पक्षी

pakshi (aangrezi:Bird) ridhadhari jantuoan ka ek varg hai, jisamean ek hazar prajatiyaan paee jati haian. pakshiyoan ki sharirik rachana u dane ke lie vishesh roop se upayukt hoti hai. pakshi ko sankshep mean 'parayukt dvipad' kahate haian. pakshiyoan ka sharir komal paroan se dhaka rahata hai, lekin yah asanvahi hote haian aur sharir ki garmi ko bahar nahian nikalane dete. pakshiyoan ki age ki taangean pankhoan mean parivartit hokar pakshiyoan ko u dane mean madad karati haian. is karan inhean do taang vale, arthath‌ dvipad jantu kahate haian. inaki pichhali taangoan mean se pratyek mean char nakharayukt padaanguliyaan hoti haian. inaki taangean shalkoan se dhaki rahati haian aur vibhinn prakar ke pakshiyoan mean parivartit hokar chalane, dau dane, phudakane, daloan par baithane tatha pani mean tairane ke lie upayukt hoti haian.

sharirik rachana

pakshiyoan ke sharir par tap sthir rahata hai aur is par vatavaran ke tap ka koee asar nahian p data, arthath ye ushnaraktiy athava alpatapajivi jantu haian. inake sharir ka tap (38° se 44° seantigred tak) any sabhi jantuoan ke tap ki apeksha adhik hota hai. inaka sir gol, gardan lanbi aur pooanchh chhoti hoti hai. jab de dantavihin aur choanch ke roop mean rahate haian, jo shalki chhad se dhanke rahate haian. choanch se ye sabhi kam karate haian. ye aandaj hote haian.

pakshiyoan ki u dan

pakshiyoan mean u dane ki shakti inaki sabase b di visheshata hai. shuturamurg, emoo, kivi, rih adi dau dane vale pakshi haian. ye u d nahian sakate. peangvin pani mean tairane vale pakshi haian. ye apani u dane ki shakti kho chuke haian. in pakshiyoan ke pankh chhote hote haian aur dau date ya tairate samay keval sharir ka santulan qayam rakhate haian. inake atirikt any sabhi pakshi u d sakate haian. u dane vali chi diyoan ki sharirik rachana u dane ke lie vishesh roop se upayukt hoti hai. inaka sharir naukakar hota hai, jisase hava mean u date samay rukavat kam ho. inake pankh shaktishali, lachile tatha halake hote haian. pankh ke vaksh ke oopari bhag se ju de rahane, pheph de tatha vayusyoonikaoan adi halake aangoan ka sharir ke oopari bhag mean sthit hone aur maansapeshiyoan, urosthi tatha aharanal adi bhari aangoan ke sharir ke nichale bhag mean sthit hone se sharir ka gurutvakarshan keandr madhy mean rahata hai. isase sharir ka santulan qayam rahata hai aur sharir ulatane nahian pata. u dane vali chi diyoan mean u dan peshiyaan, vishesh roop se aans peshiyaan bahut b di hoti haian. aansapeshiyaan ek or urosthi ke pathan se aur doosari or pankh se ju di rahati haian. in peshiyoan se pankh mean gati hoti hai aur chi diyoan ko u dane ke lie shakti milati haian. in peshiyoan ke ati vikasit hone ke karan hi chi diyaan u dane mean thakatian nahian haian.

prakram

pakshi pankhoan ke balashali nyaghat ke karan u data hai. nyaghat mean jab pankh oopar se niche ki or ata hai to hava par dabav badh jata hai. is badhe hue dabav ke karan pakshi oopar uth jata hai. yah isalie sanbhav hota hai ki nyaghat ke samay pankh ke sabhi par apas mean milakar ek aisi avirat satah banate haian jo vayuruddh hoti hai. udadhat ke samay pankh ke par ek doosare se alag ho jate haian, jisase hava inake bich se oopar ki or nikal jati hai. is karan udaghat ke samay chi diyoan ke sharir par niche ki or koee dabav nahian p data. u date samay chi diyaan pankh ko sidhe oopar niche nahian maratian, varanh kram se age, niche tatha pichhe (nyaghat) aur oopar ki or (udaghat) usi prakar golakar ghumati haian jaise koee tairak tairane ke samay pani mean apane hath ko ghumata hai. isi karan chi diyaan hava mean oopar u dati haian aur age badhati haian. pakshi ki dum u dane mean patavar tatha brek ka kam karati hai. stiyariang ke samay pakshi ek pankh ko doosare ki apeksha adhik chalata hai. pankhoan ka nyaghat tatha udaghat aansapeshiyoan ke karan hota hai, jo bahut hi b di aur vikasit hoti haian.

visarpan

sadharan u dan ke atirikt pakshi visarpan bhi karata hai. jab pakshiyoan ke u dan mean paryapt gati a jati hai, tab ve kuchh der ke lie pankh ka ph daph dana band kar sirph unhean phailakar u date rahate haian, ya jab ye kafi ooanchaee par pahuanch jate haian to zamin par utarane ke lie pankh bilakul nahian chalate. pankh ko bina ph daph dae u dane ki kriya ko visarpan kahate haian. chil tatha kuchh any chi diyaan akash mean kafi ooanchaee par pankh ko sirph phailakar (bina ph daph dae) b de vrittakar path par chakkar katati haian aur pratyek chakkar ke sath oopar uthati jati haian. aisi u dan ko mandarana kahate haian.

veg

pakshiyoan ke u danaveg mean kafi aantar hota hai. vimanoan ke dvara pakshiyoan ki chal ka thik-thik anuman hai, ki chhoti gane vali chi diyaan 20 se 36 mil prati ghante ki gati se u dati haian, kaua 31 se 45 mil, battakh 44 se 59 mil, titibha ausat 50 mil aur tittibh 40 se 51 mil prati ghante ki gati se u date haian. vishesh paristhiti mean battakh 90 mil prati ghante tak u d sakati hai. ooanchaee se zamin par ekaek utarane mean baj ki gati 165 se 180 mil prati ghante ki hoti hai. kuchh pakshiyoan mean vishesh paristhitiyoan mean 200 mil prati ghante tak ki gati dekhi gee hai. gauraiya adi pakshiyoan ki u dan ki raphtar apekshakrit bahut kam hoti hai.

upayogita

u dane ki shakti se pakshiyoan ko bahut labh hai. isase ve apani raksha asani se kar lete haian. ve apana ghoansala surakshit sthanoan par banate haian, jahaan shatruoan ki pahuanch nahian ho sakati. ye apane bhojan aur jal ki khoj mean door-door tak asani se a ja sakate haian. isalie manachahe suvidhajanak sthanoan mean rah sakate haian. ja de se bachane ke lie ye ja da ane par pravajan kar garam deshoan mean chale jate haian, jisase inake lie varsh mean do grishm rrituean hoti haian aur inake do ghar ho jate haian. is prakar pakshi ratoanrat apane lie rritu parivartan kar lete haian. uttam bhojan se poorn sthanoan tatha abhijanan kshetroan ka chunav karane mean pakshiyoan ko koee nasht nahian hota.

udbhav

u dan ke udbhav ka prashn pakshiyoan ki utpatti se sanbandhit hai. pakshiyoan ki utpatti sarisripoan se mani jati hai. aisa anuman kiya jata hai ki sarisripoan ko dushmanoan se bachane ke lie majaboor hokar do taangoan par bhagana p da hoga, thik usi tarah jis tarah astreliya ki ek jati ki chhipakali jaldi ke karan pichhali donoan taangoan par kh di hokar bhagati hai. bhagane mean ve apani bahoan ko bhi tezise chalate rahean hoange. is prakriya mean dhire-dhire unaki agali taangoan ne pankhoan ka roop dharan kar liya hoga aur unake pankh tatha sharir par sthit shalk paroan mean parivartit ho ge hoange. is anuman ke kee adhar haian. 'arakiaaupteriks' ek lupt pakshi hai, jisamean chhipakali ki tarah lanbi pooanchh tatha jab doan mean daant, pakshiyoan ki tarah do pankh hote the aur sharir paroan se dhaka tha. adhunik sarisripoan aur pakshiyoan ki sanrachanaoan mean bhi bahut kuchh samanata hai aur inake vikas bhi ek tarah se hi hote haian. is kramik vikas mean hazaroan varsh mean lag ge hoange.

pankh athava 'par'

pakshiyoan ka sara sharir paroan se dhanka rahata hai. par sirph pakshiyoan mean pae jate haian, any kisi prani mean nahian. sarisripoan ke shalk tatha par ka vikas ek sadrish hota hai. vartaman prapt tathyoan ke adhar par yah anuman kiya jata hai ki sarisrip ke shalkoan ke kramik vikas se hi paroan ka nirman hua, kiantu donoan rachanaoan ke bich ki sanyojak k diyaan nahian milatian. isake atirikti sarisrip ke tvachanirmochan se sirph bahy tvacha ka sabase bahari mrit star girata hai, jabaki pakshiyoan ke paranirmochan mean sanpoorn 'par' hi gir p data hai. is prakar 'par' ek apoorv rachana hai, jisaka vikas aspasht hai.

paroan ki sanrachana

pakshiyoan mean char tarah ke par milate haian

1. chhadanapichchh
2. komalapichchh
3. romapichchh
4. shookapichchh
5. pichchhakshetr aur apichchhakshetr

chhadanapichchh

chhadanapichchh samooche sharir, gardan tatha pankhoan ko dhanke rahate haian aur pakshiyoan ke sharir ki rooparekha banate haian. ye pray: bh dakile rang ke hote haian aur pankhoan tatha pooanchh ki bahy rekha par vishesh roop se b de hote haian. chhadanapichchh ke tin bhag hote haian :

1. samipasth khokhala vriant- jise kailamas ya kvil kahate haian.
2. doorasth chadar jaisi chapati rachana- jise pichhachphalak ya dhvajak kahate haian.
3. pichchhaphalak ka thos tatha kathor keandriy aksh- jise pichchhaksh ya rechis kahate haian.

kailamas khokhala vriant hai, jisaka adhar tvacha mean dhansa rahata hai. kailamas ke adhar par ek chhota chhidr hota hai, jise adhar pichchhachhidr kahate haian. is chhidr mean tvacha ka ek ubhar, par ka paipila ghusa rahata hai. raktavahiniyaan tatha tantrikatantu is chhidr se hokar kailamas mean pravesh karate haian, jinase poshan milane par ye badhate haian. kailamas ke oopari sire ke pas adharatal par ek atyant hi chhota chhidr hota hai, jise oordhv pichchhachhidr kahate haian. is chhidr ka koee mahatv nahian hota, siva isake ki isase hokar kabhi-kabhi parajivi aandar ghus jate haian. is chhidr ke pas hi kesh sadrish bahy vardhan ka ek guchchha hota hai, jise pashch pichchhaksh ya gaun pichchhaksh kahate haian. emoo tatha kasovari mean prashch pichchhaksh phalak sadrish tatha itane lanbe ho jate haian ki pratyek chhadanapichchh do pichchhaphalak ka bana pratit hota hai. pichchhaksh kailamas ka hi doorasth vistar haian, jo pichchhaphalak ka thos tatha kathor keandriy aksh banata hai. yah dhire-dhire doorasth chhor ki or patala hota jata hai. pray: isake adharatal par ek khaee hoti hai. pichchhaksh ke pratyek parshv se dore ke akar ke samaantar pichchhadandoan ki katar nikalati hai. pratyek pichchhadand se age aur pichhe ki or laghu pichchhadandikaean ju di rahati haian, jinamean chhote-chhote kaante hote haian. ek pichchhadand ke agale pichchhadandika ke kaante doosare pichchh ki pichhali puchchhadandik ke kaantoan se phanse rahate haian. is tarah sabhi puchchhadandikaean kaantoan ke sahare ju dakar vayuruddh pichchhaphalak ka nirman karati haian.

komalapichchh

komalapichchh chhadanapichchh se bahut chhote hote haian aur unhian se dhanke rahate haian. ye tvacha ke pas hi phaile rahate haian. is par mean ek chhota tatha bahut hi komal pichchhaksh hota hai, jisase bahut se pichchhadand nikalate haian. pichchhadandoan mean chhoti-chhoti pichchhadandikaean hoti haian, jinamean kaante nahian hote. at: pichchhaphalak ka nirman nahian hota. shishu pakshiyoan ka sharir komalapichchh se hi dhanka rahata hai. ye sharir ki garmi ko bahar n nikalane dene mean chhadanapichchhoan ki sahayata karate haian.

romapichchh

romapichchh kesh sadrish hote haian aur chhadanapichchh ke adhar ke pas tvacha se nikalate haian. pratyek mean ek lanba sootrakar tatha komal pichchhaksh hota hai, jisake shikhar par kuchh durbal pichchhadand tatha pichchhadandikaean hoti haian. isaka kary ajnat hai.

shookapichchh

kuchh pakshiyoan mean kuchh kesh sadrish par milate haian, jinhean shookapichchh kahate haian. yah 'par' ka roopaantarit roop hai. pratyek mean ek chhota kailamas tatha ek lanba pichchhaksh hota hai. pichchhaksh ke adhar par kuchh chhote-chhote pichchhadand hote haian. ye hvippoor vils tatha patirang pakshiyoan ke choanch ke adhar ke pas milate haian.

pichchhakshetr aur apichchhakshetr

'par' sharir ke nishchit kshetroan mean hi saje rahate haian, jinhean pichchhakshetr kahate haian. pichchhakshetr ke bich-bich ki khali satahoan ko apichchhakshetr kahate haian.

prin ya tailagranthi

pakshiyoan mean tvachiy granthiyoan ka abhav hota hai sivay ek tailagranthi ke, jo pooanchh ke udbhav sthan ke samip prishthatal par sthit rahati hai. is granthi se tel ki tarah ka ek srav nikalata hai, jisase choanch mulayam rahati hai. pakshi is srav ko choanch se paroan mean lagakar unhean chikana tatha jalabhedy rakhate haian. shuturamurg, kuchh totoan tatha baistard mean tailagranthi nahian paee jati.

pankhoan ka vikas

pankhoan ka vikas tvachiy aankuran se shuroo hota hai. is aankuran ki bahari satah baanhy tvacha, ya epidarmis ki bani hoti hai aur isake niche charm koshikaoan ka ek samooh hota hai. is aankuran ko parakalika kahate haian. is aankuran ke charoan taraph ki tvacha dhansakar khaee bana leti hai jo par vikas ke sath sath gahari hokar paraputak banati hai. paraputak ke par ke kailamas dhanse rahate haian. parakalika ki bahy tvacha mean do star hote haian:-

1. bahari shalkastar
2. bhitari melapigiy star

shalkastar

shalkastar badhate hue 'par' ke oopar ek khol banakar usaki raksha karata hai.

mailapigiy star

mailapigiy star ki koshikaean bahut shighrata se vibhajit hokar par ke sabhi bhagoan ka nirman karati haian. ye koshikaean vibhajit hokar sarvapratham koshikaoan ka ek stanbh banati haian. is stanbh ke oopari bhag mean kee katak ban jate haian, jo ek doosare se alag hokar pichchhadand banate haian. bich ke do pichchhadand ju dakar pichchhaksh banate haian. any sabhi pichchhadandoan mean pichchhadandik tatha pichchhakapravardh ka nirman ho jata hai, jisase phalak ban jata hai. tvachiy aankurak ka charm bhag, jisamean raktavahiniyaan bhi rahati haian, bahy tvacha ki vibhajit hone vali koshikaoan ko sirph poshan pradan karata hai aur 'par' ki poorn vriddhi hone par sookh jata hai. is prakar 'par' ka nirman sirph bahy tvacha se hota hai. 'par' ke vikasakal mean tvachiy koshikaoan mean rangakanikaoan ke jama hone se 'par' ke bhinn bhinn rang hote haian. vikas poorn ho jane par bahy tvachiy khol phat jata hai aur poorn roop se phail jata hai.

pankhoan ka mahatv

• pankh (par) samooche sharir par asanvahak avaran banata hai jisase sharir ki garmi bahar nahian ja sakati.
• par jalabhedy hota hai, jisase sharir par jal tikane nahian pata.
• daine tatha pooanchh ke par u dane tatha dishaniyantran mean madad karate haian.
• anukool rang ke par pakshi apane vatavaran mean chhipa leta hai, jisase yah shatru tatha shikar ko dhokha de sakata hai.
• kuchh durbal pakshi paroan ki madad se kisi sabal pakshi ka anuharan kar apane ko shatru se bachate haian.
• battakh adi kuchh pakshi par ka vyavahar ghoansala banane mean karate haian.
• paroan ki madad se pakshi apane sage sanbandhiyoan ko pahachanata hai.
• par apane niche garam hava ko ghere rahate haian, jo garmi ke kuchalak hone ke sath sath utplavan bhi hoti hai. isase pakshi ka sharir kuchh halaka ho jata hai aur is prakar u dane mean kuchh sahayata mil jati hai.

pankh nirmochan

pakshiyoan mean pratyek varsh ya kuchh kam ya adhik samay mean purane 'par' gir p date haian aur ne 'par' ug ate haian. 'par' ke girane ki kriya ko nirmochan kahate haian. is nirmochan ki tulana sarisripoan ke shalkanirmochan aur staniyoan ke baloan ke nirmochan se ki jati hai. paranirmochan sadharanat: grishm rritu mean hota hai, kyoanki vasant rritu mean, jo pakshiyoan ki prajanan rritu hai, paroan par bahut aghat hota hai. kiantu kuchh pakshiyoan mean paranirmochan ja de mean bhi hota hai. satah par hone ke karan paroan par bahut aghat hota hai. isalie avarti nirmochan bahut hi labhadayak hai, visheshakar us samay jab chi diyaan apani lanbi u dan ke lie taiyar hoti haian. pray: sabhi par ek sath hi nahian girate, arthath‌ unaka aanshik nirmochan hota hai, visheshakar uddayan paroan ka, jisase pakshiyoan ko u dane mean koee kathinaee n ho. kiantu hans, battakh adi mean nirmochan poorn hota hai. bahut se pakshiyoan ke nar mada ko rijhane ke lie sanbhog rritu ke pahale aanshik ya poorn nirmochan kar suandar par dharan kar lete haian. taramigan, jo titar ki tarah ka ek pakshi hai, varsh mean tin bar paranirmochan karata hai. isake par janan rritu ke bad dhooansar rang ke hote haian, thik patthar ki tarah, jinake bich yah rahata hai, shit rritu mean shvet arthath‌ barphile rang ke, kyoanki isake eed gird tab rahati hai aur sanbhog rritu mean suandar chittidar bhoore rang ke ho jate haian.

kankaliy anukoolan

pakshiyoan ke kankal mean bahut si visheshataean milati haian. ye visheshataean mukhyat: inaki u dane ki adat, dvipadiy sanchalan aur kailsiyami kavach se dhake b de-b de aandoan ke bahar nikalane se sanbandhit haian. ye visheshataean nimnalikhit haian-

1. asthiyoan ka halakapan
2. asthiyoan ka sanyojan
3. u dane ke lie any anukoolataean
4. dvipadiy sanchalan ke lie anukoolan

asthiyoan ka halakapan

pakshiyoan mean u dane ke lie haddiyaan halaki hoti haian, jinake agralikhit karan haian-

1. lanbi haddiyoan ki majjak ya majja guhaean b di hoti haian aur praudhavastha mean unamean pray: majja nahian rahati.
2. adhikatar haddiyoan mean vayuguhaean hoti haian. khop di ki haddiyoan ki vayuguhaean nasaguha tatha shravanamarg se ju di rahati haian aur shesh haddiyoan ki vayuguhaean pheph de se ju di rahati haian.
3. haddiyaan thos tatha kathor aantastvachika se ghiri rahati haian, kiantu aantastvachika ke niche spanj ki tarah spanji asthi ootak se bani hoti haian khali jagahoan mean hava bhari rahati hai. is prakar haddiyaan 'khokhali mekhala siddhaant' par bani hoti haian, jisase ye halaki hone ke sath-sath dridh bhi hoti haian aur maansapeshiyoan ko ju dane ke lie apekshakrit adhik satah pradan karati haian.

asthiyoan ka sanyojan

pakshiyoan mean banane ke samay hi nikatavarti asthiyoan ki apas mean ju dane ki pravritti hoti hai. is tarah praudh pakshi mean bahut si haddiyaan apas mean ju di paee jati haian.

1. dau dane vale pakshiyoan ko chho dakar any sabhi pakshiyoan mean khop di ki haddiyaan ek doosari se ju di rahati haian, jisase halake kiantu dri d asthikosh ka nirman hota hai. isase kathapho dava ko kath chhedane aur giddh, chil, ulloo, baj, shikara adi shikari pakshiyoan ko shikar ko chirane pha dane mean madad milati hai.
2. u dane vale pakshiyoan mean vakshiy kasheruk apas mean ju dakar dainoan ke nyaghat ke lie dridh adhar pradan karate haian. dau dane vale pakshiyoan mean ye alag alag rahate haian.
3. aantim vakshiy kasheruk, sabhi (sat ya ath) kati kasheruk, do sekrami kasheruk tatha agale paanch ya chhah puchchh kasheruk ju dakar ek thos tatha karyaksham rachana banate haian, jise santrik kasheruk kahate haian. santrik kasheruk shroni mekhala ko sanbhale rahati hai, jisase pichhali taangean lagi rahati haian. is prabandh ke karan samooche sharir ka bhar pichhali taangean par santulit rahata hai. yah dvipadiy sanchalan ke lie avashyak hai.
4. u dane vale pakshiyoan mean aantim char ya kuchh adhik puchchhakasheruk ju dakar phar jaisi asthi ka nirman karate haian, jise paigostail kahate haian. paigostail puchchh paroan ke ju dane ke lie adhar pradan karate haian.
5. dainoan mean doorasth manibandhikaean pahali, doosari tatha tisari karabhikaoan se ju dakar manibandh karabhika namak sanyukt asthi ka nirman karati haian. pichhali taangoan ki haddiyoan ke ju dane ke sanbandh mean age varnan kiya jayaga.
6. dau dane vale pakshiyoan mean aansatuand tatha skandhasthi ju di rahati haian.

u dane ke lie any anukoolataean

1. u dane vale sabhi pakshiyoan mean urosthi ke adharatal par ek lanba ur:koot ya kil hoti hai. isase aansiy peshiyaan ju di rahati haian jo dainoan mean nyaghat tatha udaghat gati karane mean madad karati haian. kivi, emoo, adi dau dane vale pakshiyoan mean jinamean pankh hrasit hote haian aur maansapeshiyaan alp vikasit hoti haian, kil nahian hoti. u dane vali chi diyoan mean aant adi aangoan ko sahara dene ke lie urosthi bahut pichhe tak phaili rahati hai.
2. aansiy mekhala b di aur mazaboot hoti hai, jisase uduyan peshiyoan ko ju dane ke lie paryapt sthan mil jata hai. skandhasthi khangavat hoti hai aur pasaliyoan tatha kasheruk dand se snayuoan dvara ju di rahati hai. aansatuand sudridh hota hai aur urosthi ke agale sire par upasti khaee se ju da rahata hai. donoan or ke jatruk adharatal par ek doosare se milakar V ke akar ki rachana banate haian jise dvishool ya pharakula athava meri th aaut asthi kahate haian. pratyek pasali mean pichhe ki or mu da hua ek aankushi pravardh hota hai, jo pichhali pasali se snayu ke jarie ju da rahata hai. is prakar vaksh pradesh mean kasheruk dand, urosthit, pasaliyoan tatha aans mekhala ke dvara ek sanyakt lachili rachana ka nirman hota hai, jis par pankh param nipunata mean gati kar sakean. isi rachana ke karan pankh ki gati ke samay hriday par koee aghat nahian pahuanchata aur pheph de dvara shvasan kriya ke lie vakshaguha ghatati aur badhati rahati hai.
3. any ridhadhari jantuoan ke viparit pakshiyoan mean pankh ka udadhat ya oopar uthana adhar sthit laghu aansapeshi ke karan hota hai. yah peshi ek or urosthi ke kil se ju di rahati hai aur doosari or pragandika ke sir ke prishthatal se ek lanbe kandara ke sahare ju di rahati hai. yah kandara aansaphalak, aans tuand tatha jatruk dvara bane hue traosiyam radhran se gujarati hai. yah radhran ghirani ke chhidr ki tarah kam karata hai aur jab laghu aansapeshi siku dati hai to pankh oopar uth jata hai.
4. daine ki haduiyoan ke bich bahut kam gati hoti hai, jisase ve haduiyaan jinapar par lage rahate haian, sanyukt rachana ki tarah hava ke viruddh kam karati haian. is tarah bahi:prakoshthika (radius) aant:prakoshthika (ulna) ke oopar gati nahian karati aur kalaee mean sirph do svatantr manibandhika haddiyaan milati haian. doorasth manibandhika tatha karabhika ju dakar ek hi haddi, manibandh karabhika banati hai. chi diyaan apane dainoan ko u date samay sanyukt rachana ki tarah hava ke viruddh kam mean lati haian, kiantu aram ke vakt use z ki shakl mean mo d let haian jisase unhean pani mean tairane ya ghane ghas pat se hokar gujarane mean asani hoti hai.
5. khop di mean sirph ek anukapalamuandika (occipital condyle) hoti hai, jo pratham kasheruk shirshadhar (atlas) ke sath kanduk-ulookhalasandhi (ball and socket joint) banati hai. ek muandika ke karan sir ko hilane dulane ki adhik svatantrata rahati hai.
6. bhari dantayukt jab doan ki jagah pakshiyoan mean halaki dantarahit shriangi (horny) choanch milati hai.
7. netrakotar (orbits) bahut hi b de hote haian jinamean b di aankhean sthit rahati haian.
8. griva (cervical) kasherukoan ki sankhya kabhi 9 se kam nahian hoti aur unake seantra (centra) jin ke akar ke hote haian. grivakasherukoan ke bich jin sadrish sandhiyoan ke karan unake hilane dulane mean kafi svatantrata rahati hai. is tarah pakshi apani gardan ko asani se sabhi dishaoan mean ghuma sakata hai, jisase choanch sharir ke sabhi bhagean tak pahuanch sakati hai.
9. puchchh kasherukaean sankhya mean kam hoti haian, jisase pooanchh chhoti hoti hai. chhoti pooanchh u dane mean badha nahian pahuanchati.

dvipadiy sanchalan ke lie anukoolan

1. santrik kasheruk ke sanbandh mean pahale hi bataya ja chuka hai. yah shronik mekhala ko sanbhale rahata hai, jisase pichhali taangean samooche sharir ke bhar ko sanbhalati haian.
2. shronik mekhala lanbi hoti hai aur isaki haduiyaan apas mean ju di rahati haian. shroniulookhal (acetabulum) nichali satah par hota hai, jisake phalasvaroop pichhali taangean sharir ke gurutvakeandr ke thik niche a jati haian. is vyavastha se kh de hote samay sharir ka santulan bana rahata hai.
3. pichhali taange dau dane, tairane, zamin par dabav dekar oopar uthane, ya ekaek zamin par utarane ke lie yathesht vikasit hoti haian. inaki haduiyaan lanbi hoti haian. gulph (tarsus) ki haduiyaan svatantr roop se nahian milati. samipasth gulph haduiyaan tibiya (tibia) se milakar tibiya gulph (tibio-tarsus) banat haian, jo lanba tatha sidha hota hai. doorasth (distal) gulph haduiyaan doosari, tisari tatha chauthi anugulphikaoan (mesotarsals) se ju dakar lanbi tatha sidhi hadui ka nirman karati haian, jise gulph prapadika (Tarso-metatarsus) kahate haian. is tarah gulph sandhi (ankle-joint) samipasth tatha doorasth pragandika ke bich hoti hai. pray: pratham padaanguli pichhe ki or jhuki rahati hai aur doosari, tisari tatha chauthi padaanguliyaan age ki or, jisase tahaniyoan ko pak dane mean madad milati hai. arohi pakshiyoan (climbing birds) mean pratham tatha chauthi padaanguliyaan pichhe ki or jhuki rahati haian. pakshiyoan mean donoan jaghanasthiyaan (pubis) ek doosare se alag tatha door sthit rahati haian jisase kailsiyami kavach se dhanke b de b de aande aandavahini (oviduct) se hokar asani se bahar nikal sakean. is prakar ham dekhate haian ki pakshiyoan ke kankal mean bahut hi anukoolataean milati haian.

pakshisad savan

bahut si chi diyaan vriksh ki tahaniyoan par n sirph vishram karati haian, balki basera bhi leti haian. pichhali taangoan ki peshiyoan se kandara ka vinyas is prakar hota hai ki tahaniyoan par baithate hi padaanguliyaan tahaniyoan ko dridhatapoorvak jak d leti haian, jisase so jane par bhi chi diyaan girati nahian. pichhali taangoan ke oopari bhag mean sthit peshiyoan se ju de hue kandara anugulphika sandhi ke pichhe se gujarate haian aur age vibhajit hokar charoan padaanguliyoan ke avaratal se ju d jate haian. pakshi ke baithane par jab anugulphika sandhi pichhe ki or jhuk jati hai tab kandaraoan par tanav badh jata hai, jisase padaanguliyaan mu d jati haian aur dal ko dridhatapoorvak jak d leti haian. aisi halat mean chi diyaan so jati haian aur giratian nahian. sharir ka bhar hi kandaraoan par tanav qayam rakhane ke lie paryapt hai. yah vyavastha tatha sharirasantulan sanbandhi anukool pakshiyoan ko dal se niche nahian girane deta.

khady svabhav

any jivoan ki tarah pakshiyoan mean bhi unaka svabhav aur sanrachana bahut kuchh unake khady par nirbhar karate haian. pakshiyoan ke ahar mean bahut vibhinnata paee jati hai aur bahudha rrituoan ke anusar unaka ahar bhi badalata rahata hai. kuchh chi diyaan keval anaj ke dane khati haian. gauraiya (house sparrow) adi kuchh chi diyaan mukhyataya anaj ke dane khati haian, par inake sivay komal kaliyaan aur kabhi kabhi pantagean bhi kha leti haian. ababil (swallow), patarianga (bee eater) adi chi diyaan keval ki de patiangean khati haian. kitabhakshi pakshiyoan se manushy ko bahut labh hai. kuchh shakahari chi diyaan ketal komal hare shak khati haian. phulachuhi (flower pecker), shakarakhora (honey sucker) adi chi diyaan phooloan ka ras choosati haian. inase par nishechan (cross fertilization) mean sahayata milati haian. tote, haril adi phal khane vale pakshi haian, jo bijaprasar ke achchhe sadhan haian. kilakila (kingfisher), bagula, jalakag (cormorant), adi machhali khane vali chi diyaan haian. maansabhakshi chi diyoan mean giddh, chil, baj, shikara, bahari, bagula, ulloo adi prasiddh haian. giddh jati ke pakshi murdakhor hote haian. baj aur kaua bhi murda khate haian. bagula medhak, machhali, kek da, krimi adi khata hai. shikara, baj, chil, ulloo adi pakshi choohoan, saanpoan, chhipakaliyoan aur chhoti chhoti chi diyoan ko khate haian. kaua adi kuchh sarvabhakshi pakshi haian, jinako kisi chiz se parahej nahian hota.

ghoansala, aandaropan dianvaushan tatha bhroonavikas

sanbhog ke bad aur aandaropan ke pahale sabhi prakar ke pakshi kisi n kisi prakar ka ghoansala banate haian. ghoansala aande tatha bachchoan ko garam tatha rakshit rakhane ke liye aur janakoan (parents) ko aram dene ke liye hota hai. jyadatar nar aur mada milakar ghoansala banate haian par koee koee nar isamean bilakul hath nahian bantate. pakshiyoan mean ghoansala banane ke dhang bhi alag alag hote haian. baya (weaver bird) ka ghoansala karigari ka suandar namoona hai. mada baya asankhy tinakoan ko bunakar babool adi ki daloan se latake hue tuanbi ke akar ka lanba ghoansala banati hai, jisamean praveshadvar niche hota hai. abavil (swallow) aur batasi (swift) ke ghoansale bhi kam suandar nahian hote. kaue apana ghoansala nahian banate, balki doosare pakshiyoan ke purane ghoansaloan se kam chala lete haian. koyal aur papihe to aur bhi adhik chatur hote haian. ve sene ke liye doosare pakshi ke ghoansaloan mean chori se aande dete haian, jisase unhean n to ghoansala banana p data hai aur n aanda hi sena p data hai. maansahari pakshi (chil, baj, giddh, ulloo, adi) apana ghoansala ooanche pe doan par sookhi daloan aur pattiyoan se banate haian. pakshi ushnatapi jantu hai. isaliye use apane aande ko sena, arthath‌ dianbaushan karana p data hai. agar aande ko sardi lag jati hai to usamean bhroon (embryo) ka vikas nahian hota. poorn vriddhi hone par aande ko pho dakar bachcha bahar nikal ata hai. bachche ka sharir par rahit hota hai aur usake bharan poshan ka bhar nar tatha mada donoan par hota hai. goraiya dana khanevala pakshi hai, kiantu yah apane bachchoan ko ki de mako de khilata hai. kabootar apane annaput (crop) mean bana ek shvet poshak drav, kapotadugdh (pigeon's milk) apane bachche ko khilata hai. kuchh samay ke bad bachche apana bhojan svayan prapt karane lagate haian.

arthik mahatv

pakshiyoan se hamean labh aur hani donoan hote haian. inaka sankshipt vivaran niche diya jata hai:-

1. kitabhakshi pakshi hanikarak kitoan ko khakar aur maansabhakshi pakshi choohe, gilahari tatha kharahe adi ko khakar hamari phasaloan ko nasht hone se bachate haian.
2. kuchh pakshi (giddh, kaua, chil adi) mare hue jantuoan ko khakar gandagi door karate haian.
3. murga, jangali batakh, bageri, chaha adi pakshiyoan ka maans khaya jata hai. murgi aur batakh se hamean khane ke liye aande milate haian.
4. sugga, maina, koyal adi pakshi apane suandar svaroop tatha mithe gane ke karan hamare manabahalav ke sadhan haian. manushy is hetu inhean palate haian.
5. mor, shuturamurg adi ke suandar par shrriangar samagri ki tarah vyavahrit kie jate hean.
6. pakshiyoan ki vishta achchhi khad hai.
7. anaj tatha phal khane vale pakshi hamare anaj tatha phal ko khakar hamean nukasan pahuanchate haian.
8. chil, baj, ulloo, adi maansahari pakshi phansi huee machhaliyoan aur palatoo pakshiyoan ko khakar hamean hani pahuanchate haian.

pakshiyoan ke aang evan unake tantr

peshitantr

pakshiyoan ki maansapeshiyaan bhinn bhinn kary karane ke lie atyadhik anukool hoti haian. inamean anek tvachiy granthiyaan (cutaneous glands) hoti haian, jo paroan ko kh da karane tatha unhean ph daph dane mean sahayata karati haian. gardan, pooanchh, daiannoan aur taangoan ki peshiyaan vishesh roop se adhik vikasit hoti haian. u dane vale pakshiyoan mean uduyan peshiyaan, visheshat: aansapeshiyaan bahut b di hoti haian. brihath‌ aans peshi (pectoralis major) sabase b di maans peshi hai. yah sare vakshasthal par phaili rahati hai aur samooche sharir ke bhar ka bhag isi ka hai. yah peshi ek or urosthi aur usake ur:koot (keel) se ju di rahati hai aur doosari or chau di tatha chipati kandara pragandika (humerus) ke adharatal se ju di rahati hai. yah peshi siku dakar pankh ko age, niche tatha pichhe ki or le jati hai, jisase pakshi oopar tatha age ki or badhata hai. laghu aansapeshi doosari peshi hai, jo pankh ko oopar uthati hai. yah brihath‌ aansapeshi ke niche sthit hoti hai aur urosthi tatha ur:koot ke parshv se lagi rahati hai. yah brihath‌ aansapeshi se chhoti, kiantu lanbi, peshi hai. isaki kandara lanbi hoti hai aur trayosiyam (triosseum) radhran hokar pragandika ke prishthatal se ju di rahati hai. yah radhran ghirani ki tarah kam karata hai, jisase laghu aansapeshi ke siku dane par pankh oopar uth jata hai.

choanch

pakshiyoan mean bhojan ke anuroop choanch parivartit roopoan mean paee jati hai. adarsh choanch nukili, dridh tatha anuprasth kat mean tikoni hoti hai, jaisi kauoan mean milati hai. dana khane vale pakshiyoan (kabootar, gauraiya adi) mean choanch moti aur dridh hoti hai. ki de patiange khanevale chi diyoan ki choanch patali aur nukili hoti hai. ababil aur patarianga adi pakshiyoan mean jo u date samay ki de patiange pak date haian muanh bahut chau de hote haian. phulachuhi tatha shakarakhora jat ki chi diyoan mean choanch paini, lanbi tatha nukili hoti hai, jisase ye phooloan ka ras choosati haian. phalahari tote ki choanch nukili aur dridh hoti hai aur isamean ret ke saman daant hote haian, jo k de bijoan ko retane aur phaloan ko kutarane mean sahayak hote haian. inamean agrajabhika (premaxillace) khop di ke agale bhag se ek chal kabjedar sandhi dvara ju di rahati haian jisase oopari jab da khop di ke bina hile hue hi hil dul sakata hai. batakh mean choanch chau di hoti haian aur usake kinare daantedar hote haian. yah choanch kich d mean upasthit bhojan ke tuk de ko dhooandhane ke kam ati hai. pakshi kich d ko muanh mean lekar choanch ko dabata hai, jisase kich d ki mitti bahar nikal jati hai, kiantu bhojan ke tuk de muanh mean ruk jate haian. kilakila, bagula, jalakag adi machhali khanevale pakshiyoan mean choanch ya to lanbi tatha nukili, (kilakila tatha bagula), ya age ki or mu di huee (jalakag) hoti hai, jisase ek bar pak di jane ke bad machhali phisalakar bhag nahian sakati. ye pakshi nadi ke kinare dal par baithe rahate hai aur nadi mean machhali dikhaee dene par b di tezise gota lagakar use pak d lete haian. ulloo, giddh, chil, baj, shikara adi shikari pakshiyoan mean choanch moti aur b di paini hoti hai. isase ve apane shikar ko marakar tvacha pha d dete haian aur phir noch nochakar usaka maans khate haian. kuchh shikari chi diyoan mean choanch niche ki or mu di rahati hai.

jibh

bhojan prapt karane ke lie choanch ki tarah jibh hi rachana mean bhi paryapt aantar milata hai. machhali khane vali chi diyoan mean, jo apana shikar poora poora nigal jati haian, jibh bahut chhoti hoti hai. anaj ke dane nigalane vale pakshiyoan mean yah lanbi tatha nukali hoti hai. phulachuhi ki jibh lanbi tatha nali ki tarah hoti hai aur sir par burush ki tarah ki do rachanaean banati hai. isase phooloan ke ras choosane aur chhote ki doan ko pak dane mean sahayata milati hai. kathapho dava ki jibh lanbi aur chipachipi hoti hai. yah apani choanch se vriksh ki chhal ko thokata hai, jisase isake niche vale ki de mako de bahar nikal ate haian. in ki de mako doan ko kathapho dava apani chipachipi jibh se pak dakar kha jata hai. kashmir ke chhichhale talaboan mean rahane vale rajahans (flamingo) ki jibh bahut b di tatha chau di hoti hai aur mukhaguha ke adhikaansh mean phaili rahati hai. isake donoan oopari kinaroan par anekanek komal kaante hote haian. kich d ke muanh bhar jane par yah apani choanch band karata hai, jisase isaki jhallari jibh (fringed tongue) ek prakar ki chalani ka kam karati hai. ki de mako de muanh mean rah jate haian aur kich d bahar nikal jata hai.

taang

pakshiyoan mean am taur se char padaanguliyaan (toes) hoti haian, jinamean tin age ki or aur ek pichhe ki or mu di hoti hai. tahaniyoan par basera lenevale, arthath‌ pe doan par vishram karane vale pakshiyoan mean padaanguliyaan pak dane aur jak dane ke lie upayukt hoti haian. khasakar pichhala aangootha bahut majaboot hota haian, jisase tahaniyoan par jane par bhi ve zamin par nahian girate. shikari pakshiyoan (giddh, chil, ulloo adi) mean bhi padaanguliyaan isi prakar saji rahati haian (tin age ki or aur ek pichhe ki or mu di huee). inamean nar (claw) vishesh roop se vikasit hote haian jisase ye shikar ko asani se pak d lete haian. nakhar itane majaboot hote haian ki shikari pakshi jhap da marakar apane se bhi bhari shikar ko oopar utha le jate haian. bagula, saras adi pani ke kinare rahane vale pakshiyoan mean taangean aur padaanguliyaan lanbi hoti haian, jisase ye kich d mean asani se ghoom sakean. batakh, rajahans adi pani mean tairane vale pakshiyoan mean padaanguliyaan apas mean jal (web) dvara ju di rahati haian. jalayukt pair se tairane madad milati hai.

aharanal

bhojan ke anusar aharanal mean bhi anukoolan hota hai. anaj khane vale pakshiyoan mean annaput (crop) bahut b da tatha peshani (gizzard) bahut dridh hoti hai. phal khane vale pakshiyoan mean annaput sadharanat: chhor aur peshani bahut kam maansal hoti hai. kitabhakshi tatha maansabhakshi pakshiyoan mean annaput ya to chhota hota ya bilakul hota hi nahian aur peshani ki apeksha granthil amashay adhik unnat hota hai. shakahari pakshiyoan mean aantean lanbi hoti haian.

pachan tantr

chi diyoan ke daant nahian hote. atev mukhaguha mean bhojan ki charvan kriya nahian hoti aur bhojan nigal liya jata hai. bhojan ke anuroop inaki choanch tatha jibh ki rachanaean bhinn bhinn prakar ki hoti haian. mukhaguha mean bahut si laragranthiyaan (salivary glands) khulati haian, kiantu unake sravit lar bhojan ko keval nigalane mean sahayak hoti haian, pachane mean nahian. mukhaguha ke pichhe grasanali (oesophagus) hoti hai, jo gardan tatha vakshapradesh se gujarati huee dehaguha mean sthit amashay (stomach) mean khul jati hai. gardan ke adhar ke pas grasanali chau di hokar ek thaili jaisi rachana banati hai, jise annaput athava kr aaup (crop) kahate haian. anaj khane vale pakshi mean annaput bahut b da hota hai, kiantu kitabhakshi tatha maansabhakshi pakshiyoan mean yah ya to chhota hota hai, ya bilakul hota hi nahian. isaki sanrachana grasanali ki tarah hi hoti hai. isamean anaj ke dane kuchh samay ke liye ekatr hote haian aur lar ke pani mean bhiangakar phool jate tatha mulayam ho jate haian. annaput ki divarean granthit nahian hotian. janan rritu mean kabootar ke annaput ki bhitari satah ki koshikaean avanat hokar panir ke saman ek poshak drav ka nirman karati hai, jise kabootar ka doodh (Pigeons milk) kahate haian. nar aur mada donoan ke annaput mean yah drav taiyar hota hai aur ve ise apane bachche ko khilate haian.

amashay

pakshiyoan mean amashay do bhagoan mean banta rahata hai :-

1. granthil jathar athava proveantrikulas (proventriculus), jisaki divarean moti tatha granthil hoti haian aur amashay ras (gastric juice) stravit karati haian.
2. gizard ya peshani jisaki divarean moti tatha maansal hoti haian. isaki bhitari satah kathor, shrriangi (horny) upakala ootak (epithelial tissue) se dhanki rahati haian.

gizard mean bhojan ki pisee hati hai. gizard mean maujood patthar ke chhote chhote tuk de, jo pakshi kabhi kabhi nigal leta hai, bhozan ko pisane me madad karate haian. anaj khane vale pakshiyoan mean gizard adhik vikasit hota hai, kiantu maansabhakshi pakshiyoan mean samany amashay ki tarah hota hai. grahani (duodenum) tatha aant any kasherukiyoan (vertebrates) ki tarah hoti haian. shakahari pakshiyoan mean aant lanbi hoti hai. pitt aur agnyashay vahiniyaan (bile and pancreatic ducts) pakvashay ke doorasth sire ke pas khulati haian. malashay (rectum) bahut chhota hota hai (1 ianch se adhik nahian), jisase mal jaldi bahar nikal jata hai. aant aur malashay ke sangam par do aandhanal (caeca) hote haian. kabootar mean aandhanal bahut chhote hote haian, kiantu murge, batakh, shuturamurg adi mean ye bahut b de hote haian. vikisat avastha mean sanbhavat: ye pache hue bhojan tatha pani ka avashoshan karate haian. malashay avaskar (cloaca) mean khulata hai, jo tin bhagoan mean banta rahata hai: poorv avaskar (coprodaeum), yoorodiyam (urodaeum) tatha gud-path (proctodaeum). mootrashay mean mootravahiniyaan (ureters) tatha janan nalikaean (genital ducts) khulati haian. poorv-avaskar ke prishthatal par ek granthil thaili, varsa phaibrishiai (bursa fabricii) khulati hai, jisaka kary ajnat hai. yah pakshi ki balyavastha mean adhik vikasit hoti hai, kiantu praudhavastha mean pray: lupt ho jati hai. pahale yah raktanirman ka kary karati hai, kiantu bad mean sautrik sanyoji ootak (fibrous connective tissue) ke piand ke roop mean rah jati hai.

shvasanatantr

bahy nasikachhidr (nostrils) choanch ke adhar ke pas hote haian. ye sanvedanashil tvacha, siyar (cere), se ghire rahate haian. ye chhidr aant: nasika chhidr (internal nares) ke dvara mukhaguha mean khulate haian. mukhaguha ke pichhale bhag mean sthit-shvasanali dvar ya ghaantidvara (glottis) kanth (larynx) mean khulata hai, jo ek lanbe, maansal, madhyavarti shvasapranal (trachea) ke agrim sire par sthit rahata hai. any ridhadhari jantuoan mean kanth svarayantr ka kam karata hai, kiantu pakshiyoan mean yah svarayantr ka kam nahian karata. shvasapranal grasanali (gullet) ke adhar tal par sthit hota hai aur vakshaguha mean jakar daean aur baean shvasapranaloan athava br aaunki (bronchi) mean bant jata hai. shvasapath ko sahara dene ke liye isako ghere hue anek asthimay anuprasth valay (transverse rings) hote haian. br aaunki ke pratham valay bhi asthimay hote haian, kiantu shesh upasthiyukt (cartilaginous) hote haian. shvasapranal ke valay poorn aur br aaunki ke valay prishthatal ki or apoorn hate haian. ye valay shvasapranal tatha br aaunki ko hava se khali rahane par bhi chipakane nahian dete. pakshiyoan mean shvasapranal aur br aaunki ke sangam par ek vilakshan svar avayav, sirianks (syrinx) hota hai, jo any ridhadhari jantuoan mean nahian paya jata. yah shvasapranal ke adhar ke phailane se banata hai. isake aandar ardhavrittakar kala (semicircular membrane) hoti hai, jisake kanpan se svar nikalata hai.
pratyek shvasani (bronchus) apani or ke pheph de mean ghusati hai. pheph de chhote, thos tatha spanj ke saman hote haian aur staniyoan ki apeksha bahut kam phool sakate haian. ye vakshaguha ki prishthadivar se sate rahate haian aur keval apane adhastal par peritoniyam se dhanke rahate haian. shvasani pheph doan mean ghusane ke bad, bar bar vibhajit hokar, shakhaoan prashakhaoan ka ek jal banati hai, jo apas mean patali shakhaoan se ju de hue tatha pheph doan ke charoan taraph saje hue nau vayukosh (air sacs) hote haian, jo shvasani ki shleshmik kala ke thaile ke roop mean phool jane se bane haian. ye haian: aant ke bich sthit udar vayukosh, prishth dehabhitti se lage hue pashchavakshiy tatha agravakshiy vayukosh, gardan ke adhar par sthitagriv vayukosh tatha aantarajatruk (interclaricular) vayukosh. isamean pratham char jo de mean hote haian aur aantim akela hota hai. aantarajatruk vayukosh donoan pheph doan ke age madhy mean sthit hota hai aur donoan pheph doan se ju da rahata hai aur bahar ki or aantarajatruk tatha atirikt aantarajatruk koshoan se ju da rahata hai. vayukoshoan mean se kuchh hadh diyoan ke aandar upasthit vayukoshoan se ju de rahate haian. aant: shvasan (inspiration) ke samay hava shvasani mean se hokar udar tatha pashchavakshiy vayukoshoan mean jati hai, isaliye inhean aant:shvasan vayukosh kahate haian. uchhavas (expiration) ke samay pichhale vayukoshoan se hava avartak shvasan (recurrent bronchi) mean hokar agravakshiy griva tatha aantarajatruk vayukoshoan mean chali jati hai aur is hetu inhean uchchhvas vayukosh kahate hai. in koshoan se hava bahar nikal jata hai.

vayukosh

vayukosh bahut upayogi aang hai aur inake kee kary hote haian:-

1. inaki divar mean raktanalikaean tatha raktakoshikaean nahian hoti, isaliye ye gaisoan ke adan pradan mean bhag nahian lete. tatha hava ke bhandar ke roop mean haian.
2. ye is prakar saje rahate haian ki u dan ke samay sharir ka ek nishchit gurutvakeandr bana rahata hai.
3. u dane ke samay ye maansapeshiyoan ko gharshan se bachate haian.
4. ye pasina nikalakar sharir ke tap ka niyaman karate haian.
5. ye sharir ke ghanatv ko ghatate haian, jisase u dane mean sahayata milati hai.

shvasanavidhi prakram

vishram ke samay udar (abdominal) tatha parshukaantar (intercastal) peshiyoan ke siku dane se urosthi niche jhuk jati hai aur pasaliyaan parshv mean mu d jati haian, jisase pheph de phail jate haian aur hava inake aandar a jati hai. uparyukt peshiyoan ke phailane par sthiti poorvat: ho jati hai aur hava bahar nikal jati hai. u dati huee avastha mean urosthi achal ho jati hai. is sthiti mean ridh hi oopar niche hoti he, jisase shvasan kriya hoti hai. u date samay shvasanakriya vishramavastha se kee guni badh jati hai. udaharan svaroop kabootar vishramavastha mean 29 bar prati minat, chalane ke samay 180 bar prati minat aur u dane ke samay 450 bar prati minat saans leta hai. is prakar suvikasit shvasanatantr ke karan hi pakshiyoan mean sakriy chayapachay sanbhav hai aur sharir ka tap 38° se 45° seantigred tak rahata hai.

parivahan tantr

pakshiyoan mean hriday] ka akar b da hota hai. yah char kakshoan (chambers) ka bana hota hai: dayaan tatha bayaan aliand (auricles) aur dayaan tatha bayaan nilay (ventricles). inake hriday mean shira kotar (sinus venosus) aur dhamani kaand (truncus arteriosus) nahian hote. is hetu agr mahashiraean (precavals) tatha pashch mahashira (postcaval) sidhe daean aliand mean ashuddh rakt lati haian. dayaan aliand daean nilay mean daean aliand-nilay-chhidr ke jarie khulata hai. is chhidr par maansal kapat rahata hai, jo rakt ko daean aliand se daean nilay mean to jane deta he, kiantu ulati disha mean nahian bahane deta. daean nilay se rakt phuphphusiy dhamani ke dvara pheph de mean shuddh hone ke liye chala jata hai. pheph de se shuddh rakt phuphphusiy shiraoan ke dvara baean aliand mean ata hai. bayaan aliand baean nilay mean baean aliand-nilay-chhidr dvara khulata hai. is chhidr par jhillidar kapat hota hai, jo rakt ko baean aliand se baean nilay mean jane deta hai, kiantu ulati disha mean nahian bahane deta. daean aur baanaian aliand tatha daean aur baean nilay ke bich koee sanbandh nahian hota aur isaliye hriday ke aandar shuddh aur ashuddh rakt ek doosare se bilakul alag rahate haian. baean nilay se ek mahadhamani chap (aortic arch) nikalata hai, jo sharir ke dahini or mu d jata hai aur samooche sharir mean rakt baantata hai, arthath‌ pakshiyoan mean sirph dayaan mahadhamani chap hota hai. phuphphus dhamani tatha dhamani chap mean se pratyek ke udgam sthan par tin ardhachandrakar kapat (semilunar valves) hote haian. pakshiyoan mean vrikk nivahika upatantr (renal portal system) ya to avashshti roop mean rahata hai ya hota hi nahian. lal raktakan aandakar aur nabhikiy (nucleated) hota hai. pakshi ushnaraktiy prani haian aur inake rakt ka tap 38° se 45° seantigred tak rahata hai.

utsarjan tantr

vakk (kidney) gahare lal rang ka tripiandiy (three lobed) aang hai, jo prishth-deh-bhitti se laga rahata hai. mootr vahiniyaan vrikk se nikalakar avaskar ke madhy bhag, arthath‌ yoorodiyam (urodaeum), mean khulati haian. pakshiyoan mean mootrautsarjan yooriya ke roop mean n hokar yoorik aml ke roop mean hota hai. isaliye mootr mean yoorik aml ke lavan milate haian. yoorodiyam mean mootr ka aur pani sokh liya jata hai, jisase yoorik aml saphed roop mean alag ho jata hai, jo mal ke sath bahar nikal jata hai.

aant:stravi granthiyoan

gardan ke adhar par ek jo da avatu granthi, (thyroid) vrikk ke agale bhag par sthit adhivrikk (suprarenal) granthiyaan, mastishk ke adharatal par sthit piyoosh kay (pituitary body) tatha janan granthiyaan aant:stravi granthiyoan ke udaharan haian.

tantrikatantr

pakshiyoan mean mastishk chhota tatha chau da hota hai. isamean pramastishk golardh (cerebral hemispheres) tatha anumastishk (cerebellum) apekshakrit bahut b de hote haian. ye bich mean mil jate haian, jisase drishtipali (optic lobes) parshv sthiti mean upasthit rahate haian. drishtipali bhi kafi vikasit hote haian. phalasvaroop pakshi mean drishtishakti bahut hi tivr hoti hai. ghranapali (olfactory lobes) chhote hote haian, jisase inamean ghran shakti kam hoti hai.

jnaneandriyaan

oopari choanch ke adhar par bahy nasika ko ghere hue komal tvacha ka phoola hua bhag hota hai, jise siyar kahate haian. yah sparsheandriy (tactile organ) hai. jibh ke parshv tatha mukhaguha ki chhat mean anek svad kaliyaan (taste buds) hoti haian, jinase bhojan ka tho da bahut svad jana jata hai.

aankh

pakshiyoan mean aankhean apekshakrit bahut b di b di hoti haian. isase inaki drishti b di tivr hoti hai. karniya ko sahara dene ke liye 12-20 akshipat (sclerotic plates) hote haian. aandh biandu (blind spot) se kachabh drav kaksh (vitreous chamber) mean nikali huee ek raktavahiniyukt ranjit chunnatadar (plaited) jhilli hoti hai, jise kankataang (pecten) kahate haian. sanbhavat: kankataang ek sanvedanashil iandriy hai jisaka sanbandh drishti ke svat: sanmajan (accomodation) se hai. pakshiyoan mean drishti svat: samanjan kshamata bahut adhik hoti hai. inamean rang-vibhedan ki kshamata bhi bahut hoti hai.

karnanalika

pakshiyoan mean shravanashakti bhi kafi tivr hoti hai. inamean karnapatah (tympanum) bahy karnanalika ki bhitari satah se kuchh door par sthit hai. yah nalika us karnachhidr ke dvara bahar khulati hai, jo aankh ke pichhe sthit hai aur paroan se dhanka rahata hai. karnavart (cochlea) lanba aur tedha hota hai, kiantu staniyoan ki tarah bahut lanba aur kuandalit nahian hota.

janan tantr

pakshiyoan mean nar aur mada bahar se ek hi tarah ke dikhate haian, kiantu kuchh pakshiyoan mean unaki pahachan asani se ki ja sakati hai, jaise murga tatha murgi aur mor tatha morani. nar mean vrikk ke agale sire ke pas ek jo da vrishan (testes) hota hai. pratyek vrishan se ek shukravahini (vas deferens) nikalati hai, jo yoorodiyam mean khulati hai. shukravahini ka doorasth sira phailakar patali divar vala shukrashay (seminal vesicle) ke samay shukranu mada ke yoorodiyam mean chala jata hai. adhikatar u dane vale pakshiyoan mean koee maithun aang nahian hota, kiantu batakh tatha rajahans mean avaskar ki adharabhitti se ju da hua ek tedha shishn hota hai.
praudh mada mean sirph dehaguha ki baeean taraph aandashay (ovary) hota hai. aandashay ke bahari kinare se ju da hua aandavahini (oviduct) ka kip (funnel) rahata hai. aandavahini kuandalit nali hai, jo yoorodiyam mean khulati hai. aandashay mean aandak (oocytes) adanputak (egg follicles) ke aandar maujood rahate haian. aandaputak ke phatane par poorv aandak (primary oocyte) bahar nikalata hai. age ka kram vardhan aandavahini ke aandar hi hota hai. aande aandapit ke karan kafi b de hote haian. aandoan ka nishechan aandavahini ke oopari bhag mean hi hota hai. aanda aandavahini ke nichale bhag ki or ludhakate hue badhata hai. aandavahini ki divar granthil hoti hai, jisase aandoan ke oopar kramash: gadha ailvoomen, patala elboomin, do kavach kalaoan (shell membranes) tatha radhrian kavach (porous shell) ka nirman ho jata hai.

anuranjan

sanbhog se pahale adhikatar pakshiyoan mean anuranjan hota hai, jisamean nar pakshi apana nach, gana, tarah tarah ke karatab tatha suandar paroan ko dikhakar mada pakshi ko rijhate haian, tab kahian mada sanbhog ke liye taiyar hoti hai. is kriya mean adhik suandar par tatha adhik madhur svar vale nar ichchhit madaoan ko pane mean samarth hote haian. is kary ke liye nar pray: bh dakile par vale hote haian. mor tatha svargapakshi apane suandar par phailakar isaliye nachate haian ki unake nach aur suandar par ko dekhakar mada sanbhog ke liye taiyar ho jay, kiantu any pakshi bhi, jinake badan mean jara bhi rangin ya suandar par hote haian unhean mada ko dikhane se nahian chookate. ve kabhi dum hilate haian to kabhi asaman mean kalabaji dikhate haian, taki unaki or mada akarshit hokar jo da baandh le. kabootar ka dhang aur ajib hai. mada dana chugati rahati hai. nar ekaek usake pas gala phulakar nachane lagata hai, kuchh age badhata hai aur phir pichhe laut ata hai aur is prakar use rijhane ki koshish karata hai. nar batakh nach nahian sakata kiantu vah mada ko khush karane ke liye pairoan se pani uchhalata hai aur choanch se pani ka phaubara oopar ki or pheankata hai, jo dekhane mean bahut hi suandar lagata hai. kabhi kabhi to mada ko prapt karane ke liye nar pakshiyoan mean l daee ho jati hai, jisamean harane vala to bhag jata hai aur jitane vale se mada jo da baandh leti hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

1. REDIRECT saancha:jiv jantu