डूरण्ड रेखा

doorand rekha (aangrezi: Durand Line) 1893 ee. mean hindukush mean sthapit sima rekha, jo afaganistan aur british bharat ke janajatiy kshetroan se unake prabhav vale kshetroan ko rekhaankit karati huee guzarati thi. adhunik kal mean yah rekha afaganistan aur pakistan ke bich ki sima rekha hai.

• is rekha ka nam sar m aaurtimer doorand, jinhoanne afaganistan ke amir abdur rahaman khaan ko ise sima rekha manane par razi kiya tha, ke nam par p da tha. sanbhavat: ise bharat-afagan sima samasya ka, shesh british kal ke lie samadhan kaha ja sakata hai.
• varsh 1849 mean panjab par qabza kar lene ke bad british sena ne betaratibi se nirdharit sikkh sima ko siandhu nadi ke pashchim ki taraf khisaka diya, jisase unake aur afaganoan ke bich ek aise kshetr ki patti rah gee, jisamean vibhinn pashto (pakhtoon) qabile rahate the. prashasan aur raksha ke saval par yah kshetr hamesha ek samasya bana raha. kuchh british, jo tikakar rahane mean yaqin rakhate the, siandhu ghati mean bas jana chahate the. kuchh adhunik vicharoan vale log qabul se gazani ke raste kandhar chale jana chahate the.
• doosare bharat-afagan yuddh (1878-1880 ee.) se adhunik soch valoan ka pal da halka ho gaya aur janajatiy kshetr mean vibhinn vargoan ka prabhav lagabhag barabar sa ho gaya. briten ne anek janajatiy yuddh jhelakar doorand rekha tak apratyaksh shasan dvara apana adhikar phaila liya. afaganoan ne apani taraf ke kshetroan mean koee badalav nahian kiya.
• 20vian shatabdi ke madhy mean rekha ke donoan or ke ilaqoan mean pakhtoonoan ka svadhinata aandolan chhi d gaya aur svatantr pakhtoonistan ki sthapana ho gee.
• varsh 1980 mean doorand rekha ke asapas ke ilaqoan mean lagabhag 75 lakh pakhtoon rah rahe the.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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