जैमिनि

achary jaimini maharshi krishnadvaipayan vyasadev ke shishy the. samaved aur mahabharat ki shiksha jaimini ne vedavyas se hi payi thian. ye hi prasiddh poorv mimaansa darshan ke rachayita haian. isake atirikt inhoanne 'bharatasanhita' ki bhi rachana ki thi, jo 'jaimini bharat' ke nam se prasiddh hai. apane dronputroan se markandey puran suna tha. inake putr ka nam sumantu aur pautr ka nam satvan tha. in tinoan ne ved ki ek-ek sanhita banayi hai. hiranyanabh, paishpanji aur avanty nam ke in ke tin shishyoan ne un sanhitaoan ka adhyayan kiya tha.

parichay

jaimini mimaansa sootr ke rachayita haian, kintu inhean mimaansa shastr ka pravartak kahana uchit nahian hai, kyoanki inhoanne apane sootroan mean mimaansa darshan ke any ath acharyoan ke matoan ka ullekh kiya hai. inake samay ke vishay mean koee nishchit mat sthapit nahian ho saka hai. kuchh log inaka samay eesavi poorv 300 varsh manate haian, to kuchh log eesavi ki doosari shatabdi. inake jivan charit ke vishay mean bhi koee vishesh vivaran prapt nahian hai. panchatatr mean keval itana batalaya gaya hai ki mimaansa sootr ke rachayita jaimini ko ek hathi ne mar diya tha. bhagavat puran mean varnan milata hai ki jaimini ne vyas se samaved ka adhyayan kiya tha tath apane shishy sumantu ko samaved padhaya tha. jaimini ne apane sootroan mean jin ath acharyoan ke matoan ka ullekh kiya hai, unake nam haian- badarayan, badari, karshnajini, lavukayan, kamukayan, atrey, alekhar tatha ashmarany.

samaved ke achary

prarambhavastha mean ved keval ek hi tha; ek hi ved mean anekoan rrichaean thian, jo “ved-sootr” kahalate the; ved mean yajn-vidhi ka varnan hai; sam (gane yogy) padavaliyaan hai tatha lokopakari anek hi chhand haian. in samast vishayoan se sampann ek hi ved satyug aur tretayug tak raha; dvaparayug mean maharshi krishnadvaipayan ne ved ko char bhagoan mean vibhakt kiya. is karan maharshi krishnadvaipayan “vedavyas” kahalane lage. sanskrit mean vibhag ko “vyas“ kahate haian, atah vedoan ka vyas karane ke karan krishnadvaipayan “vedavyas” kahalane lage. maharshi vyas ke pail, vaishampayan, jaimini aur sumantu- yah char shishy the. maharshi vyas ne pail ko rrigved, vaishamyapan ko yajurved, jaimini ko samaved aur sumantu ko atharvaved ki shiksha di.

jaimini dvara rachit mimaansa sootr

jaimini dvara rachit mimaansa sootr 12 adhyayoan mean vibhakt hai. ye barah adhyay barah vishayoan par adharit haian. isilie ise 'dvadash lakshani' bhi kaha jata hai. yah bhi ek manyata hai ki ukt barah adhyayoan ke atirikt char any adhyayoan ki bhi rachana jaimini ne ki thi, jinhean sankarshan kand ya devata kand ke nam se jana jata hai. jaimini ke sootroan ka mukhy pratipady dharm ke svaroop ki khoj, manav ke kartavy aur akartavy ka vivechan tatha inase sakshath ya paramparaya sambandh rakhane vale any vishay haian. jaimini ne mimaansa sootr ke barah adhyayoan mean nimnalikhit barah vishayoan ka vishad vivechan kiya hai-

• pahale adhyay mean dharm ke lakshan tatha dharm ke pramanoan ka niroopan kiya gaya hai.
• doosare adhyay mean karmabhed ko batalane vale shabdantar, abhyas, sankhya, sanjna, gun tatha prakaranantar in chh: vishayoan ka varnan hai.
• tisara adhyay sheshatv ka niroopan karata hai. isamean shruti, liang vaky, prakaran, sthan tatha samakhya ka pratipadan kiya gaya hai. inhean viniyojak praman kaha jata hai.
• chauthe adhyay ka vishay prayojy-prayojak-bhav hai, jisamean shruti, arth, path, sthan, mukhy aur pravritti ka varnan kiya gaya hai. inhean bodhak praman kaha gaya hai.
• paanchavaan adhyay 'kram' hai. isamean karmoan ke age pichhe hone ka nirdesh kiya gaya hai.
• chhathe adhyay ka mukhy vishay 'adhikar' hai. isamean yajn karane vale ke gun aur visheshata ka varnan kiya gaya hai.
• satavean adhyay mean yajnoan ka niroopan hai.
• athavean adhyay mean visheshatidesh ka niroopan kiya jata hai.
• navean adhyay mean 'ooh' ki charcha hai, arthath is bat ki ki kis yajn mean kis yajn ki kin kin kriyaoan mean kis prakar parivartan kar unhean kam mean laya ja sakata hai.
• dasavaan adhyay bagh aur abhyachchay ka niroopan karata hai, jisaka tatpary yajnoan tatha yajn mean hone vali kriyaoan ke nirakaran tatha samavesh ke lie adhar ki charcha karana hai.
• gyarahavean adhyay mean 'tantr' ka niroopan hai, jisamean kendrikaran ki prakriya pradarshit ki gee hai.
• barahavean adhyay mean 'avap' ka varnan hai, jo ki vikendrikaran ki prakriya se sambandhit hai.

pranali

jaimini ne ukt samast vishayoan ke vivechan ke lie pratyek ko paanch vargoan mean vibhakt kar niroopan karane vali pranali ka vikas kiya. ye paanch varg is prakar haian-

1. avasar ya prasang arthath us avasar, prasang ya uddeshy ki vyakhya karana, jisamean vicharaniy vishay ki khoj ki avashyakata utpann hoti hai.
2. kisi bhi prakaran ki vishay vastu ka niroopan jo adhikaansh mean ved-vakyoan se addhrit kiya gaya hai.
3. sandeh ka adhar jo kisi khoj ya jijnasa ke lie avashyak hota hai.
4. poorvapaksh arthath kisi prakaran ke sambandh mean sambhavit mat.
5. siddhaant jo antim nishkarsh ke roop mean svikar kiya jata hai. 

dharm

jaimini ne mukhy roop se dharm ke pratipadan ke lie hi mimaansa sootr ki rachana ki. dharm ki paribhasha dete hue jaimini ne kaha hai ki dharm ve arth ya karm haian, jinako karane ke lie vedoan ne adesh diya hai tatha jinake karane se abhipret phal ki prapti hoti hai. is prasang mean yah bhali-bhaanti samajh lena chahie ki mimaansa mean dharm shabd ka prayog n to kisi sampraday ke arth mean hua hai, n puny-pap ke arth mean, jo sadharanataya dharm shabd samajhe jate haian. yahaan dharm shabd ka prayog vyapak arth mean ved pratipadit kartavyoan ke lie kiya gaya hai. dharm shabd ki is paribhasha se hi dharm ke jnan ke sadhan ka bhi nirdesh ho jata hai. ved ke vidhi vaky hi dharm ke jnan ke ekamatr sadhan haian. inake atirikt any pratyaksh adi pramanoan se dharm ka jnan kisi prakar sambhav nahian hai.

yahi karan hai ki jaimini ne vedoan ki vishvasaniyata vaidik vaky, 'ved' shabd aur usake arth, shabd evan arth ke sambandh adi ka vistar se vivechan kiya hai. ved apaurushey hai tatha mool ke roop mean yah vidhi nishedh parak vaky mana gaya hai. varnanatmak vaky vidhi ke sath milakar hi sarthak hote haian. ye varnanatmak vaky arthavad vaky kahalate haian.

apoorv

jaimini ke darshan mean yah prashn uthaya gaya hai ki yajn adi karmakriya roop hai, jo apani poornata ke sath samapt ho jate haian aur apani samapti ke turant bad un phaloan ko nahian dete, jinake lie inaka vidhan kiya gaya hai. udaharan ke lie kaha ja sakata hai ki jab koee svarg ki prapti ki ichchha se yajn karata hai, tab yajn ki samapti ke sath hi use svarg nahian mil jata. at: mrityu ke bad prapt hone vale svarg ka karan vah nahian ho sakata, kyoanki karan ko kary ki utpatti ke turant poorv mean rahana chahie. is prakar ki samasya ke samadhan ke lie jaimini ne apoorv mana hai. pratyek karm apani samapti ke sath sath ek apoorv utpann karata hai aur yah apoorv apane phal dene tak rahata hai. is prakar yah kaha ja sakata hai ki apoorv karm tatha phal ke bich ki avastha ka nam hai. apoorv ki yah manyata mimaansa darshan ki ek maulik visheshata hai. jaimini ke uttaravarti acharyoan ne is apoorv ka vishad vivechan kiya hai.

yah bhi vivechan kiya gaya hai ki sabhi karm keval ek ek apoorv hi nahian utpann karate, balki kuchh aise bhi karm haian, jo ek se adhik apoorv utpann karate haian. udaharan ke lie darshapoornamas yajn ko liya ja sakata hai, jo char prakar ke apoorv utpann karata hai.

1. phalapoorv- vah hai, jo sakshath phal ko utpann karata hai.
2. samudayapoorv- ukt yajn ke aangabhoot yajnoan se alag alag apoorv utpann hote haian, jinamean sammilit roop ko samudayapoorv kaha jata hai.
3. utpattyapoorv- yah apoorv hai, jo aangabhoot yajnoan se alag alag prarambhik roop mean utpann hota hai.
4. aangapoorv- ukt aangabhoot yajnoan ke bhi anek chhote chhote karm hote haian aur ye pratyek karm apane apane apoorv utpann karate haian. inhean aangapoorv kaha jata hai, jinake sammilit hone se sampoorn yajn apana phal dene mean samarth ho pata hai.

karm ke prakar

yah kaha gaya hai ki ved ke dvara adisht karm hi karm hai. isalie karm ke svaroop nirdharan tatha karm ka vargikaran jaimini ke darshan ka mukhy vishay haian.

sarvapratham karm ke do bhed kie jate haian-

1. laukik karm- jo karm lok ke adesh se kie jate haian, ve laukik karm haian.
2. vaidik karm- jo karm ved ke adesh se kie jate haian, ve vaidik karm haian. inhian vaidik karmoan ko dharmik karm kaha jata hai.

vaidik karmoan ka vargikaran

is vargikaran mean anek adhar apanae ge. at: is vargikaran ko paraspar vyavrit nahian mana ja sakata. isamean adhar bhed se varg bhed ki sthapana ki gee hai.

• adesh ke svaroop ke adhar par vaidik karmoan ke tin bhed kiye ge haian-

1. vihit karm
2. nishiddh karm
3. ubhayatmak karm

isamean vihit karm ke tin bhed hote haian-

1. nity
2. naimittik
3. kamy

• phal ki utpadakata ke adhar par vaidik karm ke do bhed kiye ge haian-

1. pradhan karm- jo karm svayan sakshath apoorv utpann karata hai, ya phal dene mean samarth hota hai, vah pradhan karm kahalata hai.
2. gun karm- jo pradhan karm ki sahayata ke lie hota hai ya paramparaya apoorv athava phal ki utpatti mean sahayak hota hai, vah gun karm kahalata hai.

• prayojan ke adhar par vaidik karmoan ke tin bhed kiye ge haian-

1. rritvarth karm- jo karm kisi yajn ki poornata ke lie karaniy hote haian
2. purusharth karm- yajaman ya karta ko abhivaanchhit phal dene vale karmoan ko kaha jata hai
3. anubhayatmak karm- ve karm jo n to yajn mean sahayak hote haian aur n karta ko abhivaanchhit phal hi dete haian.

• pratipadit svaroop ke adhar par vaidik karmoan ke char bhed kiye ge haian-

1. prakriti karm- jinaka pratipadan moolaroop ya prarambhik roop mean kiya gaya ho, jaise- agnihotr.
2. vikriti karm- jinaka pratipadan kisi prakriti karm ki anuroopata ke adhar par kiya gaya ho, jaise- masagnihotr.
3. prakriti-vikriti karm- jo prakriti tatha vikriti donoan ke svaroop ko aanshik roop se upasthit karata ho, jaise agnisomiy, jo darshapoornamas ki vikriti tatha savaniy ki prakriti ko prastut karata hai.
4. anubhayatmak- jo donoan mean se kisi ke svaroop ko prastut n karata ho, jaise- darvi hom.

yajaman

yajn karane vala yajaman kahalata hai. jo arthavad vachanoan mean nirdisht phal ki akaanksha rakhata ho, manav ho tatha yajn karane ke lie avashyak samagri ka sangrah karane mean samarth ho evan sharirik drishti se us kary ke sampadan ki kshamata rakhata ho, vah yajaman ho sakata hai. is prasang mean yah bhi prashn uthaya gaya hai ki stri ko yajn karane ka adhikar hai ya nahian. isake samadhan mean yah nirnay diya gaya hai ki stri ko svatantr roop se yajn karane ka adhikar nahian hai, kintu apane pati ke sath use yajn karane ka adhikar hai. shoodroan ke yajn karane ke adhikar ke sambandh mean uthae ge prashnoan ka uttar nakaratmak roop se diya gaya hai, kintu isamean bhi kuchh apavad avashy haian, kyoanki rathakar evan nishad-sthapati shoodr haian, phir bhi inhean yajn karane ka adhikar diya gaya hai.

svarg

yajnoan ke antim phal ke roop mean svarg ka vidhan hai aur jahaan yajnoan ke phal ka nirdesh nahian hai, vahaan yah man lene ko kaha gaya hai ki unaka phal svarg hai. at: yah prashn vicharaniy ho jata hai ki svarg kya hai. is sambandh mean vistrit vivechan ke pashchath yah nirdharit kiya gaya hai ki svarg ek gun hai, jo sukh ya anand ke roop mean upalabdh hota hai. jahaan kahian vastuoan ya padarthoan ko svarg kaha gaya hai, usaka tatpary keval yahi hai ki ve padarth anand utpadak haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

giri, d aau. raghunath vishv ke pramukh darshanik (hindi). bharatadiskavari pustakalay: vaijnanik tatha takaniki shabdavali ayog, nee dilli, 217.