नगरीय बस्ती
tivr nagariy vikas ek nootan parighatana hai. kuchh samay poorv tak bahut hi kam bastiyaan kuchh hazar se adhik nivasiyoan vali thi. pratham nagariy basti landan nagar ki janasankhya lagabhag 1810 ee. tak 10 lakh ho gee thi. 1982 mean vishv mean qarib 175 nagar 10 lakh se adhik janasankhya vale the. 1800 mean vishv ki keval 3 pratishat janasankhya nagariy bastiyoan mean nivas karati thi jabaki vartaman samay mean 48 pratishat janasankhya nagaroan mean nivas karati hai. gramin bastiyoan ke viparit nagariy bastiyaan samanyat: sanhat aur vishal akar ki hoti haian. ye bastiyaan anek prakar ke akrishi, arthik aur prashasakiy prakaryoan mean sanlagn hoti haian. nagar apane charoan or ke kshetroan se prakaryatmak roop mean ju da hua hota hai. at: vastuoan aur sevaoan ka vinimay kee bar pratyaksh roop se aur kee bar mandi shaharoan aur nagaroan ki shrriankhala ke madhyam se sanpann hota hai. is prakar nagar gaanvoan se pratyaksh aur apratyaksh donoan prakar se ju de hote haian aur ve paraspar bhi ju de hue hote haian.
vishv mean nagariy janasankhya ka pratishat
varsh | pratishat |
---|---|
1800 | 3 |
1850 | 6 |
1900 | 14 |
1950 | 30 |
1982 | 37 |
2001 | 48 |
1991 ke anusar
1991 ki bharatiy janaganana mean nagariy basti ko is prakar paribhashit kiya hai. 'sabhi sthan jahaan nagarapalika, nigam, chhavani bord (kaiantonameant bord) ya adhisoochit nagariy kshetr samiti (notiphaid taun eriya kameti) ho evan kam se kam 5000 vyakti vahaan nivas karate hoan, 75 pratishat purush shramik gair krishi karyoan mean sanlagn hoan v janasankhya ka ghanatv 400 vyakti prati varg kilomitar ho, aise sthan ya kshetr ko nagariy basti kaheange'.
nagariy bastiyoan ka vargikaran
nagariy kshetroan ki paribhasha ek desh se doosare desh mean bhinn hai vargikaran ke kuchh samany adhar janasankhya ka akar, manushyoan dvara kie jane vale vyavasay evan prashasakiy dhaancha hai.
janasankhya ka akar
nagariy kshetroan ko paribhashit karane ke lie adhikatar deshoan ne isi mapadand ko apanaya hai. nagariy kshetr ki shreni mean ane ke lie janasankhya ke akar ki nichali sima kolanbiya mean 1500, arjeantaina evan purtagal mean 2000, sanyukt rajy amerika evan thaeelaiand mean 2500, bharat mean 5000 evan japan mean 30,000 vyakti haian. bharat mean janasankhya ke atirikt janasankhya ghanatv bhi 400 vyakti prativarg kilomitar hona chahie evan sath hi sath gair-krishi kary mean lagi janasankhya ko bhi dhyan mean rakha jata hai. vibhinn deshoan mean janasankhya ghanatv adhik ya kam hone ki sthiti mean ghanatv vala mapadand usi ke anuroop badha ya ghata diya jata hai. denamark, svidan evan pinalaiand mean 250 vyaktiyoan ki janasankhya vale sabhi kshetr nagariy kshetr kahalate haian. aisalaiand mean nagar hone ke lie nyoonatam janasankhya 300 manushy honi chahie jabaki kanada evan venejuela mean yah sankhya 1000 vyakti hai.
vyavasayik sanrachana
janasankhya ke akar ke atirikt kuchh deshoan mean jaise bharat mean pramukh arthik gatividhiyoan ko bhi nagariy bastiyaan nirdisht karane ke lie mapadand mana jata hai. isi prakar itali mean us basti ko nagariy kaha jata hai jisaki arthik roop se utpadak janasankhya ka 50 pratishat gair krishi karyoan mean sanlagn ho. bharat mean yah mapadand 75 pratishat ka rakha gaya hai.
prashasan
kuchh deshoan mean kisi basti ko nagariy basti mean vargikrit karane hetu prashasanik dhaanche ko mapadand mana jata hai. udaharan ke lie bharat mean kisi bhi akar ki bastiyoan ko nagar ke roop mean vargikrit kiya jata hai yadi vahaan nagarapalika, chhavani bord ya adhisoochit nagariy kshetr samiti hai. isi prakar laitin amerika ke desh brajil evan boliviya mean janasankhya akar ka dhyan nahian rakhate hue kisi bhi prashasakiy keandr ko nagariy keandr mana jata hai.
sthiti
nagariy keandroan ki sthiti unake dvara sanpann karyoan ke adhar par dekhi jati hai. udaharan ke taur par kisi avakash sairagah ki sthiti ke lie jo avashyak batean honi chahie vo audyogik nagar, sena nagar ya ek samudri pattan nagar ke lie avashyak sthitiyoan se bhinn hoti haian. samarik nagaroan ki sthiti aisi jagah ho jahaan ise prakritik suraksha mile; khanij nagaroan ke lie kshetr mean arthik drishtikon se upayogi khanijoan ka paya jana avashyak hai; audyogik nagaroan ke lie sthaniy shakti ke sadhan evan kachcha mal; paryatan keandr ke lie akarshak drishy ya samudihrak tat, aushadhiy jal vala jharana ya koee aitihasik avashesh; pattan ke lie potashray ka hona. prachin nagariy bastiyoan ki sthiti, jal, grih nirman samagri evan upajaoo bhoomi upalabdhata par nirbhar rahati thi. yadyapi vartaman mean bhi uparokt karakoan ka mahattv kam nahian hua hai phir bhi adhunik praudyogiki ke karan aise kshetroan mean bhi nagariy bastiyaan vikasit ho rahi haian jahaan uparokt suvidhaean n hoan. paipalain ke dvara jal door-door tak pahuanchaya ja sakata hai evan yatayat ke sadhanoan ke madhyam se grih nirman samagri bhi doorasth kshetroan se prapt ki ja sakati hai. nagaroan ke vistar mean sthan ke alava unaki sthiti bhi mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhati hai. jo nagar mahattvapoorn vyaparik marg ke nikat sthit haian unaka vikas tezi se hua hai.
nagariy kshetroan ke kary
prachin nagar, prashasan, vyapar, udyog, suraksha evan dharmik mahattv ke keandr hua karate the. vartaman samay mean suraksha tatha dharm ka karyatmak vibhedikaran ke roop mean mahattv ghata hai, parantu kee any kary is soochi mean ju d ge haian. ajakal kee ne kary jaise manoranjanatmak, yatayat, khanan, nirman, avasiy tatha sabase navin soochana praudyogiki adi kuchh vishisht nagaroan mean sanpann hote haian. inamean se kuchh karyoan ke lie nagariy keandroan ko samip ke gramin kshetroan se kisi bhi prakar ke adharabhoot sanbandhoan ki avashyakata nahian hoti hai.
bharat mean nagaroan ka vikas
bharat mean nagaroan ka abhyuday pragaitihasik kal se hua hai. yahaan tak ki siandhu ghati sabhyata ke yug mean bhi h dappa aur mohanajod do jaise nagar astitv mean the. isake bad ka samay nagaroan ke vikas ka sakshi hai. yah samay 18vian shatabdi mean yooropiyoan ke bharat ane tak avadhik utar-chadhavoan se bhara raha. vibhinn yugoan mean unake vikas ke adhar par bharatiy nagaroan ko is prakar vargikrit kiya ja sakata hai-
- prachin nagar
- madhyakalin nagar aur
- adhunik nagar.
prachin nagar
bharat mean 2000 se adhik varshoan ki aitihasik prishthabhoomi vale anek nagar haian. inamean se adhikaansh ka vikas dharmik athava saanskritik keandroan ke roop mean hua hai. varanasi inamean se sarvadhik mahattvapoorn nagar haian. prayag (ilahabad), pataliputr (patana), maduree desh mean prachin nagaroan ke kuchh any udaharan haian.
madhyakalin nagar
vartaman ke lagabhag 100 nagaroan ka itihas madhyakal se ju da hai. inamean se adhikaansh ka vikas rajava doan aur rajyoan ke mukhyalayoan ke roop mean hua. ye qila nagar haian jinaka nirman prachin nagaroan ke khandaharoan par hua hai. aise nagaroan mean dilli, haidarabad, jayapur, lakhanoo, agara aur nagapur mahattvapoorn haian.
adhunik nagar
aangrezoan aur any yooropiyoan ne bharat mean anek nagaroan ka vikas kiya. tatiy sthanoan par apane pair jamate hue unhoanne sarvapratham soorat, daman, goa, paandicheri ityadi jaise vyaparik pattan vikasit kie. aangrezoan ne tin mukhy mumbee (bambee), chennee (madras) aur kolakata (kalakatta) par apani pak d mazaboot ki aur unaka aangrezi shaili mean nirman kiya. apani prabhavita ko pratyaksh roop se athava rajava doan par niyantran ke madhyam se tezi se badhate hue unhoanne prashasanik keandroan, grishmakalin vishram sthaloan ke roop mean parvatiy nagaroan ko sthapit kiya aur unamean sivil, prashasanik aur sainy kshetroan ko jo da. 1850 ke bad adhunik udyogoan par adharit nagaroan ka bhi janm hua. jamashedapur isaka ek udaharan hai. svatantrata prapti ke pashchath, anek nagar prashasanik keandroan, jaise- chandigadh, bhuvaneshvar, gaandhinagar, disapur ityadi aur audyogik keandroan jaise durgapur, bhilaee, siandari, barauni ke roop mean vikasit hue. kuchh purane nagar mahanagaroan ke charoan or anushangi nagaroan ke roop mean vikasit hue jaise dilli ke charoan or gaziyabad, rohatak aur gu dagaanv ityadi. gramin kshetroan mean badhate nivesh ke sath poore desh mean b di sankhya mean madhyam aur chhote nagaroan ka vikas hua hai.
bharat mean nagarikaran
nagarikaran ke star ka map kul janasankhya mean nagariy janasankhya ke pratishat ke roop mean kiya jata hai. varsh 2001 mean bharat mean nagarikaran ka star 28 pratishat tha jo vikasit deshoan ki tulana mean kafi kam hai. 20vian shatabdi ke dauran nagariy janasankhya 11 guna badhi hai. nagariy keandroan ke vivardhan aur ne nagaroan ke avirbhav ne desh mean nagariy janasankhya ki vriddhi aur nagarikaran mean sarthak bhoomika nibhaee hai. kiantu nagarikaran ki vriddhi dar pichhale do dashakoan mean dhimi huee hai.
nagaroan ka prakaryatmak vargikaran
apani keandriy athava nodiy sthan ki bhoomika ke atirikt anek shahar aur nagar visheshikrit sevaoan ka nishpadan karate haian. kuchh shaharoan aur nagaroan ko kuchh nishchit prakaryoan mean vishishtata prapt hoti haian aur unhean kuchh vishisht kriyaoan, utpadanoan athava sevaoan ke lie jana jata hai. phir bhi pratyek shahar anek prakary karata hai. pramukh athava visheshikrit prakaryoan ke adhar par bharatiy nagaroan ko mote taur par nimnalikhit prakar se vargikrit kiya jata hai -
prashasan shahar aur nagar
uchchatar kram ke prashasanik mukhyalayoan vale shaharoan ko prashasan nagar kahate haian, jaise ki chandigadh, nee dilli, bhopal, shilaang, guvahati, ianphal, shrinagar, gaandhi nagar, jayapur, chennee ityadi.
audyogik nagar
muanbee, selam, koyanbatoor, modinagar, jamashedapur, hugali, bhilaee ityadi ke vikas ka pramukh abhiprerak bal udyogoan ka vikas raha hai.
parivahan nagar
ye pattan nagar jo mukhyat: ayat aur niryat karyoan mean sanlagn rahate haian, jaise- kaandala, kochchi, kojhikod, vishakhapatnam, ityadi athava aantarik parivahan ki dhuriyaan jaise dhuliya, mugalasaray, itarasi, katani ityadi ho sakate haian.
vanijyik nagar
vyapar aur vanijy mean vishishtata prapt shaharoan aur nagaroan ko is varg mean rakha jata hai. kolakata, saharanapur, satana ityadi kuchh udaharan haian.
khanan nagar
ye nagar khanij samriddh kshetroan mean vikasit hue haian jaise raniganj, jhariya, digaboee, aankaleshvar, siangarauli ityadi.
gairisan (chhavani) nagar
in nagaroan ka uday gairisan nagaroan ke roop mean hua hai, jaise aanbala, jalandhar, mahoo, babina, udhamapur ityadi.
dharmik aur saanskritik nagar
varanasi, mathura, amritasar, madurai, puri, ajamer, pushkar, tirupati, kurukshetr, haridvar, ujjain apane dharmik/saanskritik mahattv ke karan prasiddh hue.
shaikshik nagar
mukhy parisar nagaroan mean se kuchh nagar shiksha keandroan ke roop mean vikasit hue jaise ru daki, varanasi, aligadh, pilani, ilahabad.
paryatan nagar
nainital, masoori, shimala, pachamadhi, jodhapur, jaisalamer, udagamandalam (ooti), mauant aboo kuchh paryatan gantavy sthan haian. nagar apane prakaryoan mean sthir nahian hai unake gatishil svabhav ke karan prakaryoan mean parivartan ho jata hai.
visheshikrit nagar bhi mahanagar banane par bahuprakaryatmak ban jate haian jinamean udyog vyavasay, prashasan, parivahan ityadi mahattvapoorn ho jate haian. prakary itane aantargranthit ho jate haian ki nagar ko kisi vishesh prakary varg mean vargikrit nahian kiya ja sakata.
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