haian. keval roop rang, akar ya vyapar ko oopar se dekhakar ya nap jokhakar, bhavana par unaka prabhav parakhe bina ve nahian rakhe jate the. pichhe kavi karm ke bahut kuchh shramasadhy ya abhyasagamy hone ke karan jab kritrimata ane lagi, tab bahut se upaman keval bahari nap jokh ke anusar bhi rakhe jane lage. kati ki sookshmata dikhane ke lie sianhani aur bhi d samane laee jane lagi.

kavy shaili ki visheshata

'chhayavad' b di sahridayata ke sath prabhav samy par hi vishesh lakshy rakhakar chala hai. kahian-kahian to bahari sadrishy ya sadharmy atyant alp ya n rahane par bhi abhyantar prabhav samy lekar aprastutoan ka sannivesh kar diya jata hai. aise aprastut adhikatar upalakshan ke roop mean ya pratikavat hote haian, jaise- sukh, anand, praphullata, yauvan kal ityadi ke sthan par unake dyotak usha, prabhat, madhukal, priya ke sthan par mukul; premi ke sthan par madhup; shvet ya shubhr ke sthan par kuand, rajat; madhury ke sthan par madhu; diptiman ya kaantiman ke sthan par svarn; vishad ya avasad ke sthan par aandhakar, aandheri rat, sandhaya ki chhaya, patajh d, manasik akulata ya kshobh ke sthan par jhanjha, toophan, bhavatarang ke lie jhankar, bhavaprravah ke lie sangit ya murali ka svar ityadi. abhyantar prabhav samy ke adhar par lakshanik aur vyanjanatmak paddhati ka pragalbh aur prachur vikas 'chhayavad' ki kavy shaili ki asali visheshata hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh