देवनागरी लिपि की भूमिका -बाबूराम सक्सेना

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chitr:Icon-edit.gif yah lekh svatantr lekhan shreni ka lekh hai. is lekh mean prayukt samagri, jaise ki tathy, aank de, vichar, chitr adi ka, sanpoorn uttaradayitv is lekh ke lekhak/lekhakoan ka hai bharatakosh ka nahian.

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lekhak- d aau. babooram saksena

          devanagari lipi ka vikas prachin lipi brahmi se hua. brahmi lipi ke abhilekh eesa poorv chaturth shati tak ke milate haian. isake samakalin ek aur lipi thi jisako kharoshthi kahate haian. kharoshthi dahini or se bayian or chalati hai jabaki brahmi bayian or se dayian or. ye donoan lipiyaan bharat ki apani lipiyaan thian aur inaka vikas aur udgam shuddh bharatiy tha. kuchh yooropiy vidvanoan ka mat tha ki inaka udgam abharatiy prabhav par adharit hai kiantu isaka prativad pan. gaurishankar hirachand ojha ne kar diya tha aur unaki ukti ka khandan nahian ho saka. arabi urdoo lipi bhi dahini or se bayian or chalati hai kiantu kharoshthi lipi se isaka koee sanbandh nahian tha. brahmi aur kharoshthi ke atirikt siandhu ghati mean h dappa aur mohanajod do mean pae gaye abhilekh prayah eesa poorv 2700 varsh purane haian. isake atirikt kuchh aankan parvatoan ki guphaoan mean pae ge bharatiy adivasio ke rachit chitroan mean bhi milata hai. ye chitr 25000 varsh purane samajhe jate haian. is aankan ka bhi koee sanbadh ullikhit brahmi aur kharoshthi lipiyoan se nahian hai.
          brahmi ke do roop uttari aur dakkhini vikasit ho ge the. uttari roop mean doosaroan ke atirikt devanagari aur kutil lipi bhi vikasit huee. aj devanagari lipi sanskrit, hindi, nepali, marathi likhane ke lie prayukt ki jati hai. isamean svar aur vyanjan spasht roop se aankit hote haian. svaroan ka ek sankshipt roop bhi hota hai jisako bhasha kahate haian jab svar kisi vyanjan ke uparaant ata hai to ise matra roop mean aankit karate haian. udahanarth - ham likhate haian ‘aisa’ aur ‘kaisa’ pratham shabd mean ‘ai’ svar apane mool roop mean hai doosare mean apane matra roop mean. ye matraean vyanjan se pahale, bad ko, nieche aur oopar likhi jati haian- ukar, ookar, rrikar vyanjan ke niche aur ekar, aikar, okar aur aukar vyanjan ke oopar lagate haian. akar ki matra vyanjan ke bad rakhi jati hai. akar ki matra vyanjan ke roop mean hi shamil hoti hai aur isaka prayog any svararahit vyanjan roop mean sannihit rahata haiah jaise- katha, ras adi shabdo mean. vartaman devanagari lipi mean aankit varnoan mean kuchh vyanjan sanyog bhi sikhae jate haian aur ye haian ksh (kri + sh), tr (th + r), jh (j + tr), isake atirikt r ke kee roop haian jo aj bhi prachalit devanagari lipi mean milate haian. brahmi mean do vyanjano ke sanyog mean pratham vyanjan oopar tatha doosara usake niche likha jata tha. yah pratha devanagari me bhi paee jati hai visheshakar r ke sath kisi vyanjan ke sanyog me udaharanarth dharm, garha, mean reph m aur h ke oopar likha jata hai. r ka prachin roop hr tha jo hamean prem adi mean aankit milata hai. t varg vyanjanoan tatha hakar ke rake sath sanyog mean r ka prachalit roop ^ yah hai aur tr varg aur hakar apane poore roop mean aankit kie jate haian jisase bhram hota hai rakar svararahit roop mean aankit hai.
          lipi sudhar ki avashyakata ko dekhakar kee samitiyoan ne samay samay par vichar kiya tha. mahatma gaandhi ke nirdeshan par hindi sahity sammelan ne 1935 mean apane varshik adhiveshan mean lipi sudhar samiti niyukt ki thi. phir 1948 mean achary nareandr dev samiti bani. 1953 mean d aau. sanpoornanand ke nirdesh par vidvanoan ki ek samiti ne sujhae ge sudharoan ke prastavoan par vichar vimarsh kiya tha. isake poorv 1948 mean bharat sarakar ne hindi ashulipi (shart haiand) aur tankan (taip) par vichar vimarsh ke lie kaka kalelakar ji ki adhyakshata mean ek samiti banaee thi. devanagari lipi mean prachalit lekhan pranali in sab samitiyoan ke adhar par vikasit huee hai. siddhaant yah hai- lipi mean ek dhvani ko aankit karane ke lie ek hi varn hona chahie. is siddhaant par devanagari lipi hi bharatiy bhashaoan ko aankit karane mean savartha samarth hai aur vibhram ki koee guanjaish prayah nahian hi hai. isake vipari roman mean bhi tatha arabi (urdoo) mean yah yogyata nahian hai.
udaharanarth: roman lipi ka kabhi ai dhvani ka (kain) aur kabhi a (phadar) ko vyakt karata hai. n varn kabhi a (bat) aur kabhi u (put) ka uchcharan den hai. isi prakar urdoo ke te aur toy ‘t’ dhvani ka dyotan karate haian, se, sin aur svad ‘s’ dhvani ka tatha jal, je aur joy ‘j’ dhvani ko jatalate haian. arabi lipi mean likhi jane vali urdoo mean svaroan ke aankan ka yathesht aur asandigdh prabandh nahian hai. hamari devanagari lipi mean ye koee dosh nahian hai. isamean jo likha jata hai vahian padha jata hai. isi drishti se bharatiy bhashaoan ko aankit karane ke lie devanagari lipi sarvashreshth sarvatha yogy hai. koee 15 varsh poorv bharat sarakar ke shiksha vibhag ne sabhi rajy sarakaroan ko sipharish bheji thi ki devanagari lipi ko sabhi rajy apani apani pradeshik lipi ke atirikt svikar karean kiantu khed hai yah sipharish nahian mani gee. bhashaoan ki vibhinnata, lipi bhed se adhik upasthit hoti hai aur lipi ki ekaroopata se bhashaoan ki roop vibhinnata kam ho jati hai. bangala gujarati adi sanskrit se vikasit huee haian, hindi marathi or panjabi ki tarah sanskrit ke bahut se shabd tatsam tatha tatsam roop mean in sabhi bhashaoan mean prayukt hote haian. yadi lipi ek hi to yah shabd samanata in sabhi bhashaoan ko samajhane mean suvidha pradan karean. yoorop ki aangrezi, phreanch, purtagali adi bhashaean ek hi roman lipi me likhi jati haian. isi karan in bhashaoan ko bolane vale log in sabhi ko asani se padh or sikh lete haian.
          pro. sunitikumar chatarji ne roman lipi ki is prayog ki suvidha ko samajhakar prastav kiya tha ki ek iandoroman lipi hindi ke lie svikar ki jae aur hindi ke varnoan ke lie 26 varnoan ki roman lipi ko vishesh chinh lagakar upasthit kiya jae. unaka yah prastav pustak mean hi rah gaya aur kisi ne ise nahian mana. lipi ke sanbandh me ek moh sa janata ko hota hai aur usake oopar uthana sanbhav nahian hota. yadi devanagari lipi jo udgam aur vikas me sarvatha bharatiy hai aur any bharatiy lipiyoan se adhikatar milati julatian haian, bharatiy bhashaoan ki lipi svikar kar li jae to bharatiy janata ka b da upakar hoga. tabhi devanagari lipi vastavik rashtralipi hogi.

tika tippani aur sandarbh

sanbandhit lekh

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tritiy vishv hindi sammelan 1983
kramaank lekh ka nam lekhak
hindi aur samasik sanskriti
1. hindi sahity aur samasik sanskriti d aau. karn rajasheshagiri rav
2. hindi sahity mean samasik sanskriti ki sarjanatmak abhivyakti pro. kesarikumar
3. hindi sahity aur samasik sanskriti d aau. chandrakaant baandivadekar
4. hindi ki samasik evan saanskritik ekata d aau. jagadish gupt
5. rajabhasha: karyacharan aur samasik sanskriti d aau. en.es. dakshinamoorti
6. hindi ki akhil bharatiyata ka itihas pro. dineshvar prasad
7. hindi sahity mean samasik sanskriti d aau. muanshiram sharma
8. bharatiy vyaktitv ke sanshlesh ki bhasha d aau. raghuvansh
9. desh ki samasik sanskriti ki abhivyakti mean hindi ka yogadan d aau. rajakishor paandey
10. saanskritik samanvay ki prakriya aur hindi sahity shri rajeshvar gangavar
11. hindi sahity mean samasik sanskriti ke tattv d aau. shivanandan prasad
12. hindi:samasik sanskriti ki sanvahika shri shivasagar mishr
13. bharat ki samasik sanskririti aur hindi ka vikas d aau. haradev bahari
hindi ka vikasashil svaroop
14. hindi ka vikasashil svaroop d aau. anandaprakash dikshit
15. hindi ke vikas mean bhojapuri ka yogadan d aau. udayanarayan tivari
16. hindi ka vikasashil svaroop (shabdavali ke sandarbh mean) d aau. kailashachandr bhatiya
17. manak bhasha ki sankalpana aur hindi d aau. krishnakumar gosvami
18. rajabhasha ke roop mean hindi ka vikas, mahattv tatha prakash ki dishaean shri jayanarayan tivari
19. saanskritik bhasha ke roop mean hindi ka vikas d aau. trilochan paandey
20. hindi ka saralikaran achary deveandranath sharma
21. prashasanik hindi ka vikas d aau. narayanadatt palival
22. jan ki vikasashil bhasha hindi shri bhagavat jha azad
23. bharat ki bhashik ekata: paranpara aur hindi pro. manik goviand chaturvedi
24. hindi bhasha aur rashtriy ekikaran pro. ravindranath shrivastav
25. hindi ki sanvaidhanik sthiti aur usaka vikasashil svaroop pro. vijayendr snatak
devanagari lipi ki bhoomika
26. rashtriy aur aantarrashtriy sandarbh mean devanagari shri jivan nayak
27. devanagari pro. devishankar dvivedi
28. hindi mean lekhan sanbandhi ekaroopata ki samasya pro. p. ba. jain
29. devanagari lipi ki bhoomika d aau. babooram saksena
30. devanagari lipi (kashmiri bhasha ke sandarbh mean) d aau. mohanalal sar
31. rashtriy aur aantarrashtriy sandarbh mean devanagari lipi pan. rameshvaradayal dube
videshoan mean hindi
32. vishv ki hindi patr-patrikaean d aau. kamata kamalesh
33. videshoan mean hindi:prachar-prasar aur sthiti ke kuchh pahaloo pro. premasvaroop gupt
34. hindi ka ek apanaya-sa kshetr: sanyukt rajy d aau. ar. es. megregar
35. hindi bhasha ki bhoomika : vishv ke sandarbh mean shri rajendr avasthi
36. marishas ka hindi sahity d aau. lata
37. hindi ki bhavi aantarrashtriy bhoomika d aau. brajeshvar varma
38. aantarrashtriy sandarbh mean hindi pro. siddheshvar prasad
39. nepal mean hindi aur hindi sahity shri sooryanath gop
vividha
40. tulanatmak bharatiy sahity evan paddhati vijnan ka prashn d aau. iandranath chaudhuri
41. bharat ki bhasha samasya aur hindi d aau. kumar vimal
42. bharat ki rajabhasha niti shri krishnakumar shrivastav
43. videsh doorasanchar seva shri ke.si. katiyar
44. kashmir mean hindi : sthiti aur sanbhavanaean pro. chamanalal saproo
45. bharat ki rajabhasha niti aur usaka karyanvayan shri deveandracharan mishr
46. bhashayi samasya : ek rashtriy samadhan shri narmadeshvar chaturvedi
47. sanskrit-hindi kavyashastr mean upama ki sarvalankarabijata ka vichar d aau. mahendr madhukar
48. dvitiy vishv hindi sammelan : nirnay aur kriyanvayan shri rajamani tivari
49. vishv ki pramukh bhashaoan mean hindi ka sthan d aau. ramajilal jaangid
50. bharatiy adivasiyoan ki matribhasha tatha hindi se inaka samipy d aau. lakshmanaprasad sinha
51. maian lekhak nahian hooan shri vimal mitr
52. lokajnata sarvajnata (lokavartta vijnan ke sandarbh mean) d aau. haradvarilal sharma
53. desh ki ekata ka mool: hamari rashtrabhasha shri kshemachand ‘suman’
videshi sandarbh
54. marishas: sagar ke par laghu bharat shri es. bhuvaneshvar
55. amarika mean hindi -d aau. kerin shomar
56. lipaziang vishvavidyalay mean hindi d aau. (shrimati) marget gatslaf
57. jarmani sanghiy ganarajy mean hindi d aau. lothar lutse
58. soorinam desh aur hindi shri sooryaprasad bire
59. hindi ka aantarrashtriy pariprekshy shri bachchooprasad sianh
svaichchhik sanstha sandarbh
60. hindi ki svaichchhik sansthaean shri shankararav loandhe
61. rashtriy prachar samiti, vardha shri shankararav loandhe
sammelan sandarbh
62. pratham aur dvitiy vishv hindi sammelan: uddeshy evan upalabdhiyaan shri madhukararav chaudhari
smriti-shraddhaanjali
63. svargiy bharatiy sahityakaroan ko smriti-shraddhaanjali d aau. prabhakar machave


varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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