तुकाराम
tukaram
| |
| poora nam | sant tukaram |
| janm | nishchit tithi ajnat |
| janm bhoomi | pune zile ke aantargat 'dehoo' namak gram |
| mrityu | nishchit tithi ajnat |
| karm bhoomi | maharashtr |
| karm-kshetr | kavi |
| prasiddhi | bhakti aandolan ke ek pramukh stanbh |
| nagarikata | bharatiy |
| bahari k diyaan | adhikarik vebasait |
| inhean bhi dekhean | kavi soochi, sahityakar soochi |
tukaram (aangrezi: Tukaram) maharashtr ke ek mahanh sant aur kavi the. ve tatkalin bharat mean chale rahe 'bhakti aandolan' ke ek pramukh stanbh the. unhean 'tukoba' bhi kaha jata hai. inake janm adi ke vishay mean vidvanoan mean matabhed haian. tukaram ko chaitany namak sadhu ne 'ramkrishna hari' mantr ka svapn mean upadesh diya tha. isake uparaant inhoanne 17 varsh sansar ko saman roop se upadesh dene mean vyatit kie. tukaram ke mukh se samay-samay par sahaj roop se parisphutit hone vali 'abhang' vani ke atirikt inaki any koee vishesh sahityik kriti upalabdh nahian hai. apane jivan ke uttarardh mean inake dvara gae ge tatha usi kshan inake shishyoan dvara likhe ge lagabhag 4000 'abhang' aj upalabdh haian. tukaram ne apani sadhak avastha mean sant jnaneshvar aur namadev, in poorvakalin santoan ke granthoan ka gaharaee tatha shraddha se adhyayan kiya tha. in tinoan sant kaviyoan ke sahity mean ek hi adhyatm sootr piroya hua hai.
jivan parichay
tukaram ka janm maharashtr rajy ke pune zile ke aantargat 'dehoo' namak gram mean shake 1520; sanh 1598 mean hua tha. inake pita ka nam 'bolhoba' aur mata ka nam 'kanakaee' tha. tukaram ki janmatithi ke sanbandh mean vidvanoan mean matabhed hai tatha sabhi drishtiyoan se vichar karane par shake 1520 mean inaka janm hona hi many pratit hota hai. poorv ke athavean purush vishvanbhar baba se inake kul mean vitthal ki upasana barabar chali a rahi thi. inake kul ke sabhi log 'pandharapur' ki yatra (vari) ke liye niyamit roop se jate the.
vipattiyaan
dehoo gram ke mahajan hone ke karan tukaram ke kutumb ko pratishthit mana jata tha. inaki balyavastha mata 'kanakaee' v pita 'baheba' ki dekharekh mean atyant dular ke sath vyatit huee thi, kiantu jab ye pray: 18 varsh ke the, tabhi inake mata-pita ka svargavas ho gaya. isi samay desh mean hue bhishan akal ke karan inaki pratham patni v chhote balak ki bhookh ke karan t dapate hue mrityu ho gee. tukaram chahate to akal ke samay mean apani mahajani se aur bhi dhan adi ekatr kar sakate the, kiantu unhoanne aisa nahian kiya. vipattiyoan ki jvalaoan mean jhulase hue tukaram ka man prapanch se oob gaya.
sukhoan se virakti
tukaram saansarik sukhoan se virakt hote ja rahe the. inaki doosari patni 'jijabaee' dhani parivar ki putri aur b di hi karkasha svabhav ki thi. apani pahali patni aur putr ki mrityu ke bad tukaram kafi du:khi the. ab abhav aur pareshani ka bhayankar daur shuroo ho gaya tha. tukaram ka man vitthal ke bhajan gane mean lagata, jis karan unaki doosari patni din-rat tane deti thi. tukaram itane dhyan magn rahate the ki ek bar kisi ka saman bailaga di mean lad kar pahuanchane ja rahe the. pahuanchane par dekha ki ga di mean ladi boriyaan raste mean hi gayab ho gee haian. isi prakar dhan vasool karake vapas lautate samay ek garib brahman ki karun katha sunakar sara rupaya use de diya.[1]
mata-pita se viyog
tukaram ji satrah varsh ke the, tab unake vatsaly moorti pita shri bolhoba is duniya se uth ge, jinhoanne tukaram ji ko zamiandar banaya tha.
pita ne kiya sanchit dhan. jivan ki n paravah kar.
ki mahajani - pratha pradan. bojh uthaya kati-kandhoan par॥
jinaki chhatrachhaya mean sansar-tap se bache, vah saya hi hat gaya.
akasmath chhod ge pita. thi tab nahian koee chianta॥
tukaram ji atyant duahkhi hue. vah duahkh kam hone se pahale hi arthath pita ki maut ke ek varsh pashchath mata kanakaee ka svargavas hua. tukaram ji par duahkhoan ka pahad toot p da. maan ne ladale ke lie kya nahian kiya tha? usake bad atharah baras ki umr mean jyeshth bandhu savaji ki patni (bhavaj) chal basi. pahale se hi ghar-grihasthi mean savaji ka dhyan n tha. patni ki mrityu se ve ghar tyagakar tirthayatra ke lie nikal ge. jo ge, vapas laute hi nahian. parivar ke char sadasyoan ko unaka bichhoh sahana p da. jahaan kuchh kami n thi, vahaan apanoan ki, ek ek ki kami khalane lagi. tukaram ji ne sabr rakha. ve himmat n hare. udasinata, nirasha ke bavajood umr ki 20 sal ki avastha mean saphalata se ghar-grihasthi karane ka prayas karane lage. parantu kal ko yah bhi manjoor n tha. ek hi varsh mean sthitiyoan ne pratikool roop dharan kiya. dakkhin mean bada akal p da. mahabhayankar akal samay tha 1629 eesvi ka[2] deri se barasat huee. huee to ativrishti mean phasal bah gee. logoan ke man mean ummid ki kiran baki thi. par 1630 eesvi mean bilkul varsha n huee. charoan or hahakar mach gaya. anaj ki kimatean asaman chhoone lagian. hari ghas ke abhav mean anek prani maut ke ghat utare. ann ki kami saikadoan logoan ki maut ka karan bani. dhani parivar mitti chatane lage. durdasha ka pher phir bhi samapt n hua. sanh 1631 eesvi mean prakritik apattiyaan charam sima par kar geean. ativrishti tatha badh ki chapet se kuchh n bacha. akal tatha prakriti ka prakop lagatar tin sal jhelana p da. akal ki is durdasha ka varnan mahipati baba is tarah karate haian -
hua abhav, anaj-bij. log ath ser ko muanhataj॥
badal laute bina gire. ghas-abhav mean bail mare॥
bhishan akal ki chapet mean tukaram ji ka karobar, grihasthi samool nasht huee. pashudhan nasht hua, sahookari doobi, dhandha chaupat hua, samman, pratishtha ghat gee. aise mean pratham patni 'rakhamabaee' tatha ikalauta beta 'santoba' kal ke gras bane. amataur par akal ki sthiti sahookar aur vyapariyoan ke lie sunahara mauka hota hai. chijoan ka kritrim abhav nirman kar ve apani jebean bharate haian. par tukaramaji aise pattharadil nahian the. apana duahkh, durdasha bhoolakar ve akal piditoan ki seva mean, madad mean jut ge.[3]
abhang ki rachana
apani doosari patni ke vyavahar aur parivarik kalah se tang akar tukaram narayani nadi ke uttar mean 'manatirth parvat' par ja baithe aur bhagavat bhajan karane lage. isase ghabarakar patni ne devar ko bhejakar inhean ghar bulavaya aur apane tarike rahane ki chhoot de di. ab tukaram ne 'abhang' rachakar kirtan karana aranbh kar diya. isaka logoan par b da prabhav p da. kuchh log virodh bhi karane lage. kaha jata hai ki rameshvar bhatt namak ek kann d brahman ne inase kaha ki tum 'abhang' rachakar aur kirtan karake logoan ko vaidik dharm ke viruddh bahakate ho. tum yah kam band kar do. usane sant tukaram ko dehoo gaanv se nikalane ka bhi hukm jari karava diya. is par tukaram ne rameshvar bhatt se jakar kaha ki maian to vitth ji ki ajna se kavita karata hooan. ap kahate haian to maian yah kam band kar dooanga. yah kahate hue unhoanne svarachit abhangoan ka basta nadi mean duba diya. kintu 13 din bad logoan ne dekha ki jab tukaram dhyan mean baithe the, unaka basta sookha hi nadi ke oopar tair raha hai. yah sunakar rameshvar bhatt bhi unaka shishy ho gaya. abhang chhand mean rachit tukaram ke lagabhag 4000 pad prapt haian. inaka marathi janata ke hriday mean b da hi samman hai. log inaka path karate haian. inaki rachanaoan mean 'jnaneshvari' aur 'ekanami bhagavat' ki chhap dikhaee deti hai. kavy ki drishti se bhi ye rachanaean utkrisht koti ki mani jati haian.[1]
avastha
thumb|tukaram tukaram ka abhang vadmay atyant atmaparak hone ke karan usamean unake paramarthik jivan ka sanpoorn darshan hota hai. kautuanbik apattiyoan se trast ek samany vyakti kis prakar atmasakshatkari sant ban saka, isaka spasht roop tukaram ke abhangoan mean dikhalaee p data hai. unamean unake adhyatmik charitr ki sakar roop mean tin avasthaean dikhalaee p dati haian.
- pratham avastha
pratham sadhak avastha mean tukaram man mean kie kisi nishchayanusar sansar se nivrit tatha paramarth ki or pravrit dikhalaee p date haian.
- doosari avastha
doosari avastha mean eeshvar sakshatkar ke prayatn ko asaphal hote dekhakar tukaram atyadhik nirasha ki sthiti mean jivan yapan karane lage. unake dvara anubhoot is charam nairashy ka jo savistar chitran aanbhang vani mean hua haian usaki hridayavedhakata marathi bhasha mean sarvatha advitiy hai.
- tisari avastha
kiankartavyamoodhata ke aandhakar mean tukaram ji ki atma ko t dapanevali ghor tamasvini ka shighr hi aant hua aur atm sakshatkar ke soory se alokit tukaram brahmanand mean vibhor ho ge. unake adhyatmik jivanapath ki yah aantim evan chiravaanchhit saphalata ki avastha thi.
alochana
is prakar eeshvaraprapti ki sadhana poorn hone ke uparaant tukaram ke mukh se jo upadeshavani prakat huee vah atyant mahattvapoorn aur arthapoorn hai. svabhavat: spashtavadi hone ke karan inaki vani mean jo kathorata dikhalaee p dati hai, usake pichhe inaka pramukh uddeshy samaj se dushtoan ka nirdalan kar dharm ka sanrakshan karana hi tha. inhoanne sadaiv saty ka hi avalanban kiya aur kisi ki prasannata aur aprasannata ki or dhyan n dete hue dharmasanrankshan ke sath sath pakhandakhandan ka kary nirantar chalaya. dabhik sant, anubhavashoony pothipandit, durachari dharmaguru ityadi samajakantakoan ki unhoanne atyant tivr alochana ki hai. tukaram man se bhagyavadi the at: unake dvara chitrit manavi sansar ka chitr nirasha, viphalata aur udveg se ranga hua hai, tathapi unhoanne saansarikoan ke liye 'sansar ka tyag karo' is prakar ka upadesh kabhi nahian diya. inake upadesh ka yahi sar hai ki sansar ke kshanik sukh ki apeksha paramarth ke shashvat sukh ki prapti ke liye manav ka prayatn hona chahie.
kavy rachana
tukaram ki adhikaansh kavy rachana kaibal abhang chhand mean hi hai, tathapi unhoanne roopakatmak rachanaean bhi ki haian. sabhi roopak kavy ki drishti se utkrisht haian. inaki vani shrotaoan ke kan par p date hi unake hriday ko pak d lene ka adbhut samarthy rakhati hai. inake kavyoan mean alankaroan ka ya shabdachamatkar ka prachury nahian hai. inake abhang sootrabaddh hote haian. tho de shabdoan mean mahanh arthoan ko vyakt karane ka inaka kaushal marathi sahity mean advitiy hai. tukaram ki atmanishth abhangavani janasadharan ko bhi param priy lagati hai. isaka pramukh karan hai ki samany manav ke hriday mean udbhoot hone vale sukh, du:kh, asha, nirasha, rag, lobh adi ka prakatikaran isamean dikhalaee p data hai. jnaneshvar, namadev adi santoan ne bhagavat dharm ki pataka ko apane kandhoan par hi liya tha kiantu tukaram ne use apane jivanakal hi mean adhik ooanche sthan par phahara diya. unhoanne adhyatmajnan ko sulabh banaya tatha bhakti ka danka bajate hue abal vriddho ke liye sahaj sulabh sadhy aise bhakti marg ko adhik ujjval kar diya.
sant jnaneshvar dvara likhi gee 'jnaneshvari' tatha ekanath dvara likhit 'ekanathi bhagavat' ke barakari sanpradayavaloan ke pramukh dharm granth haian. is vaandmay ki chhap tukaram ke aanbhangoan par dikhalaee p dati haian. tukaram ne apani sadhak avastha mean in poorvakalin santoan ke granthoan ka gaharaee tatha shraddha se adhyayan kiya. in tinoan sant kaviyoan ke sahity mean ek hi adhyatm sootr piroya hua hai tatha tinoan ke paramarthik vicharoan ka aantarang bhi ekaroop hai. jnanadev ki sumadhur vani kavyalankar se mandit hai, ekanath ki bhasha vistrit hai, par tukaram ki vani sootrabaddh, alpakshar, ramaniy tatha marmabhedak haian.
prerana srot
tukaram keval varakari sanpraday ke hi shikhar nahian varanh duniyabhar ke sahity mean bhi unaki jagah asadharan hai. unake 'abhang' aangrezi bhasha mean bhi anuvadit hue haian. unaka kavy aur sahity yani ratnoan ka khazana hai. yahi vajah hai ki aj 400 sal bad bhi ve am adami ke man mean sidhe utarate haian. duniyadari nibhate hue ek am adami sant kaise ban gaya, sath hi kisi bhi jati ya dharm mean janm lekar utkat bhakti aur sadachar ke bal par atmavikas sadha ja sakata hai. yah vishvas am iansan ke man mean nirman karane vale the- sant tukaram yani tukoba. apane vicharoan, apane acharan aur apani vani se arthapoorn talamel sadhate apani ziandagi ko paripoorn karane vale tukoba janasamany ko hamesha kis prakar jina chahie, isaki sahi prerana pradan karate haian.[1]
ziandagi ke poorvarddh mean ae hadasoan se tukaram harakar nirash ho chuke the. ziandagi se unaka bharosa uth chuka tha. aise mean unhean kisi sahare ki behad zaroorat thi, laukik sahara to kisi ka tha nahian. isilie padurang par unhoanne apana sara bhar sauanp diya aur sadhana shuroo ki, jabaki us vakt unaka guru to koee bhi nahian tha. vitthal bhakti ki parapanra ka jatan karate namadev ki bhakti karate 'abhang' ki rachana ki. duniyadari se lagav chho dane ki bat bhale hi tukoba ne kahi ho, lekin duniyadari mat karo, aisa unhoanne kabhi nahian kaha. sach kaha jaye to kisi bhi sant ne duniyadari chho dane ki bat ki hi nahian. ulte sant namadev aur ekanath ne sahi vyavasthit tarike se duniyadari nibhaee. "adhi prapanch karava netaka" to samarth ramadas ne bhi kaha hai. duniyadari vah uchit karm hai, kartavy hai jise achchhi tarah se karana chahie, lekin use karate vakt auchity, vivek, samabhav rakhana hota hai. kahaan rukana hai, yah maloom hona chahie. bhakti bhi duniya mean rahate hue hi karana chahie. duniyadari ke lie tukoba kahate haian- "prapanch har iansan ko khud ko siddh karane ka ranaangan hai." isilie ve duniyadari ka svagat karate haian. nivritti ka arth nirasan karana hai, sukh v duahkh donoan ko saman manate jina.
tukaram ki gahari anubhav drishti behad gahare v eeshaparak rahi thi, jisake chalate unhean kuchh bhi kahane mean sankoch nahian tha ki unaki vani svayanbhoo, eeshvar ki vani hai. ve to mazadoor ki tarah ji rahe the. duniya mean koee bhi dikhavati chij nahian tikati. jhooth lanbe samay tak sanbhala nahian ja sakata. jhooth se sakht parahej rakhane vale tukoba ko sant namadev ka roop mana gaya hai. inaka samay 17vian sadi ke poorvarddh ka raha. ve samarth ramadas v chhatrapati shivaji ke samakalin the. inaka vyaktitv b da maulik v preranaspad hai. nimn varg mean janm lene ke bavajood ve kee shastrakaroan v samakalin santoan se bahut age the. ve dharm v adhyatm ke sakar vigrah the.[1]
dehavisarjan
tukaram ko 'chaitany' namak sadhu ne magh sudi 10 shake 1541 mean 'ramkrishna hari' mantr ka svapn mean upadesh diya. isake uparaant inhoanne 17 varsh sansar ko saman roop se upadesh dene mean vyatit kie. sachche vairagy tatha kshamashil aant:karan ke karan inaki nianda karane vale niandak bhi pashchatap karate hooe inake bhakt ban ge. is prakar 'bhagavat dharm' ka sabako upadesh karate v paramarth marg ko alokit karate hue adharm ka khandan karane vale tukaram ne phalgun badi (krishna) dvadashi, shake 1571 ko dehavisarjan kiya. inaka dehoo gram tirth mana jata hai aur prativarsh paanch din tak unaki nidhan tithi manaee jati hai.
granth path aur karmakaand se kahian door tukaram prem ke jarie adhyatmikata ki khoj ko mahatv dete the. unhoanne anaginat 'abhangoan' ki rachana ki thi. unaki kavitaoan ke aant mean likha hota tha ki- "tuka mane" yani "tuka ne kaha…". unaki rah par chalakar 'varakari sanpraday' bana, jisaka lakshy tha- samajaseva aur harisankirtan mandal. is sanpraday ke anuyayi sadaiv prabhu ka dhyan karate the. tukaram ne kitane 'abhang' likhe, inaka praman nahian milata, lekin marathi bhasha mean hazaroan 'abhang' to logoan ki juban par hi haian. pahala prakashit roop 1873 mean samane aya tha. is sankalan mean 4607 'abhang' sankalit kie ge the. sant tukaram bhale hi ab nahian haian, lekin unake likhe ge git aj bhi maharashtr mean poori bhakti ke sath gae jate haian. tukaram ne akele hi maharashtr mean 'bhakti aandolan' ko phailane mean aham bhoomika nibhaee thi.[4]
tukaram par film
thumb|260px|film tukaram maharashtr ke 'varakari sanpraday' ke log jab pandharapur ki yatra par jate haian, to "jnanoba maooli tukaram" ka hi jayaghosh karate hai. yah sthan sant tukaram ke marathi bhaktoan ke diloan mean basa hua hai. tukaram ke sant jivan par adharit pahali film vishnupant paganis ne 1940 ke dashak mean banayi thi. film ka nam tha- "sant tukaram". yah film marathi hi nahian balki bharatiy film jagath mean mil ka patthar sabit huee thi. kyoanki pratishthapoorn "kans films festivhal" mean ise sammananiy 'suvarn kamal padak' se puraskrit kiya gaya tha. yah puraskar pane vali yah pahali bharatiy film thi. maharashtr mean is film ne suvarn mahotsav poora kiya tha. is film ka prabhav itana adhik tha ki jab log film dekhane thiyetar mean jate to apane joote bahar utarakar jate the. film ka nirman karane vale vishnupant ko hi sant tukaram manakar log unaki pooja karate the. is film ke sattar sal bad phir se sant tukaram ke jivan charitr par adharit ek aur film marathi mean banaee gayi. is bich sirf ek bar aisa prayas kann d mean hua tha. is film ka nam tha- "bhakt tukaram". san 2012 mean chandrakaant kulakarni nirdeshit 'tukaram' film pradarshit huee. varsh 1940 ki film sant tukaram ke sant charitr par adharit thi tatha nayi film unake samany manushy se sant ke safar par adharit hai. isiliye kisi bhi film samikshak ne donoan filmoan ki tulana karana uchit nahian samajha. logoan ke man mean yahi shanka thi ki parade par isase pahale bhi "sant tukaram" a chuki hai, ab kulakarniji kya naya dikhane vale hai? film ko dekhakar aisa mahasoos hota hai ki nirdeshak jis uddeshy ko lekar yah film bana rahe the, vah unhoanne hasil kiya. sant tukaram ke janm se lekar sant jivan ka safar is film mean prabhavashali roop se prastut kiya gaya.[5]
film ki shurooat hi tukaram ke balajivan se hoti hai. unake mata-pita tatha bhaee savaji, kanha aur donoan patniyoan ka charitr bhi is film mean saraansh roop mean nazar ata hai. unake jivan par kin ghatanaoan ka asar hua tatha kin vyaktiyoan ka prabhav tha, yah sab batean nirdeshak ne bahut hi achchhi tarah se parade par dikhaeean. film tin ghante ki hone ke bavajood kahi par bhi, tham nahian jati. madhyaantar tak ki film tukaram ke vyavaharik jivan par adharit hai. isamean unake jivan ki sabhi ghatanayean filmaee gayi haian. yah keval ek manoranjan karane vali film nahian balki jivan ki kahani prastut karane vali film hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
bharatiy charit kosh |lekhak: liladhar sharma 'parvatiy' |prakashak: shiksha bharati, madarasa rod, kashmiri get, dilli |prishth sankhya: 358 |
Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "ab" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ shake 1550-51
- ↑ mata-pita se viyog- tukaram (hiandi) (e.es.pi) tukaram d aaut k aaum. abhigaman tithi: 22 march, 2013.
- ↑ sant tukaram-sant samaj ke shiromani (hindi). . abhigaman tithi: 24 march, 2013.
- ↑ tukaram (film)-jagadguru ka safar (hindi). . abhigaman tithi: 24 march, 2013.
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh