आंग्ल-अफ़ग़ान युद्ध द्वितीय
dvitiy aangl-afagan yuddh (1878-1880 ee.) tak l da gaya. yah yuddh vayasaray l aaurd litan pratham (1876-1880 ee.) ke shasan kal mean prarambh hua. is doosare yuddh mean vijay ke lie aangrezoan ko bhari qimat chukani p di. aangrez afaganistan par sthayi roop se qabza to nahian kar sake, lekin unhoanne usaki niti par niyantran banaye rakha aur sath hi afaganoan ko apani shakti aur sainy sangathan ka bhi parichay kara diya. dvitiy aangl-afagan yuddh do nitiyoan ki parasparik pratikriya ka parinam tha. ek niti, jise 'agrasar niti' (faravard palisi) kaha jata tha, isake anusar kandhar tatha qabul donoan british samrajy ke lie avashyak mane gaye. doosari niti ke anusar roos aur ianglaiand, jo poorv mean apane samrajy ka vistar karane ke karan ek doosare ke pratidvandvi the, donoan afaganistan ko apane prabhav ke aantargat rakhana chahate the.
roos ka prabhutv
yah yuddh vayasaray l aaurd litan pratham ke shasan kal se prarambh hokar aur usake uttaradhikari l aaurd ripan (1880-1884 ee.) ke shasan kal mean samapt hua. amir dost muhammad ki mrityu 1863 ee. mean ho gee thi aur usake betoan mean uttaradhikar ke lie yuddh shuroo ho gaya. uttaradhikar ka yah yuddh (1863-1868 ee.) paanch varsh tak chala. is bich bharat sarakar ne poorn nishkriyata ki niti ka palan kiya aur qabul ki gaddi ke pratidvandviyoan mean kisi ka paksh nahian liya. ant mean 1868 ee. mean jab dost mahammad ke tisare bete sherali ne qabul ki gaddi prapt kar li to bharat sarakar ne usako afaganistan ka amir man liya. lekin isi bich madhy eshiya mean roos ka prabhav bahut badh gaya. roos ne bukhara par 1866 mean, tashakand par 1867 mean aur samarakand par 1868 ee. mean adhikar kar liya. is prakar roos ka prabhutv badhata hi ja raha tha. madhy eshiya mean roos ka prabhav badhane se afaganistan aur bharat ki aangrez sarakar ko chinta ho gayi.
sherali aur meyo ki bheant
amir sherali madhy eshiya mean roos ke prabhav ko rokana chahata tha aur bharat ki aangrez sarakar afaganistan ko roosi prabhav se mukt rakhana chahati thi. in paristhitiyoan mean 1869 ee. mean panjab ke ambala nagar mean amir sherali aur bharat ke vayasaray l aaurd meyo (1869-1872 ee.) ki bheant huee. us samay amir aangrezoan ki yah maang man lene ke lie taiyar ho sakata tha ki vah apane vaideshik sanbandh mean aangrezoan ka niyantran svikar kar le aur roos ke viruddh usaki suraksha ki zimmedari le lean aur sahayata karean aur usako athava usake namajad vyaktiyoan ko hi afaganistan ka amir manean. ianglaiand ke nirdesh par british sarakar ne suraksha ki zimmedari lene ki bat nahian mani, yadyapi shastrastr aur dhan ki sahayata dene ka vachan diya. svabhavik roop se amir sherali ko bharat sarakar se samajhaute ki shartean santoshajanak nahian lagian. lekin 1873 ee. mean roosiyoan ne khiva par adhikar kar liya aur is prakar unaka badhav afaganistan ki or hone laga.
aangl-afaganistan sandhi prastav
roos ke is badhate prabhav aur in halatoan se chintit hokar amir sherali ne 1873 ee. mean vayasaray l aaurd narthabruk (1872-1876 ee.) ke samane 'aangl-afaganistan sandhi' ka prastav rakha, jisamean afaganistan ko yah ashvasan dena tha ki yadi roos athava usake sanrakshan mean koee rajy afaganistan par akraman kare to british sarakar afaganistan ki sahayata keval shastrastr aur dhan dekar hi nahian karegi varanh apani sena bhi vahaan par bhejegi. us samay ianglaiand mean glaidaston ka mantrimandal tha. usaki salah ke anusar l aaurd narthabruk is prastav par raji nahian hua. narthabruk is bat ke lie raji nahian hua ki amir sherali ke putr abdulla jan ko usaka varis manakar use bhavi amir man le. in batoan se sherali aangrezoan se naraj ho gaya aur usane roos se apane sambandh sudharane ke lie likha padhi shuroo kar di. roosi ejent jaldi-jaldi qabul ane lage.
aangrezoan ki niti
1874 ee. mean dizareli briten ka pradhanamantri bana aur 1877 ee. mean roos-turki yuddh shuroo ho gaya, jisase ianglaiand aur roos ke sambandhoan mean katuta utpann ho gee aur donoan mean kisi samay bhi yuddh chhi dane ki ashanka utpann ho gee. is halat mean aangrezoan ne afaganistan par apana mazaboot niyantran rakhane ka phaisala kiya, jisase afaganistan se hokar bharat mean aangrez rajy ke lie koee khatara n utpann ho. is niti ke parinamasvaroop aangrezoan ne kveta par 1877 ee. mean adhikar kar liya, kyoanki kandhar ke raste ki suraksha ke lie us par niyantran rakhana zaroori tha. l aaurd narthabruk ke uttaradhikari l aaurd litan pratham (1876-1880 ee.) ne dizareli mantrimandal ki salah se qabul darabar mean ek british pratinidhimandal bhejane ka nishchay kiya, jise 1873 ee. mean afaganistan ke amir dvara prastavit shartoan ke adhar par sandhi ki batachit shuroo karani thi. un shartoan ke alava yah shart bhi rakhi gayi ki herat mean bhi british rejident rakha jaye. lekin amir ne british pratinidhimandal qabul bhejane ka prastav svikar nahian kiya. usaki or se kaha gaya ki yadi afaganistan mean british pratinidhimandal ayega to roos ke pratinidhimandal ko bhi ane ki ijajat deni p degi.
dvitiy yuddh ki shuruat
is prakar is mamale mean gatirodh-sa utpann ho gaya. lekin amir ke pratibandh ke bavajood ek roosi pratinidhimandal janaral stolitaph ke netritv mean 1878 ee. mean afaganistan pahuancha aur usane amir sherali se 22 julaee, 1878 ee. ko sandhi ki batachit shuroo kar di. usane afaganistan par videshi hamala hone par roos ki or se suraksha ki garanti dene ka prastav rakha. roosi pratinidhimandal ke qabul mean hue svagat se l aaurd litan pratham bhayankar roop se kruddh ho gaya aur usane ianglaiand ki british sarakar ke paramarsh se afaganistan ke amir par is bat ka dabav dala ki vah qabul mean british pratinidhimandal ka bhi svagat ek nishchit tarikh 20 navambar, 1878 ee. ko kare. amir ne tab nayi sandhi ke aantargat roos se madad maangi. lekin is bich roos-turki yuddh samapt ho gaya tha aur yoorop mean shaanti sthapit ho gee thi aur ianglaiand aur roos ke bich 1878 ee. ki 'barlin ki sandhi' ho gee thi. roos ab ianglaiand se yuddh nahian karana chahata tha. isalie usane sherali ko aangrezoan se sulah karane ki salah di, lekin sherali ne ab sulah mean kafi der kar di thi, kyoanki aangrez sena ne 20 navambar ko afaganistan par hamala bol diya aur is prakar doosara aangl-afagan yuddh shuroo ho gaya.
aangrezoan ki saphalata
jis prakar pratham afagan yuddh (1838-1842 ee.) mean british bharatiy sena ko arambh mean saphalataean mili thian, is prakar is bar bhi milian. roos ke sath n dene ke karan sherali aangrezi akraman ka adhik pratirodh nahian kar saka. tin aangrezi senaoan ne tin or se qabul par chadhaee kar di. janaral braun ke netritv mean ek sena khaibar darre se, doosari sena janaral (bad mean l aaurd) rabarts ke netritv mean kurram ki ghati se aur tisari sena janaral bidalf ke netritv mean kveta se age badhi. chauthi british sena ne janaral stuart ke netritv mean kandhar par adhikar kar liya. sherali ki halat ek mahine mean hi itani patali ho gee ki vah afaganistan chho dakar turkistan bhag gaya, jahaan shighr hi usaki mrityu ho gayi.
gandamak ki sandhi
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sher ali ki mrityu ke bad usake bete yakoob khaan ne aangrezoan se sulah ki batachit chalayi aur mee, 1879 ee. mean 'gandamak ki sandhi' kar li. is sandhi mean aangrezoan ki sabhi shartean manjoor kar li geean. isake alava qabul mean british rajadootoan ko rakhana tay hua aur afaganistan ki vaideshik niti bharat ke vayasaray ki ray se tay karane ki bat bhi man li gee. kurram, pishin aur sibi ke zile bhi aangrezoan ko sauanp diye ge. 'gandamak ki sandhi' ke anusar pratham british rajadoot 'kaivaganari' julaee, 1879 ee. mean qabul pahuanch gaya.
afaganoan ka vidroh
kaivaganari ke qabul ane ke samay aisa maloom hota tha ki is yuddh mean aangrezoan ko poori saphalata mili hai. lekin 3 sitambar ko qabul ki afagan sena mean vidroh ho gaya, kaivaganari ki hatya kar di gee aur phir se l daee shuroo ho gayi. aangrezoan ne is bar tatkal prabhavashali dhang se karravahi ki. rabarts ne aktoobar, 1879 ee. mean qabul par adhikar kar liya aur amir yakoob khaan ki halat qaidi jaisi ho gee. usake bhaee ayoob khaan ne apane ko amir ghoshit kar diya aur usane julaee 1880 ee. mean british sena ko kandhar ke nikat bhaeeband ke yuddh mean parajit kar diya. lekin rabarts ek b di sena lekar qabul se kandhar pahuancha. sherali ke bhatije abdurrahaman ne bhi aangrezoan ki kafi madad ki aur british sena ne ayoob khaan ko poori tarah se hara diya.
yuddh ki samapti
isi bich ianglaiand mean dizareli ke sthan par glaidaston pradhanamantri ban gaya, jisane bharat ke vayasaray l aaurd litan ko vapas bulakar l aaurd ripan ko bharat ka vayasaray (1880-1884 ee.) banaya. naye vayasaray ne abdurrahaman ke sath sandhi karake doosara aangl-afagan yuddh samapt kar diya. is sandhi mean abdurrahaman khaan ko afaganistan ka amir man liya gaya. amir ne aangrezoan se varshik sahayata pane ke badale mean apani vaideshik niti par bharat sarakar ka niyantran svikar kar liya. 'gandamak ki sandhi' mean jo zile aangrezoan ko mile the, ve unake pas hi bane rahe.
samagr vishleshan
doosara aangl-afagan yuddh do nitiyoan ki parasparik pratikriya ka parinam tha. ek niti jise 'agrasar niti' (faravard palisi) kaha jata tha, usake anusar bharat ki, pashchimottar mean, prakritik sima hindookush honi chahie. is niti ke anusar bharat ke british samrajy mean kandhar aur qabul ko, jo bharat ke do dvar mane jate the, sammilit karana avashyak mana jata tha. doosari niti ke anusar roos aur ianglaiand, jo poorv mean apane samrajy ka vistar karane ke karan ek doosare ke pratidvandvi the, donoan afaganistan ko apane prabhav ke aantargat rakhana chahate the. ianglaiand mean vishesh roop se 'kanjaravetiv parti' ko afaganistan hokar bharat ki or roosi prasar ka tivr bhay tha. yadyapi yah bhay kabhi sakar nahian hua tathapi isane afaganistan ke prati british niti ko samoochi 19vian shatabdi bhar prabhavit kiya.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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