दास प्रथा
das pratha
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| vivaran | das pratha ke dvara pray: rrinagrast athava yuddhoan mean bandi hone vale vyaktiyoan ko das banaya jata tha. |
| any nam | dasata pratha, gulami pratha |
| shuruat | 'das pratha' ki shuruat kee sadiyoan pahale hi ho chuki thi. mana jata hai ki chin mean 18vian-12vian shatabdi eesa poorv 'gulami pratha' ka zikr milata hai. bharat ke prachin granth 'manusmriti' mean bhi das pratha ka ullekh kiya gaya hai. |
| pratibandh | san 1807 mean briten ne das pratha unmoolan qanoon ke tahat apane desh mean afriki gulamoan ki kharid-farokht par poori tarah se pabandi laga di. 1808 mean ameriki kaangres ne gulamoan ke ayat par pratibandh laga diya. varsh 1833 tak yah qanoon poore british samrajy mean lagoo kar diya. bharat mean british shasan ke samay 1843 ee. mean is pratha ko band karane ke lie ek adhiniyam parit kar diya gaya tha. |
| bandhua mazadoori | dakshin eshiya vishesh roop se bharat, pakistan aur nepal mean garibi se tang log gulam banane par majaboor hue. bharat mean bhi bandhua mazadoori ke taur par das pratha jari hai. halaanki sarakar ne varsh 1975 mean rashtrapati ke ek adhyadesh ke jarie bandhua mazadoor pratha par pratibandh laga diya tha, kiantu isake bavajood yah silasila aj bhi jari hai. |
| vishesh | ek riport ke anusar bharat mean sabase zyada tamilanadu mean 65 hazar 573 bandhua mazadooroan ki pahachan kar unhean mukt karaya gaya. karnatak mean 63 hazar 437 aur u disa mean 50 hazar 29 bandhua mazadooroan ko mukt karaya gaya. |
| any janakari | poori duniya mean aj bhi das pratha jaisi amanaviy pratha jari hai aur janavaroan ki tarah iansanoan ki kharid-farokht ki jati hai. in gulamoan se karakhanoan aur baganoan mean kam karaya jata hai. isake alava gulamoan ko veshyavriti ke lie majaboor bhi kiya jata hai. gulamoan mean b di tadad mean mahilaean aur bachche bhi shamil haian. |
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das pratha (aangrezi: Slavery) kafi purane samay se sirf bharat mean hi balki duniya ke kee deshoan mean vyapt rahi hai. manav samaj mean jitani bhi sansthaoan ka astitv raha hai unamean sabase bhayavah dasata ki pratha hai. yadyapi chauthi shatabdi ee. poo. mean bharat ke vishay mean megasthanij ne likha tha ki "bharatavarsh mean das pratha nahian hai", tathapi kautily ke 'arthashastr' tatha maury samrat ashok ke abhilekhoan mean prachin bharat mean 'das pratha' prachalit hone ke sanket upalabdh hote haian. das pratha ke dvara pray: rrinagrast athava yuddhoan mean bandi hone vale vyaktiyoan ko das banaya jata tha. phir bhi prachin bharat mean yoorop ki bhaanti das pratha n to vyapak thi aur n hi dasoan ke prati vaisa kroor vyavahar hota tha.
pratha ka prarambh
'das pratha' ki shuruat kee sadiyoan pahale hi ho chuki thi. mana jata hai ki chin mean 18vian-12vian shatabdi eesa poorv 'gulami pratha' ka zikr milata hai. bharat ke prachin granth 'manusmriti' mean bhi das pratha ka ullekh kiya gaya hai. ek riport ke anusar 650 eesvi se 1905 ee. ke dauran paune do karo d se zyada logoan ko islami samrajy mean becha gaya. 15vian shatabdi mean afrika ke log bhi is anaitik vyapar mean shamil ho ge. varsh 1867 mean qarib chhah karo d logoan ko bandhak banakar doosare deshoan mean gulam ke taur par bech diya gaya. bharat mean muslimoan ke shasan kal mean das pratha mean bahut vriddhi huee. yahaan tak ki dasoan ko napuansak tak bana dalane ki kroor pratha ka prarambh hua. yah pratha bharat mean british shasan sthapit ho jane ke uparant bhi yathesht dinoan tak chalati rahi.[1]
pratibandh
das pratha ke khilaf poori duniya mean avazean bhi buland hueean. san 1807 mean briten ne das pratha unmoolan qanoon ke tahat apane desh mean afriki gulamoan ki kharid-farokht par poori tarah se pabandi laga di. 1808 mean ameriki kaangres ne gulamoan ke ayat par pratibandh laga diya. varsh 1833 tak yah qanoon poore british samrajy mean lagoo kar diya. bharat british shasan ke samay 1843 ee. mean is pratha ko band karane ke lie ek adhiniyam parit kar diya gaya tha. yadyapi bharat mean bandhua mazadoori par pabandi lag chuki hai, kiantu phir bhi sachchaee yah hai ki aj bhi yah amanaviy pratha jari hai. badhate audyogikaran ne ise badhava diya hai. sath hi shram qanoonoan ke lachilepan ke karan bhi mazadooroan ke shoshan ka silasila jari hai. shikshit aur jagarook n hone ke karan is tabaqe ki taraf kisi ka dhyan nahian gaya. 'sanyukt rashtr sangh' ko aise shram qanoonoan ka sakhti se palan karavana chahie, jisase mazadooroan ko shoshan se nijat mil sake. sanyukt rashtr sangh aur manavadhikar jaise sangathanoan ko gulam pratha ke khilaf apani muhim ko aur tez karane ki avashyakata hai.thumb|left|250px|das pratha
iansanoan ki kharid-farokht
poori duniya mean aj bhi das pratha jaisi amanaviy pratha jari hai aur janavaroan ki tarah iansanoan ki kharid-farokht ki jati hai. in gulamoan se karakhanoan aur baganoan mean kam karaya jata hai. unase ghareloo kam bhi liya jata hai. isake alava gulamoan ko veshyavriti ke lie majaboor bhi kiya jata hai. gulamoan mean b di tadad mean mahilaean aur bachche bhi shamil haian. 'sanyukt rashtr sangh' ki ek riport ke anusar madak padarth aur hathiyaroan ke bad tisare sthan par manav taskari hai. ek any riport mean kaha gaya hai ki duniyabhar mean qarib paune tin karo d gulam haian. 'eanti slevari iantaraneshanal' ki paribhasha ke anusar vastuoan ki tarah iansanoan ka karobar, shramik ko behad kam ya bina mehanatane ke kam karana, unhean manasik ya sharirik taur par prata dit kar kam karana, unaki gatividhiyo par har vakt najar rakhana, gulami mana jata hai. 1857 mean 'sanyukt rashtr sammelan' gulami ki charam avastha "kisi par malikana hak jatane" ko manata hai. filahal dasata ki shreniyoan mean jabaran kam karana, bandhua mazadoori, yaun dasata, bachchoan ko jabarane sena mean bharti karana, kam umr mean ya jabaran hone vale vivah aur vanshanugat dasata shamil hai.[2]
sampoorn vishv ki samasya
das pratha aj lagabhag poore vishv ke lie samasya bani huee hai. amerika mean hi lagabhag 60 deshoan se lae ge karo doan log gulam ke taur par jindagi guzarane ko majaboor haian. brajil mean bhi lakhoan gulam haian. halaanki vahaan ke shram vibhag ke anusar in gulamoan ki tadad lagabhag pachas hazar hai aur har sal lagabhag sat hazar gulam yahaan lae jate haian. pashchimi yoorop mean bhi gulamoan ki tadad lakhoan mean hai. ek riport ke anusar varsh 2003 mean char lakh log avaidh taur par lae ge the. pashchimi afrika mean bhi b di tadad mean gulam haian, jinase baganoan aur udyogoan mean kam karaya jata hai. soviyat sangh ke bikharav ke bad roos aur poorvi yoorop mean gulami pratha ko badhava mila. poorvi aphrika ke desh soodan mean gulam pratha ko sarakar ki manyata mili huee hai. yahaan ashvet mahilaoan aur bachchoan se mazadoori karaee jati hai. yugaanda mean sarakar virodhi sangathan aur soodani sena mean bachchoan ki jabaran bharti ki jati hai. aphrika se doosare deshoan mean gulamoan ko le jane ke lie jahazoan ka istemal kiya jata tha. in jahazoan mean gulamoan ko janavaroan ki tarah thooansa jata tha. unhean kee-kee dinoan tak bhojan bhi nahian diya jata tha, taki sharirik aur manasik roop se ve buri tarah toot jaean aur bhagane ki koshish n karean. amanaviy halat mean kee gulamoan ki maut ho jati thi aur kee samudr mean kudakar apani jan de dete the. chin aur barma mean bhi gulamoan ki halat behad dayaniy hai. unase jabaran karakhanoan aur khetoan mean kam karaya jata hai. iandoneshiya, thailaiand, maleshiya aur filipians mean mahilaoan se veshyavriti karaee jati hai. unhean kha di deshoan mean veshyavriti ke lie becha jata hai.[2]
bharat mean das pratha
dakshin eshiya vishesh roop se bharat, pakistan aur nepal mean garibi se tang log gulam banane par majaboor hue. bharat mean bhi bandhua mazadoori ke taur par das pratha jari hai. halaanki sarakar ne varsh 1975 mean rashtrapati ke ek adhyadesh ke jarie bandhua mazadoor pratha par pratibandh laga diya tha, kiantu isake bavajood yah silasila aj bhi jari hai. yah kahana galat nahian hoga ki audyogikaran ke chalate isamean aur bhi izafa hi hua hai. sarakar bhi is bat ko manati hai ki desh mean bandhua mazadoori jari hai. bharat ke 'shram v rojagar mantralay' ki varshik riport ke anusar desh mean 19 pradeshoan se do lakh 86 hazar 612 bandhua mazadooroan ki pahachan ki gee aur unhean mukt karaya gaya. uttar pradesh ke 28 hazar 385 mean se keval 58 bandhua mazadooroan ko punarvasit kiya gaya, jabaki 18 rajyoan mean se ek bhi bandhua mazadoor ko punarvasit nahian kiya gaya.
keandriy sahayata
ek riport ke anusar bharat mean sabase zyada tamilanadu mean 65 hazar 573 bandhua mazadooroan ki pahachan kar unhean mukt karaya gaya. karnatak mean 63 hazar 437 aur u disa mean 50 hazar 29 bandhua mazadooroan ko mukt karaya gaya. riport mean yah bhi bataya gaya ki 19 rajyoan ko 68 karo d 68 lakh 42 hazar rupe ki keandriy sahayata muhaiya karaee gee, jisamean sabase zyada sahayata 16 karo d 61 lakh 66 hazar 94 rupe rajasthan ko die ge. isake bad 15 karo d 78 lakh 18 hazar rupe karnatak aur nau kara d tin lakh 34 hazar rupe u disa ko muhaiya karae ge. isi samayavadhi ke dauran sabase kam keandriy sahayata uttarakhand ko muhaiya karaee gee. uttar pradesh ko paanch lakh 80 hazar rupe ki keandriy sahayata di gee. isake alava arunachal pradesh, bihar, chhattisagadh, dilli, gujarat, hariyana, jharakhand, karnatak, madhy pradesh, maharashtr, manipur, u disa, panjab, rajasthan, tamilanadu, uttar pradesh aur uttarakhand ko 31 march, 2006 tak bandhua bachchoan ka sarvekshan karane, moolyaankan adhyayan karane aur jagarookata srijan karyakramoan ke lie char karo d 20 lakh rupe ki rashi di gee.[2]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ das pratha (hindi). . abhigaman tithi: 17 faravari, 2013.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 das pratha- duniya ki hat mean bikate iansan (hindi). . abhigaman tithi: 16 faravari, 2013.
sanbandhit lekh