रामचन्द्र शुक्ल
| chitr:Disamb2.jpg ramachandr shukl | ek bahuvikalpi shabd hai any arthoan ke lie dekhean:- ramachandr shukl (bahuvikalpi) |
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ramachandr shukl
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| poora nam | achary ramachandr shukl |
| janm | 4 aktoobar, 1884 |
| janm bhoomi | agona, basti zila, uttar pradesh |
| mrityu | 1941 ee. |
| abhibhavak | pan. chandrabali shukl |
| karm bhoomi | varanasi |
| karm-kshetr | sahityakar, lekhak, nibandhakar |
| mukhy rachanaean | 'hindi sahity ka itihas', 'chiantamani', 'hindi shabd sagar', 'nagari pracharini patrika'. |
| vishay | yatravritt, sansmaran, nibandh |
| bhasha | hindi |
| vidyalay | mishan skool, kayasth pathashala intar k aaulej |
| nagarikata | bharatiy |
| sahityik aandolan | alochanaean, kavy mean rahasyavad, kavy mean abhivyanjanavad, ras mimaansa |
| inhean bhi dekhean | kavi soochi, sahityakar soochi |
ramachandr shukl (aangrezi: Ramchandra Shukla, janm- 4 aktoobar, 1884, basti zila, uttar pradesh; mrityu- 1941 ee. bharat) bisavian shatabdi ke hindi ke pramukh sahityakar the. unaki dvara likhi gee pustakoan mean hindi sahity ka itihas pramukh hai, jisaka hindi pathyakram ko nirdharit karane me pramukh sthan hai.
jivan parichay
ramachandr shukl ji ka janm basti zile ke agona namak gaanv mean sanh 1884 ee. mean hua tha. sanh 1888 ee. mean ve apane pita ke sath rath hamirapur gaye tatha vahian par vidyadhyayan prarambh kiya. sanh 1892 ee. mean unake pita ki niyukti mirzapur mean sadar qanoonago ke roop mean ho gee aur ve pita ke sath mirzapur a gaye.
shiksha
ramachandr shukl ji ke pita ne shiksha ke kshetr mean in par urdoo aur aangrezi padhane ke lie zor diya tatha pita ki aankh bachakar ve hindi bhi padhate rahe. sanh 1901 ee. mean unhoanne mishan skool se skool fainal ki pariksha uttirn ki tatha prayag ke kayasth pathashala intar k aaulej mean ef.e. (barahavian) padhane ke lie aye. ganit mean kamazor hone ke karan unhoanne shighr hi use chho dakar 'plidaraship' ki pariksha uttirn karani chahi, usamean bhi ve asaphal rahe. parantu in parikshaoan ki saphalata ya asaphalata se alag ve barabar sahity, manovijnan, itihas adi ke adhyayan mean lage rahe. mirzapur ke pandit kedaranath pathak, badari narayan chaudhari 'premaghan' ke sampark mean akar unake adhyayan-adhyavasay ko aur bal mila. yahian par unhoanne hindi, urdoo, sanskrit evan aangrezi ke sahity ka gahan anushilan prarambh kar diya tha, jisaka upayog ve age chal kar apane lekhan mean jamakar kar sake.
karyakshetr
mirzapur ke tatkalin kalaktar ne ramachandr shukl ko ek karyalay mean naukari bhi de di thi, par haid klark se unake svabhimani svabhav ki pati nahian. use unhoanne chho d diya. phir kuchh dinoan tak ramachandr shukl mirzapur ke mishan skool mean chitrakala ke adhyapak rahe. sanh 1909 se 1910 ee. ke lagabhag ve 'hindi shabd sagar' ke sampadan mean vaitanik sahayak ke roop mean kashi a gaye, yahian par kashi nagari pracharini sabha ke vibhinn karyoan ko karate hue unaki pratibha chamaki. 'nagari pracharini patrika' ka sampadan bhi unhoanne kuchh dinoan tak kiya tha. kosh ka kary samapt ho jane ke bad shukl ji ki niyukti kashi hindoo vishvavidyalay mean hindi ke adhyapak ke roop mean ho gee. vahaan se ek mahine ke lie ve alavar rajy mean bhi naukari ke liye ge, par ruchi ka kam n hone se pun: vishvavidyalay laut ae. sanh 1937 ee. mean kashi hindoo vishvavidyalay ke hindi vibhagadhyaksh niyukt hue evan is pad par rahate hue hi sanh 1941 ee. mean unaki shvas ke daure mean hriday gati band ho jane se mrityu ho gee.
rachanaean
anuvad
shukl ji ka sahityik vyaktitv vividh pakshoan vala hai. unhoanne apane sahityik jivan ke prarambh mean lekh likhe haian aur phir gambhir nibandhoan ka pranayan kiya hai, jo chintamani (do bhag) mean sankalit hai. unhoanne brajabhasha aur kh diboli mean phutakar kavitaean likhian tatha edavin arnald ke 'lait aauf eshiya' ka brajabhasha mean 'buddhacharit' ke nam se padyanuvad kiya. shukl ji ne manovijnan, itihas, sanskriti, shiksha evan vyavahar sambandhi lekhoan evan patrikaoan ke bhi anuvad kiye haian tatha josef edisan ke 'plejars aauf imejineshan' ka 'kalpana ka anand' nam se evan rakhal das vandyopadhyay ke 'shashaank' upanyas ka bhi hindi mean rochak anuvad kiya.
ramachandr shukl ne 'jayasi granthavali' tatha 'buddhacharit' ki bhoomika mean kramash: avadhi tatha brajabhasha ka bhasha-shastriy vivechan karate hue unaka svaroop bhi spasht kiya hai. anuvadak roop mean unhoanne 'shashaank' jaise shreshth upanyas ka anuvad kiya hai. anuvad ke roop mean unaki shakti ya nirbalata yah thi ki unhoanne apani pratibha ya adhyayan ke bal par unamean apekshit parivartan kar liye haian. 'shashaank' mool bangala mean du:khant hai, par unhoanne use sukhant bana diya hai. anuvadak ki is pravritti ko adarsh bhale hi n mana jaye, par usake vyaktitv ki shakti evan jivan ka pratik avashy mana ja sakata hai.
samikshaean
unhoanne saiddhantik samiksha par likha, jo unaki mrityu ke pashchath sankalit hokar 'ras mimaansa' nam ki pustak mean vidyaman hai tatha tulasi, jayasi ki granthavaliyoan evan 'bhramar gitasar' ki bhoomika mean lambi vyavaharik samikshaean likhian, jinamean se do 'gosvami tulasidas' tatha 'mahakavi sooradas' alag se pustak roop mean bhi upalabdh haian.
hindi sahity ka itihas
shukl ji ne hindi sahity ka itihas likha, jisamean kavy pravrittiyoan evan kaviyoan ka parichay bhi hai aur unaki samiksha bhi likhi hai. darshan ke kshetr mean bhi unaki 'vishv prapanch' pustak upalabdh hai. pustak yoan to 'ridal aauf di yunivars' ka anuvad hai, par usaki lambi bhoomika shukl ji ke dvara kiya gaya maulik prayas hai. is prakar shukl ji ne sahity mean vicharoan ke kshetr mean atyant mahatvapoorn kary kiya hai. is sampoorn lekhan mean bhi unaka sabase mahatvapoorn evan kalajayi roop samikshak, nibandh lekhak evan sahityik itihasakar ke roop mean prakat hua hai.
samikshak
nalinavilochan sharma ne apani pustak 'sahity ka itihas darshan' mean kaha hai ki shukl ji se b da samikshak sambhavat: us yug mean kisi bhi bharatiy bhasha mean nahian tha. yah bat vichar karane par saty pratit hoti hai, balki aisa lagata hai ki samikshak ke roop mean shukl ji ab bhi aparajey haian. apani samast simaoan ke bavazood unaka painapan, unaki gambhirata evan unake bahut se nishkarsh evan sthapanaean kisi bhi bhasha ke samiksha sahity ke lie garv ka vishay ban sakati hai.
apane 'hindi sahity ka itihas' mean svayan ramachandr shukl ji ne kaha hai, “is tritiy utthan (san 1918 ee. se) mean samalochana ka adarsh bhi badala. gun-dosh ke kathan ke age badhakar kaviyoan ki visheshataoan aur ant:pravritti ki chhanabin ki or bhi dhyan diya gaya”[1] kahana n hoga ki kaviyoan ki visheshataoan evan unaki ant:pravritti ki chhanabin ki or dhyan, sabase pahale shukl ji ne diya hai. is prakar hindi sahity ko apekshit dharatal dene mean sabase b da hath unaka hi raha hai. samikshak ke roop mean shukl ji par vichar karate hi ek tathy samane a jata hai, ki unhoanne apani paddhati ko yuganukool navin banaya tha. ras aur alankar adi ka prayog apane samikshatmak prayasoan mean shukl ji se pahale ke logoan ne bhi kiya tha, par unhoanne is siddhantoan ki, manovijnan ke alok mean evan pashchaty shaili par kuchh aisi abhinav vyakhya di ki ye siddhant samiksha se bahishkrit n hokar poori tarah svikar kar liye gaye. is prakar jahaan unhoanne ek or apani alochanaoan ka dhaancha bharatiy rahane diya hai, vahian par usaka bahy roop evan rachana-vidhan pashchim se liya hai. kabhi-kabhi to aisa lagata hai ki yah nirnay karana kathin hai ki unaki samiksha mean deshi aur videshi tatvoan ka mishran kis anupat mean hua hai. is sambandh mean unhoanne tulasi, soor ya jayasi jaise shreshth kaviyoan ki samikshaoan mean hi nahian, apane itihas mean chhote kaviyoan par bhi, utani hi saphalata se kiya hai.
manadand-nirdharan
ramachandr shukl ke samikshak-vyaktitv ki doosari visheshata ya mahanata hai ki unhoanne manadand-nirdharan aur unaka prayog donoan kary ek sath kie haian tatha is dohare kary mean kathani aur karani ka antaral kahian bhi upalabdh nahian hota, balki yoan kahean ki apane manovikaroan vale nibandhoan mean jivan, sahity aur bhavoan ke madhy jo sambandh dekha tha, usi ke adhar par unhoanne apani samiksha ke manadand nirdharit kiye evan in siddhantoan ka vyavaharik upayog unhoanne phir kiya. siddhant evan vyavahar ke madhy aisi sangit shreshthatam alochakoan mean hi prapt hoti hai.
mahatvapoorn visheshata
unaki ek any mahatvapoorn visheshata samasamayik kavy chintan sambandhi jagarookata hai. unhoanne jin sahity-mimaansakoan evan rachanakaroan ko uddhrit kiya hai, unamean se adhikaansh ko aj bhi hindi ke tamam achary aur svanam dhany alochak nahian padhate. sambhavat: ramachandr shukl un prarambhik vyaktiyoan mean hoange, jinhoanne iliyat aur kamiangj jaise rachanakaroan ka bharatavarsh mean pahali bar ullekh kiya hai. 1935 ee. mean indaur ke hindi sahity sammelan ki sahity parishadh ke adhyaksh pad se diya gaya bhashan 'kavy mean abhivyanjanavad'[2] mean is jagarookata ke sambandh mean sabase adhik darshan hote haian. unhoanne je.es. flint ki charcha ki hai tatha herald munaro ki tarif ki hai tatha kailiforniya yunivarsiti ke adhyapakoan dvara likhit sady: prakashit alochanatmak nibandhoan ke sangrah ke uddharan diye haian.
is prasang mean yah ullekhaniy hai ki pahali bar hindi mean shukl ji ne samajik manovaijnanik adhar par kisi kavi ki vivechana karake alochana ko ek vyaktitv pradan kiya, use j d se gatishil kiya. ek or unhoanne samajik sandarbh ko mahatv pradan kiya evan doosari or rachanakar ki vyaktigat man:sthiti ka havala diya. shukl ji ke vyaktitv ka ek gun yah bhi hai ki ve shruti nahian, muni-marg ke anuyayi the. kisi bhi mat, vichar ya siddhant ko unhoanne bina apane vivek ki kasauti par kase svikar nahian kiya. yadi unaki buddhi ko vah thik nahian jancha, to usake pratyakhyan mean tanik bhi moh nahian dikhaya. isi vishvas ke karan ve kroche, ravindr, kuntak, blek ya spingarn ki tikhi samiksha kar sake the.
alochana ke kshetr mean unhoanne sadaiv lok-sangrah ki bhoomika par kavy ko parakhana chaha tatha lokasangrah sambandhi dharana mean unaki madhyavargiy tatha kuchh madhyayugin naitikata evan sthool adarshavad ka bhi mishran tha. is karan unaki alochana yatr-tatr skhalit bhi huee hai. shukl ji ne apane samikshadarsh mean 'ek ki anubhooti ko doosare tak pahuanchaya' kavy ka lakshy mana hai tatha is preshan ke dvara manushy ki sajivata ke praman manovikaroan ko parishkrit karake unake upayukt alamban lane mean usaki sarthakata aur siddhi dekhi hai. kavi ki anubhooti ko sampoorn vishv mean vyapt samajhane ke karan unhoanne kavikarm ke lie yah mahatvapoorn mana ki “vah pratyek manav sthiti mean apane ko dhalakar usake anuroop bhav ka anubhav kare”. is kasauti ki hi agali parinati hai ki aisi bhavadashaoan ke lie adhik avakash hone ke karan unhoanne mahakavy ko khand-kavy ya muktak-kavy ki apeksha adhik mahatvapoorn svikar kiya. kuchh isi karan 'romantik', 'rahasyatmak' ya 'lirikal' sanvedana vale kavy ko ve utani sahanubhooti nahian de sake haian.
sadharanikaran
shukl ji asadharan vastu yojana athava jnanatit dashaoan ke chitran ke pakshapati bhi isilie nahian the ki unase preshaniyata mean badha pahuanchati hai. is siddhant ke svikaran ke phalasvaroop sadharanikaran ke sambandh mean kuchh nayi vyakhya dete hue unhoanne 'alambanatv dharm ka sadharanikaran' mana. yah unake svatantr kavy-chintan tatha apane adhyayan (vishesh roop se tulasi ke adhyayan) ke dvara prapt nishkarsh ka parichayak bhi hai. apani klasikal ras drishti ke karan hi unhoanne kavy mean kalpana ko adhik mahatv nahian diya. anubhooti prasoot bhavukata unhean svikary thi, kalpana prasoot nahian. is dharana ke karan hi ve chhayavad jaise kavyandolanoan ko uchit mooly nahian de sake. isi karan shuddh chamatkar evan alankar vaichitry ko bhi unhoanne nimn koti pradan ki. alankar ko unhoanne varnan pranali matr mana. unake anusar alankar ka kam “vastu nirdesh” nahian hai. isi prasang mean yah bhi ullekhaniy hai ki unhoanne lakshanikata, aupacharikata adi ko alankar se bhinn shailitatv ke aantargat mana hai. kavy shaili ke kshetr mean unaki sarvadhik mahatvapoorn sthapana 'bimb grahan' ki shreshth manane sambandhi hai, vaise hi jaise kavy vastu ke kshetr mean prakriti chitranasambandhi vishesh agrah unaki apani den hai.
bhavayog
shukl ne kavy ko karmayog evan jnanayog ke samakaksh rakhate hue 'bhavayog' kaha, jo manushy ke hriday ko muktavastha mean pahuanchata hai. kavy ko 'manoranjan' ke halke-phulke uddeshy se hatakar is gambhir dayitv ko sauanpane mean unaki maulik evan achary drishti drashtavy hai. ve “kavita ko shesh srishti ke sath ragatmak sambandh” sthapit karane vala sadhan manate haian, vastut: kavy ko shakti ke shil-vikas ka mahatvapoorn evan shreshthatam sadhan unhoanne mana.
sarvaangin vichar
navin sahity roopoan evan charitravidhan ki nayi paripatiyoan ke karan unhoanne apane ras-siddhant mean keval sadharanikaran ka hi naye sire se vivechan nahian kiya, sath hi “rasatmak bodh ke vividh roopoan” ki charcha karate hue apekshakrit hinatar ras-dashaoan ya 'shil-vaichitry' bodh ka vichar kiya hai. varny-vishay ki drishti se bhi unhoanne 'siddhavastha' aur 'sadhanavastha' ki drishti se vibhajan kiya hai. kavy ke atirikt unhoanne apane sahity mean nibandh, natak, kahani, upanyas adi sahityaroopoan ke svaroop par bhi sankshipt, par mahatvapoorn sarvagin vichar prakat kiye haian.
samiksha-drishti ki sambhavanaean
shukl ji ki samiksha ka moolasvar yadyapi vyakhyatmak hai, par avashyakata p dane par unhoanne akalanasambandhi nirnay lene mean sahas ki kami nahian dikhaee hai. isaka sabase b da praman unake itihas ka adhunik kal se sambandhit aansh hai. yah avashy hai ki in nirnayoan ya vyakhyaoan mean unake vaiyaktik evan vargagat agrah tatha us yug tak ki itihas drishti ki simaean thian. vastut: shukl ji samiksha ke pratham uthan ke charam vikas the aur age jin logoan ne unaka anugaman kiya, ve vahian mahatvapoorn hue. shuklaji ki samiksha-drishti ki sambhavanaean bahut vikasashil nahian thian.
sahityik itihas lekhak
ramachandr shukl hindi ke pratham sahityik itihas lekhak haian, jinhoanne matr kavi-vritt-sangrah se age badhakar, “shikshit janata ki jin-jin pravrittiyoan ke anusar hamare sahity ke svaroop mean jo-jo parivartan hote aye haian, jin-jin prabhavoan ki prerana se kavyadhara ki bhinn-bhinn shakhaean phootati rahi haian, un sabake samyak niroopan tatha unaki drishti se kiye hue susangathit kal vibhag” ki or dhyan diya.[3] is prakar unhoanne sahity ko shikshit janata ke sath sambaddh kiya aur unaka itihas keval kavi-jivani ya “dhile sootr mean guanthi alochanaoan” se age badhakar samajik-rajanitik paristhitiyoan se sankalit ho utha. vah kavi matr vyakti n rahakar, paristhitiyoan ke sath abaddh hokar jati ke kary-kalap ko bhi soochit karane lage. isake atirikt unhoanne samany pravrittiyoan ke adhar par kalavibhajan aur un yugoan ka namakaran kiya. is pravritti-samy evan yug ke anusar kaviyoan ko samudayoan mean rakhakar unhoanne “samoohik prabhav ki or” dhyan akarshit kiya. vastut: unaka samikshak roop yahaan par bhi ubhar aya hai, aur unaki rasik drishti kaviyoan ke kavy samarthy ke udghatan mean adhik pravritt huee haian, tathyoan ki khojabin ki or kam. yoan sahityik pravah ke utthan-patan ka nirdharan unhoanne apani lok-sangrah vali kasauti par karana chaha hai, par unaki itihas drishti nirmal nahian thi. yah us samay tak ki prabuddh varg ki itihas sambandhi chetana ki sima bhi thi. shighr hi yug aur kaviyoan ke kary-karan sambandh ki asangatiyaan samane ane lagian. jaise ki bhaktikal ke udabhavasambandhi unaki dharana bahut shighr ayatharth siddh huee. vastut: sahity ko shikshit jan nahian, samany jan-chetana ke sath sambaddh karane ki avashyakata thi. unaka ausatavad ka siddhant bhi avaijnanik hai. is avaijnanik siddhant ke karan hi unhean kaviyoan ka ek phootakal khata bhi kholana p da tha. yadi ve yugoan ke vividh antarvirodhoan ko prabhavit kar sake hote to aisi asangatiyaan n atian.
nibandhakar
ramachandr shukl ka tisara mahatvapoorn vyaktitv nibandhakar ka hai. unake nibandhoan ke sambandh mean bahudha yah prashn uthaya gaya hai ki ve vishayapradhan nibandhakar haian ya vyaktipradhan. vastut: unake nibangh atmavyanjak ya bhavatmak to kisi prakar bhi nahian kahe ja sakate haan itana avashy hai ki bich-bich mean atmaparak aansh a gaye haian. par aise aansh itane kam haian ki unako praman nahian mana ja sakata. unake nibandh atyant gahare roop mean bauddhik evan vishayanishth haian. unhean ham lalit nibandh ki koti mean nahian rakh sakate. par in nibandhoan mean jo gambhirata, vivechan mean jo pandity evan tarkikata tatha shaili mean jo kasav milata hai, vah inhean abhootapoorv dipti de deta hai. vasvat mean nibandhoan ke kshetr mean shukl ji ki parampara hindi mean barabar chalati ja rahi hai. ise yoan bhi kaha ja sakata hai ki unake nibandhoan ke alokapuanj ke samaksh kuchh dinoan ke lie lanlit bhavatmak nibandhoan ka pranayan ekadam viral ho gaya. unake mahatvapoorn nibandhoan ko manovikar sambandhi, saiddhantik samiksha sambandhi evan vyavaharik samiksha sambandhi tin bhagoan mean baanta ja sakata hai. yadyapi inamean antarik sambandh sootr bana rahata hai. inamean bhi pratham prakar ke nibandh shukl ji ke mahattam lekhan ke aantargat parigananiy haian.
mrityu
sanh 1937 ee. mean banaras hindoo vishvavidyalay ke hindi vibhagadhyaksh ke pad par rahate hue hi sanh 1941 ee. mean unaki shvas ke daure mean hriday gati band ho jane se mrityu ho gee. sahityik itihas lekhak ke roop mean unaka sthan hindi mean atyant gauravapoorn hai, nibandhakar ke roop mean ve kisi bhi bhasha ke lie garv ke vishay ho sakate haian tatha samikshak ke roop mean to ve hindi mean apratim haian.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
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