टकसाल

takasal
bharatiy ek rupaye ka sikka (1862)|200px|center
vivaran	takasal, us karakhane ko kahate haian, jahaan desh ki sarakar dvara ya usake die adhikar se us desh ki mudraoan ka nirman hota hai.
itihas	mudraoan ka sarvapratham nirman sanbhavat: eesa poorv athavian shatabdi mean laghu eshiya ke lidiya pradesh mean hua. lagabhag isi kal mean inaka chalan chin mean aranbh hua aur vahaan se inaki pratha japan aur koriya mean phaili.
bharatiy vidhi	1851 ee. mean kalakatta (adhunik kolakata) ki takasal mean chaandi ke amapan ki bharatiy vidhi ka avishkar hua tha. sikkoan aur dhatu mudraoan mean chaandi ka amapan karane ke liye shatadhik varshoan tak is vidhi ka prayog hua.
bharat mean takasal	bharat mean takasal kolakata, mumbee, haidarabad aur uttar pradesh ke noeda mean sthit haian.
nirman kary	prachin kal mean mudraean utkirnit thappoan ke bich rakhakar aur hathau de ki chot dekar banaee jati thian. bharat ke deshi rajyoan mean yah riti 19vian shati tak prachalit thi. kahian-kahian sikke dhale bhi jate the. adhunik takasaloan mean nirman kary mukhyat: mashinoan dvara sanpadit hota hai.
sanbandhit lekh	bitakvain, bharatiy rupaya, bharatiy rizarv baiank
any janakari	bharat mean san 1941 tak sone aur chaandi ke sikkoan ke 12 aansh mean 11 aansh shuddh dhatu rahati thi, par is varsh ke pashchath‌ chaandi ke sikkoan mean chaandi ka bhag adha kar diya gaya.

takasal (aangrezi:Mint) us karakhane ko kahate haian, jahaan desh ki sarakar dvara ya usake die adhikar se mudraoan ka nirman hota hai. bharat mean takasal kolakata, mumbee, haidarabad aur uttar pradesh ke noeda mean sthit haian. 1851 ee. mean kalakatta (adhunik kolakata) ki takasal mean chaandi ke amapan ki bharatiy vidhi ka avishkar hua tha. sikkoan aur dhatu mudraoan mean chaandi ka amapan karane ke liye shatadhik varshoan tak is vidhi ka prayog hua. kaansa, taanba-nikal, nikal-pital aur rajat ki mishradhatu se bharat mean sikke banate rahe the. shuddh nikal ka prayog 1946 ee. mean, jab sikkoan mean chaandi ka prayog dhire-dhire samapt kiya jane laga, praranbh hua tha.

itihas

mudraoan ka sarvapratham nirman sanbhavat: eesa poorv athavian shatabdi mean laghu eshiya ke lidiya pradesh mean hua. lagabhag isi kal mean inaka chalan chin mean aranbh hua aur vahaan se inaki pratha japan aur koriya mean phaili. nishchit roop se kahana kathin hai ki bharat mean inaka nirman kab praranbh hua, kiantu chauthi shatabdi eesa poorv mean avashy ho gaya tha. ati prachin kal se mudraean dhatu ki banati aee haian. is kary ke lie 'ilektram', sona, chaandi, taanba aur kaanse ka prayog hota aya hai. inake atirikt sisa, loha, ailyuminiyam tatha nikal ka bhi adhunik kal mean prayog hua.

taanbe ki milavat

pahale shuddh sone ya chaandi ki mudra banane ko mahatv diya jata tha, kyoanki vyapar mean any deshoan ke log aisi mudraoan ko saharsh svikar kar lete the. kiantu yah dekha gaya ki sona ya chaandi mean taanbe ka yog dene se n keval dhatu ka mooly kam p data hai, varanh‌ usamean kathorata a jane ke karan mudraean shighr ghisati bhi nahian aur chalan mean adhik din rah pati haian. is par kshay hona, jang ya murcha lagane ke karan bhi ho sakata hai aur taanbe ki adhik matra ki upasthiti yah dosh utpann kar deti hai. at: yah avashyak hai ki taanbe ki milavat itani hi ki jae ki sanksharan n hone pae. thumb|left|bharatiy adha ana ka sikka (1945)

sone aur chaandi ke sikke

• grik desh mean sarvapratham sone aur chaandi ke sikke shuddh dhatu ke banae jate the, kiantu rom samratoan ke kal mean inamean taanba milaya jane laga. rom samrajy ke aantim kal ke sikkoan mean do pratishat, ya isase bhi kam, sone ka aansh hota tha. madhy kal ke pashchimi yoorop mean phir shuddh dhatuoan ka vyavahar hone laga. ianglaiand mean 22 kairet ke (11/12 shuddh) sone ka vyavahar san 1526 ee. se aranbh hua. saiksan kal ke iangleand mean sikkoan ki chaandi ke 40 bhag mean 3 bhag mishradhatu rahati thi, kiantu bad mean adhik khot milane lage. san 1920 mean chaandi ka aansh adha baandh diya gaya. fraans mean tatha any anek deshoan ke sone aur chaandi, donoan prakar ke sikkoan ke das aansh mean nau aansh shuddh dhatu rahati hai.
• bharat mean san 1941 tak inhian donoan dhatuoan ke sikkoan ke 12 aansh mean 11 aansh shuddh dhatu rahati thi, par is varsh ke pashchath‌ chaandi ke sikkoan mean chaandi ka bhag adha kar diya gaya.
• sanyukt rajy amarika mean san 1934 se das bhag mean se nau aansh shuddh tatha bhar mean 15 5/21 gren sone ke d aaular ka prachalan aranbh hua. dvitiy vishvayuddh ke madhy san 1942 se paanch seant ki mudraean 25 pratishat chaandi, 56 pratishat taanba tatha 09 pratishat maianganiz ki banane lagian, kiantu san 1945 se is mishradhatu ke sthan par 75 pratishat taanba, 25 pratishat nikal ki mishradhatu ka prayog aranbh kiya gaya. 1946 se poorv is desh ke chaandi ke sikkoanan mean 90 pratishat chaandi aur 10 pratishat taanba rahata tha.
• chhoti mudraoan ke lie fraans ne 95 pratishat taanba, 04 pratishat tin aur 01 pratishat jasta ka prayog aranbh kiya aur isaki dekha-dekhi pray: any sab desh bhi yahi karane lage. 1861 ee.mean chaandi ke sthan par beljiyam mean ek tamr nikal dhatu ka, jisamean 75 pratishat taanba aur 25 pratishat nikal rahata tha, prayog aranbh hua. 1947 se mudraoan mean chaandi ke sthan par isi dhatu ka prayog ianglaiand mean aranbh hua aur shighr hi any deshoan mean bhi hone laga. nikal-pital ke sikke bhi, jisamean 79 pratishat taanba, 20 pratishat jasta tatha 01 pratishat nikal rahata tha, anek deshoan mean banane lage. sanyukt rajy amarika ke ek seant ki mudraean kaanse ke sthan par faravari, 1943 se jaste ki tah chadhe hue ispat ki banaee jane lagian, kiantu das mahine bad inaka banana band kar diya gaya.

mudra ka nirman

thumb|350px|ek paisa, do paisa, tin paisa, paanch paisa, das paisa, bis paisa (baean se daean)
25 paisa, 50 paisa, 1 rupaya, do rupaya, paanch rupaya (daean se baean) prachin kal mean mudraean utkirnit thappoan ke bich rakhakar aur hathau de ki chot dekar banaee jati thian. bharat ke deshi rajyoan mean yah riti 19vian shati tak prachalit thi. kahian-kahian sikke dhale bhi jate the. adhunik takasaloan mean nirman kary mukhyat: mashinoan dvara sanpadit hota hai. yah ath padoan mean poora kiya jat hai-

dhatu shodhan

is kary ke liye vidyutadvishleshak vidhi apanaee jati hai; phir shuddh dhatuoan ke mishran ko galakar siloan mean dhala jata hai; isake bad siloan ko belakar pattiyaan banaee jati haian. yah kary dhali huee siloan ya pasoan ko barabar kee belanoan ke bich chaandi ya any dhatu ki pattiyoan mean se katakar banaya jata hai. yah yantr ek bar mean do nirank mudraoan ki chakatiyaan banata hai.

chakatiyoan ka tapanushitan tatha saphaee

chakatiyoan ko bhatthiyoan mean garam kar thandha karate haian, jisase ve kuchh komal ho jati haian. is kriya ke pashchath‌ unaka rang kala-sa ho jata hai. tab ye garam tanu salphyoorik aml tatha baikromet ke mishran mean dal di jati haian. isamean se ye svachchh hokar nikalati haian. dhone se aml door ho jata hai aur tab ye sukha li jati haian.thumb|left|das paise (1961), paanch paise (1963), pachchis paise (1947) aur ek paise (1964) ke bharatiy sikke (baanye se daanye)

sthoolan

thumb|5 rupaye ka sikka, kolakata takasal belan dvara chakatiyoan ke kinaroan ko utha hua banaya jata hai. yah isalie ki vyavahar mean ane par taiyar mudra ke aankadi ghise nahian. isi samay kinaroan par akshar ya koee dijain dhal di jati hai. aise kuchh bharatiy sikkoan par kh di dhariyaan ya daant rahate haian. chakatiyoan ko taulakar adhik ya kam bhar valoan ko alag karate haian. sadosh chakatiyoan ko nikalakar phir se gala dalate haian. pratyek chakati niche vale thappe par rakhi jati hai aur oopar vala thappa us par jor se akar girata hai. davab se komal dhatu, shyan thos ki bhaanti, thappoan ke sthanoan ko bhar deti hai, kiantu chot p dane ke samay chakati ko ek kantha ghere rahata hai, jisake karan chakati chau daee ki is bhari yantr ki chot se anek tanoan ki dab p dati hai tatha pahale se taiyar ki huee kori chakatiyoan par mudra ka naksha ubhar ata hai. aant mean pratyek mudra ko dekhakar tatha taulakar usaki pariksha ki jati hai. dekhane vale ke sammukh ye mudraean chalapattoan par rakhi is prakar ati haian ki bari-bari se unaka chit aur patt bhag oopar a jata hai. kam mooly ki mudraoan ko chho dakar, any ki taul bhi jaanchi jati hai. yah kary svayanchalit tarajuoan se liya jata hai. poorvokt parikshaoan mean sachchi utarane par hi mudraean takasal se bahar chalan mean ati haian.thumb|left|5 rupaye ka sikka, kolakata takasal

sikkoan ka amapan

yah vah vidhi hai, jisake dvara yah jaanch ki jati hai ki sikkoan ki mishradhatuoan mean bhinn-bhinn dhatuoan ka anupat nirdharit sima ke anusar hai ya nahian. do ya adhik dhatuoan ki mishradhatu se sadharanat: sikkoan ka nirman hota hai. mishradhatu ki avayav dhatuoan ka anupat nishchit roop se nirdharit rahata hai. sikka banane ke poorv, mishradhatu ki avastha mean hi, amapan adhik mahatvapoorn hota hai. sikka ban jane ke bad amapan bataur jaanch ke ho sakata hai. sikke mean yadi ek hi dhatu ho to dhatu aur sikka donoan ka amapan saman roop se avashyak hai, jisase dhatu mean aise hanikarak apadravy n pravisht ho jaean, jinase sikka nirman ki anek avasthaoan mean dhatu ki karyakarita aur gunoan par ganbhir kuprabhav p de, ya prachalit ho jane par sikke ke gunoan mean aantar ho jae. kaansa, taanba-nikal, nikal-pital aur rajat ki mishradhatu se bharat mean sikke banate rahe haian. shuddh nikal ka prayog 1946 ee. mean, jab sikkoan mean chaandi ka prayog dhire-dhire samapt kiya jane laga, praranbh hua. kaanse ke sikke mean taanba, tin aur jasta tatha rajatamishr dhatu ke sikke mean sadharanataya keval chaandi ka amapan kiya jata hai. shuddh nikal ke sikkoan mean nikal aur hanikarak apadravy ke roop mean karban, gandhak adi ka amapan hota hai. dhatuoan ke amapan ki vidhiyoan ka sankshipt varnan niche diya gaya hai.

taanbe ka aganan

thumb|300px|bharatiy ek rupaya (1990) taanbe ke aganan ki do vidhiyaan haian-

1. ayatanamitiy vidhi
2. bharamitiy vidhi

ayatanamitiy aganan

isamean tapan dvara mishradhatu ya sikke ke tule hue bhag ko tanu naitrik aml mean vilin kiya jata hai. abhikriya ki samapti aur sikke ke tuk de ke poornat: vilin hone par vilayan ko vashmpikaran dvara lagabhag sukha lete haian. kaanse ka sikka hon par, utmukt tin aanksaid ko chhanakar, jal se bhali prakar dho lete haian aur vilayan ya chhanit mean itana aimoniyam haidroksaid milate haian ki vah alp emoniyamay ho jay. isake bad is vilayan mean thos potesiyam ayodaid ya usaka saandr vilayan milate haian, jisase ayodon unmukt hota hai. starch vilayan ko soochak banakar unmukt ayodin ke sath manak sodiyam thayosalphet se anumapan karate haian. isi vidhi se shuddh vidyudvishleshit taanbe ke prati aanmapan karake sodiyam thayosalphet ka manakikaran karate haian.

bharamitiy aganan

isamean sikke ya mishradhatu ke tule hue pariman ko tanu salphoorik aur naitrik aml ke mishran mean vilin karate haian. yadi avashyak ho to mishradhatu ke poornat: vilin hone par vilayan ko chhan lete hai aur usaka tanookaran karake, usake aandar tula hua plaitinam gaanz or plaitinam tar rakhakar, baitari ke rrin tatha dhan dhruvoan se jo dakar vilayan ka vidyudvishleshan karate haian. vilayan ka taanba gaanz par sanchit hota hai. sanchay kriya poorn hone par gaanj ko pani aur ailakohal se dhone ke bad sookhakar taulate haian. gaanj ke bhar mean vaddhi se amapan ke liye lie hue sikke ya mishradhatu ke tule hue pariman mean taanbe ki matra jnat hoti hai, jisase taanbe ki pratishatata ki ganana ki jati hai. thumb|left|bharatiy ek rupaya (2002)

tin ka aganan

isamean mishradhatu ya sikke ke tule hue pariman ko tanu naitrik aml mean, avashyak hua to tapan dvara, vilin karate haian. mishradhatu ke poornataya vilin hone par vilayan ko garam dhatu patt par rakhakar kuchh saandr karake evan pun- tanu karake, phir se use garam dhatu patt par rakh dete haian, taki utmukt tin aanksaid niche baith jae. tin aauksaid mean philtar patr ki tho di-si lugadi milakar chhanate haian aur chhanit ko taanbe se mukt hone tak ek pratishat naitrik aml se achchhi tarah ghote haian. avakshep ko sukhane ke bad porsilen ki tuli huee moosha mean prajvalit karake thanda kar taulate haian. is prakar prapt tin aauksaid ke bhar se sikke ya mishradhatu mean tin ka pratishat maloom ho jata hai.

nikal ka aganan

yadi sikke ya mishradhatu mean taanba aur tin ho to use alag karane ke bad avashisht vilayan mean upasthit nikal ka bharamitiy aganan mimnalikhit prakar se kiya jata haian-

dai-methil glai aauksim-

lavan ke roop mean sikke ya mishradhatu ko upayukt riti se aml mean vilin kiya jata hai. vilayan ki uchit matra ko tanu karake tanu aimoniyam haidr aauksaid ke mishran se halka kshariy banate haian. vilayan ko garam karate haian aur garam vilayan mean dai-methil-glai-aauksim ka ailakohali vilayan adhikata ke sath milate haian, jisase nikal lal yaugik ke roop mean avakshipt ho jata hai. isake bad vilayan ko aimoniyam haidr aauksaid dvara spasht kshariy banakar, garam dhatupatt par jamane ke liye rakh chho date haian. isake bad lal yogik ko tauli huee chhidrit moosha mean chhanakar aur dhokar, bhar ke sthir hone tak 1200-1250 sean. tak garam karate haian. is prakar prapt lal yogik ke bhar se sikke ya mishradhatu mean nikal ke pratishat ki ganana karate haian. nikal mudra mean nikal kam se kam 99 pratishat rahana chahie. apadravyoan mean loha 0.2 pratishat, karban 0.6 pratishat aur gandhak 0.004 pratishat kshamy haian.thumb|300px|bharatiy 5 rupaye ka sikka (2002)

vidyudvishleshik aganan-

taanbe ke saman nikal ka bhi vaidyut aganan kiya ja sakata hai. sikke ya mishradhatu ke tule hue aansh se, yadi ho to taanba aur tin alag karake aur vilayan ko tivr aimoniyamay karake, usamean emoniyam salphet milate haian. jaisa taanbe ke vidyudvishleshik nirdharan ke aantargat vanit hai, sel ke rrinagr plaitinam gaanj par is vilayan ka sara nikal sanchit hota hai. is prakar sanchit nikal ke bhar se mishradhatu mean nikal ke pratishat ki ganana ki jati hai.

jaste ka aganan

mishradhatu ya sikke se taanba, nikal adi any dhatuoan ko alag karane ke bad use jaste ke lie amapit karate haian. any dhatuoan ko alag karane ke bad vilayan ki avashyak matra ko udasin karake usamean itana salphayoorik aml milate haian ki vilayan ki aantim amliy saandrata 0.1 narmal ho jay. vilayan mean haidrojan salphaid gais ki tivr dhara pravahit karate haian, jisase jiank salphaid avakshipt ho jata hai. avakshepan poora hone par vilayan ko tho di der ke lie rakh chho date haian aur phir use chhanakar avakshep ko pani se achchhi tarah dhote haian. avakshep ko sukhane ke bad tuli huee porsilen moosha mean savadhani ke sath jalate haian, jisase salphaid aauksaid mean badal jata hai. prapt jiank aauksid ke bhar se mishradhatu ya sikke mean jaste ke pratishat ki ganana kar lete haian.

bharatiy vidhi

thumb|300px|bharatiy 10 rupaye ka sikka (2008-09) yadyapi ab bharatiy sikkoan mean chaandi ka prayog poornat: samapt ho gaya hai aur san 1946 ke poorv jin sikkoan mean mukhy dhatu chaandi hoti thi, unamean chaandi ka sthan shuddh nikal ne le liya hai, phir bhi bharatiy takasaloan mean prayukt chaandi ke amapan ki vidhi ka ullekh kar dena avashyak hai. 1851 ee. mean kalakatta (adhunik kolakata) ki takasal mean chaandi ke amapan ki bharatiy vidhi ka avishkar hua. sikkoan aur dhatu mudraoan mean chaandi ka amapan karane ke liye shatadhik varshoan tak is vidhi ka prayog hua. any sabhi deshoan ki takasalean chaandi ke amapan ke liye ek matr ge-loosak ki vidhi ka prayog karati hai, jabaki bharat mean deshi vidhi ka prayog hota tha aur is dave ke sath ki bharatiy vidhi ge-loosak vidhi se adhik n sahi, usake barabar parishuddh parinam avashy deti hai.

bharatiy vidhi ka sankshipt varnan

dhatu mudra ya sikke ki nishchit matra lekar usake chaandi ko rajat kloraid ke roop mean avakshipt kar liya jata hai. rajat kloraid ke bhar se sikke ya dhatu mudra ki shuddhata sidhe hi jnat ho jati hai. amapan ke liye dhatu mudra ka pariman 18.821 gren nishchit hai, aur yadi yah dhatu mudra shuddh rajat ki bani ho to 25 gren rajat kloraid prapt hota hai. dhatu mudra ko khas akar prakar ki, ghise kaanch ki, datadar botal mean tanu naitrik aml mean vilin karate haian. vilayan poorn hone par use aur bhi tanu karake, usamean tanu haidroklorik aml milakar chaandi ko kloraid ke roop mean avakshipt kar lete haian. halor yantr mean halorane se kloraid asani se baith jata hai. at: yantr mean halorakar aur phir botal mean pani bharakar ek or rakh chho date haian. isake bad saiphan se adhiprishth drav savadhani se nikalate haian, jisase ki rajat kloraid n nikal jae, aur botal mean phir pani bharate haian. isake bad jalapoorit droni mean sthit vejakath pyale mean, botal ka muanh niche karake, sara kloraid ek sath ulat dete haian. phir pyale ke atirikt jal ko girakar, kaanch ki chh d se thapakakar, kloraid ko to dakar sukha lete haian. achchhi tarah sukhane par sara rajat kloraid ek tikiya ban jata hai. ise garam rahate hi chimati se uthakar amapan tula ke apaney pal de par rakhakar taulane ke liye plaitinamiridiyam ke batoan ka, jo bharatiy takasaloan ke liye hi bane hote haian, prayog hota hai. inamean '1000' aankit bat ka bhar 25 gren aur chhote bat anupat mean kam bhar ke hote haian. is prakar mishradhatu ka sanghatan, arthath‌ dhatu mudra mean chaandi ki shuddhata bina ganana ke maloom ho jati hai.

bharat mean takasalean

bharat mean kul char takasalean haian jo nimn haian-

1. bharat sarakar takasal, kolakata
2. bharat sarakar takasal, mumbee
3. bharat sarakar takasal, haidarabad
4. bharat sarakar takasal, noeda

ye takasalean desh bhar mean parichalit sikkoan ki dhalaee karati haian. bharat sarakar takasalean vistrit sevaean deti haian jisamean yojana se lekar utpadoan ke parisajja tak dhalaee prakriya ke pratyek star shamil haian. unnat praudyogiki ka prayog, nav pravartan, gunavatta tatha bharosemand supurdagi paddhatiyaan in takasaloan ki shakti ke kuchhek sanghatak haian. bharat sarakar takasaloan ne dhalaee ke kshetr mean mahatvapoorn sthan banaya hai- inaki dijain mean utkrishtata, kimati dhatuoan ki dhalaee mean visheshajnata tatha in sabase oopar, karigari ki lambi paranpara rahi hai. dijain mean vishvasaniyata svabhavik roop se shamil rahati hai aur vaiyaktik kary utpadan mean grahak ki santushti parilakshit hoti hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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