टोडा जनजाति

[[chitr:Toda-Ladies.jpg|thumb|250px|toda janajati ki mahilaean, nilagiri paha diyaan]] toda janajati dakshin bharat mean nilagiri paha diyoan ki ek pashupalak janajati hai. 1960 ke dashak mean inaki sankhya lagabhag 800 thi. jo ab behatar svasthy suvidhaoan ke karan tezi se badh rahi hai. toda bhasha dravi d parivar ki bhasha hai, kiantu usamean bad mean sabase zyada vikritiyaan aee.

avas

toda tin se lekar sat chhoti-chhoti jhop diyoan vali aisi bastiyoan mean rahate haian, jo charagah dhalanoan par door-door bikhari hoti haian. inaki jhop diyaan lak di ke dhaanchoan par kh di hoti hai tatha chhatean arddhabelanakar v kamanidar hoti haian.

paranpara

toda log apana paranparagat doodh ka dhandha aur baroo v baans ki vastuoan ka vinimay kar nilagiri ke any logoan, jaise badaga se anaj, kap da tatha kota se auzar v mitti ke bartan lete haian. toda shavayatra mean baja bajane ka kam karuanba namak vanavasi karate haian tatha yahi unhean any vanopajoan ki apoorti bhi karate haian. [[chitr:Toda-Stamp.jpeg|thumb|left|200px|toda janajati par dak tikat]]

pashupalak

toda janajati ka dharm unake lie sabase zyada mahattvapoorn bhaisoan ke ird-gird keandrit hai. doodh nikalane se lekar pashuoan ko namak, chara khilane aur dahi mathane, makkhan nikalane tatha mausam ke anusar charagahoan ke badalane tak, sari kriyaoan ke sath koee n koee dharmik anushthan ju da rahata hai. isake alava, gopalakoan ke purohitoan ke adesh tatha gaushalaoan ke purnanirman, aantyeshti sthaloan ki chhatoan ki marammat adi ke lie bhi anushthan hote hai. ye anushthan tatha vistrit aantyeshti kriyaean samajik sanpark ke aise avasar hote haian, jab samuday ke lie upayogi bhaiansoan ke prati sanket karate hue jatil kavyatmak git rache aur gae jate haian. [[chitr:Mullimunth-Toda-Temple.jpg|thumb|250px|mullimunth toda mandir, nilagiri paha diyaan]]

vivah

bahupati vivah samany hai; anek purushoan, samanyat: bhaiyoan ki ek hi patni ho sakati hai. jab bhi koee toda stri garbhavati hoti hai, usake patiyoan mean se koee ek use anushthanik roop se tir aur kaman ka khilauna bheant karata hai aur usake bachche ka samajik pita hone ki ghoshana karata hai.

khatare

toda charagahoan ki bahut si zamin hal hi mean any logoan dvara kheti ke lie le li gee hai aur usamean se b de hisse par vriksharopan bhi kiya ja chuka hai. isase bhaiansoan ki sankhya kam ho rahi hai, jisase toda sanskriti ko khatara utpann ho gaya hai. 20 vian sadi mean ek prithakh toda samuday ne (1960 mean 187 logoan ne) eesaee dharm apana liya.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh