पतंजलि (महाभाष्यकार)

chitr:Disamb2.jpg patanjali

ek bahuvikalpi shabd hai any arthoan ke lie dekhean:- patanjali

patanjali ya 'patanjali' ‘vyakaran mahabhashy’ ke rachayita haian. inaki ganana bharat ke agragany vidvanoan mean ki jati hai. inaka nivas sthan 'gonard' namak gram (kashmir) athava 'goanda' (uttar pradesh) mana jata hai. inaki mata ka nam 'gonika' bataya gaya hai tatha inake pita ka nam jnat nahian hai.

jivan parichay

maharshi panini ke lagabhag do sau sal bad katyayan maharshi ne lagabhag barah sau sootroan par vartik likhe. panini par yahi sabase purani tika aj upalabdh hai. in vartikoan mean sootrarth ki charcha, kahian mandan aur kabhi-kabhi khandan bhi kiya gaya hai. phir chh: sau sal ke bad patanjali ne panini ke sootroan ka vivechan karane vali ek vistrit tika likhi. yahi tika 'vyakaran mahabhashy' ke nam se prasiddh hai. jin sootroan par katyayan ke vartik haian, un sabaka aur jin par vartik nahian haian, aise lagabhag 400 sootroan ka isamean vivechan hai. isase yah spasht hota hai ki samanyat: ashtadhyayi ke 40 pratishat sootroan ka is tika mean vivechan hai. sambhav hai ki avashisht 2400 sootroan ka arthath ashtadhyayi ke 60 pratishat sootroan ka vivechan karane ki avashyakata patanjali ko prapt nahian huee. aantarang aur bahirang sakshy se ee. poo. 150 patanjali ka kal adhyetaoan ne nishchit kiya hai.

patanjali ka samay

bahusankhy bharatiy v pashchaty vidvanoan ke anusar patanjali ka samay 150 ee. poo. hai, par yudhishthir mimaansakaji ne zor dekar bataya hai ki patanjali vikram sanvat se do hazar varsh poorv hue the. is sambandh mean abhi tak koee nishchit praman prapt nahian ho saka hai, par aant:sakshy ke adhar par inaka samay niroopan koee kathin kary nahian hai. mahabhashy ke varnan se pata chalata hai ki pushyamitr ne kisi aise vishal yajn ka ayojan kiya tha, jisamean anek purohit the aur jinamean patanjali bhi shamil the. ve svayan brahman yajak the aur isi karan se unhoanne kshatriy yajak par kataksh kiya hai- yadi bhavadvidh: kshatriyan yajayeth.

pushyamitroan yajate, yajaka: yajayati. tatr bhavitavyamh pushyamitro yajayate, yajaka: yajayantiti yajvadishu chaviparyaso vaktavy:.

isase pata chalata hai ki patanjali ka abhirbhav kalidas ke poorv v pushyamitr ke rajy kal mean hua tha. ‘matsy puran’ ke anusar pushyamitr ne 36 varshoan tak rajy kiya tha. pushyamitr ke sianhasan par baithane ka samay 185 ee. poo. hai aur 36 varsh kam kar dene par usake shasan ki sima 149 ee. poo. nishchit hoti hai. goldastukar ne mahabhashy ka kal 140 se 120 ee. poo. mana hai. d aauktar bhaandarakar ke anusar patanjali ka samay 158 ee. poo. ke lagabhag hai, par profesar vebar ke anusar inaka samay kanishk ke bad, arthath ee. poo. 25 varsh hona chahie. d aauktar bhaandarakar ne profesar vebar ke is kathan ka khandan kar diya hai. bothaliank ke matanusar pantajali ka samay 2000 ee. poo. hai. is mat ka samarthan meksamoolar ne bhi kiya hai. kith ke anusar patanjali ka samay 140-150 ee. poo. hai.

janm katha

patanjali ke any nam bhi haian, jaise-gonardiy, gonikaputr, naganath, ahipati, choornikar, phanibhut, sheshahi, shesharaj aur padakar. ramachandr dikshit ne 'pantajalicharit' namak unaka charitr likha hai, jisamean patanjali ko shesh ka avatar manakar, tatsambandhi nimn akhyayika di gee hai-

ek bar jab shri vishnu sheshashayya par nidrit the, bhagavan shankar ne apana taandav nrity prarambh kiya. us samay shri vishnu gahari nidra mean nahian the. at: svabhavikat: unaka dhyan us shiv nrity ki or akarshit hua. us nrity ko dekhate hue shri vishnu ko itana anand prapt hua ki, vah unake sharir mean samata nahian tha. at: unhoanne apane sharir ko badhana prarambh kar diya. shri vishnu ka sharir vriddhigat hote hi shesh ko unaka bhar asahaniy ho utha. ve apane sahasr mukhoan se phuankar karane lage. usake karan lakshmi ji ghabaraeean aur unhoanne shri vishnu ko niand se jagaya. unake jagane par hi unaka sharir sankuchit hua. tab chhutakare ki shvaans lete hue shesh ne poochha, 'kya aj meri pariksha lena chahate the.' is par shri vishnu ne shesh ko shivaji ke taandav nrity ka kalatmak shreshthatv vishad karake bataya. tab shesh bole-'vah nrity ek bar maian dekhana chahata hooan.' is par shri vishnu ne kaha-'tum ek bar pun: prithvi par avatar lo, usi avatar mean tum shivaji ka taandav nrity dekh sakoge.'

janm sthan par matabhed

patanjali ke janm sthan ke bare mean bhi vidvanoan ka ek mat nahian hai. patanjali ne katyayan ko 'dakshinaty' kaha hai. isase anuman hota hai, ki ve uttar bharat ke nivasi rahe hoange. unake janm-gram ke roop mean gonard gram ka namollekh ho chuka hai. kintu gonard ka sambandh goand pradesh se bhi manate haian. katipay panditoan ke matanusar gonard gram avadh pradesh ka goanda hoga. vebar is gaanv ko magadh ke poorv mean sthit manate haian. kaniangham ke anusar, gonard gaud haian, kintu patanjali aryavart ka abhiman rakhane vale the. at: unaka janm-gram, aryavart hi mean kahian n kahian hona chahie, isamean sandeh nahian. us drishti se vah gonard, vidisha aur ujjain ke bich kisi sthan par hona chahie. profesar silvhaan levhi bhi gonard ko vidisha v ujjain ke marg par hi manate haian. unhoanne yah bhi bataya hai ki vidisha ke samip sthit saanchi ke bauddh stoop ko, asapas ke pray: sabhi gaanvoan ke logoan dvara dan die jane ke ullekh milate haian, kintu usamean gonard ke logoan ke nam dikhaee nahian dete.

is bat par unhoanne ashchary bhi vyakt kiya hai. tathapi is par se anuman nikalata hai ki gonard ke log kattar bauddh virodhak hoange. aise bauddh virodhakoan ke kendr mean patanjali pale yah ghatana unake charitr ki drishti se mahattvapoorn hai. vyakaran-mahabhashy se yah soochit hota hai, ki patanjali ki maury samrat brihadrath ka vadh karane vale pushyamitr shuang se mitrata thi. patanjali ne vyakaran ki pariksha pataliputr (patana) mean di. vahian par un donoan ki mitrata huee hogi. bauddh banakar vaidik dharm ka virodh karane vale maury vansh ka uchchhed kar bharat mean vaidik dharmi rajy ki prasthapana karane ki yojana un donoan ne vahian par banaee hogi.

namakaran

tadanusar avatar lene hetu uchit sthan ki khoj mean shesh ji chal p de. chalate-chalate gonard namak sthan par unhean gonika namak ek mahila, putr prapti ki ichchha se tapasya karati huee dikh p di. shesh ji ne use matri roop mean svikar karane ka man hi man nishchay kiya. at: jab gonika soory ko ardhy dene hetu siddh huee, tab shesh ji sookshm roop dharan usaki aanjali mean ja baithai aur usaki aanjali ke jal ke sath niche ate hi, usake sammukh balak ke roop mean kh de ho ge. gonika ne unhean apana putr manakar godi mean utha liya aur boli-‘meri aanjali se patan pane ke karan, maian tumhara nam patanjali rakhati hooan.’

adhyapan kary

patanjali ne balyavastha se hi vidyabhyas prarambh kiya. phir tapasya ke dvara unhoanne shiv ji ko prasann kar liya. shiv ji ne unhean chidambar kshetr mean apana taandav nrity dikhalaya aur padashastr par bhashy likhane ka adesh diya. tadanusar chidambaramh mean hi rahakar patanjali ne panini ke sootroan tatha katyayan ke vartikoan par vistrit bhashy ki rachana ki. yah granth ‘patanjal mahabhashy’ ke nam se prasiddh hua. is mahabhashy ki kirti sunakar, usake adhyayanarth hazaroan pandit patanjali ke yahaan par ane lage. patanjali ek yavanika (parde) ki ot mean baithakar, sheshanag ke roop mean un sahasroan shishyoan ko ek sath padhane lage.

adhyapan ke samay pantajali ne shishyoan ko k di chetavani de rakhi thi, ki koee bhi yavanika ke andar jhaankakar n dekhe, kintu shishyoan ke hriday mean is bare se bhari kotuhal jagrit ho chuka tha, ki ek hi vyakti ek hi samay mean itane shishyoan ko granth ke anyany bhag kis prakar padha sakata hai. at: ek din unhoanne jab yavanika door ki, to unhean dikhaee diya, ki patanjali sahasr mukh vale sheshanag ke roop mean adhyapan kary kar rahe haian, kintu shesh ji ka tej itana prakhar tha ki sabhi shishy jalakar bhashm ho ge. keval ek shishy jo ki us samay jal lane ke lie bahar gaya tha, bach gaya. patanjali ne use adesh diya, ki vah suyogy shishyoan ko mahabhashy padhaye. phir patanjali chidambar kshetr se gonard gram laute.

pushyamitr aur patanjali

pushyamitr shuang v patanjali donoan hi vaidik dharm evan sanskrit bhasha ke abhimani the. pushyamitr ne do ashvamedh yajn kie the aur unaka paurohity kiya tha, patanjali ne. vyakaran mahabhashy likhakar to patanjali ne sanskrit bhasha ke gaurav ko to shikhar par hi pahuancha diya tha. isake parinamasvaroop pali-ardh magadhi jaisi bauddh janoan ki dharm bhashaean tak sanskrit ke samane pichh d geean. ‘sanskrit tatha apabhransh shabdoan se yadyapi ek jaisa arth vyakt hota hai, phir bhi dharmik drishti se sanskrit shabdoan ka hi prayog kiya jana chahie, kyoanki aisa karane se abhyuday hota hai’-aisa patanjali ne kaha hai. us kal mean patanjali v pushyamitr dvara kiye ge sanskrit bhasha ke punarutthan ke karan hi ramayan tatha mahabharat adi mahanh granthoan ka akhil bharat mean samanyat: ek hi svaroop mean prachar hua, aur bharat ka ek rashtriyatv ab tak tik saka.

rachanaean

vyakaran mahabhashy patanjali ki ajaramar kriti hai. bharat mean anek bhashyoan ka nirman hua, jinake nirmata the- shabar, shankarachary, ramanuj, sayan jaise mahanh achary, kintu keval patajanli ka bhashy hi 'mahabhashy' hone ke samman ko prapt kar saka. is mahabhashy ke dvara vyakaran ke sookshmatisookshm rahasyoan tak ka udaghatan kiya jata hai. isake sath hi apane is granth mean shabd ki vyapakata par prakash dalakar patanjali ne ‘sphotavad’ namak ek navin darshanik siddhant ki nianv bhi dali hai. anadi, anant, akhand, ajney, svayan prakashaman adi nana visheshanoan se vibhooshit shabdabrahm hi srishti ka adikaran hai, aisa patanjali manate haian.

mahabhashy ki rachana

katyayan ke varttikoan ke pashchath maharshi patanjali ne paniniy ashtadhyayi par ek mahati vyakhya likhi, jo 'mahabhashy' ke nam se prasiddh hai. isamean unhoanne paniniy sootroan tatha un par likhe gaye varttikoan ka vivechan kiya, aur sath hi sath apane ishti-vakyoan ka bhi samavesh kiya. mahabhashy mean 86 ahinak haian. 'ahinak' shabd ka arth hai, 'ek din mean adhit aansh'. patanjali-mahabhashy ke 83 ahinak vidyarthiyoan ko padhae gaye 86 din ke path haian. maharshi patanjali ne apane samay ke samast sanskrit-vanmay ka alodan kiya tha, at: unase vyakaran ka koee bhi vishay achhoota nahian raha. unaki niroopan-paddhati sarvatha maulik aur naiyayikoan tarkashaili par adharit hai. patanjali ke hathoan paniniy shastr ka itana gahan aur vyapak vistar hua ki any vyakaranoan ki parampara lagabhag samapt ho gee aur charoan or paniniy vyakaran ki hi pataka phaharane lagi. ashtadhyayi ke 1689 sootroan par patanjali ne bhashy likha. isamean unhoanne katyayan evan any acharyoan ke varttikoan ki bhi samiksha ki hai, sath hi char sau se adhik aise sootroan par bhashy likha, jin par varttik upalabdh nahian the. patanjali ne katyayan ke anek akshepoan se panini ki raksha ki, jahaan unhean varttikakat ka mat thik dikhaee diya, vahaan use svikar bhi kar liya.

mahabhashy ki rachanashaili

mahabhashy ki rachanashaili atyant saral, sahaj aur pravahayukt hai. shastriy granth hone ke karan mahabhashy mean paribhashik aur shastriy shabdoan ka ana svabhavik hi tha, parantu mahabhashyakar ne shastriy shabdavali ke sath-sath lokavyavahar ki bhasha aur muhavaroan ka prayog kar apane granth ko durooh hone se bacha liya hai. jahaan vishay gambhir hai, vahaan mahabhashyakar ne bich-bich mean vinodapoorn vaky dalakar sanvadamayi shaili ka prayog aur laukik drishtantoan ka samavesh kar prasang ko shushk aur niras hone se bacha liya hai. mahabhashy ko saras aur akarshak banane mean unaki bhasha ka bahut yogadan hai. usamean upaman, nyay, drishtant aur sooktiyaan bhi kam manoram nahian haian. mahabhashy mean upaman aur drishtantoan ka kuchh is dhang se prayog kiya gaya hai ki pathak bina tark ke vakta ki bat svikar karane ko badhy ho jata hai. bhashy mean prayukt sooktiyaan aur kahavatean jivan ke vastavik anubhavoan par adharit haian. bhashy mean prayukt anek shabd sanskrit shabdapauranik kosh ki amooly nidhi haian. patanjali ne mahattvapoorn shastriy siddhantoan ki vivechana karate samay yah dhyan rakha ki ve siddhant logoan ko saralata se samajh mean a sakean. isake liye unhoanne lok-vyavahar ki sahayata li. pratyay se sthan ko nishchit karane ke liye ve gay ke bachh de ka udaharan dete hue kahate haian, ki yadi pratyay ka sthan nishchit nahian hoga, to jaise bachh da gay ke kabhi age v kabhi pichhe aur kabhi usake barabar chalane lagata hai, aisi hi sthiti pratyayoan ki ho jayegi. is prakar patanjali ne paniniy vyakaran ko n keval sarvajan-sulabh banaya, apitu usamean apane bhautik vicharoan ka samavesh kar use darshan ka roop bhi pradan kar diya. mahabhashy ka arambh hi shabd ki paribhasha se hota hai. shabd ka yah vivad vaiyakaranoan ka prachin vivad tha. panini se poorv achary shabd ke nityatv aur karyatv paksh ko manate the.

any rachanaean

vyakaran mahabhashy ke atirikt patanjali nam se sambandhit nimn kritiyaan haian-

1. maharaj samudragupt krit ‘krishnacharit’ mean patanjali ko ‘mahanand’ ya ‘mahanandamay’ kavy ka praneta kaha gaya hai, jisamean kavy ke bahane yog ka varnan kiya gaya hai. ‘saduktikarnamrit’ mean bhashyakar ke nam se nimn shlok uddhrit kiya gaya hai-

yadyapi svachchhabhaven darshayatyambudhirmaninh.
tathapi janudandhoasmati chetasi ma katha:..

1. sharadatanay-rachit 'bhavaprakashan' mean kisi vasuki achary krit 'sahityashastriy' granth ka ullekh hai. isamean bhavoan dvara rasotpatti ka kathan kiya gaya hai. isase anuman hota hai ki patanjali ne koee kavy shastriy granth likha hoga.
2. lohashastr-shivadas krit vaidyak granth 'chakradatt' ki tika mean 'lohashastr' namak granth ke rachayita patanjali batae ge haian.
3. siddhant saravali-isake praneta bhi patanjali kahe ge haian.
4. kosh-anek kosh granthoan ki tikaoan mean vasuki, shesh, phanapati v bhogiandr adi namoan dvara rachit kosh granth ke uddharan prapt hote haian.

mahabhashy ke anusar patanjali

mahabhashy ke anusar patanjali gonard pradesh ke vasi pratit hote haian. aj ke panjab ka ek bhag us samay gonard nam se prasiddh tha. agar aj ka goand desh prachin gonard ho to yah ayodhya ke samip hai. is prakar isake bare mean vidvanoan ke vibhinn mat haian. mahabhashy mean gaandhar, udichy, bahik, panjab adi pradeshoan ke gaanvoan, nadiyoan aur naloan adi ka ullekh hone se yah nishchit hota hai ki unaka janm kahian bhi hua ho, kintu unaki shiksha, adhyapan, lekhan adi mahattvapoorn kary panjab mean ya usake samip kahian hua hoga.

mahabhashy mean paye jane vale nirdeshoan se yah maloom hota hai ki patanjali ke pahale bhi panini ke sootroan par vivaran granth upalabdh the, jinamean se ek bhashy nam se prasiddh tha. patanjali ka vivaran us bhashy se bhi adhik vistrit aur mahattvapoorn hone ke karan unake granth ko 'mahabhashy' kahane lage hoange.

mahabhashy ki bhasha

mahabhashy ki bhasha saral aur subodh hai. anek shastr vishayoan ki charcha vicharoan ki gaharaee ityadi is granth ki anek visheshataean haian. prashnottari paddhati ke karan is granth mean ki gee shastracharcha jivant pratit hoti hai. kahian tho da hasy, kahian vyangy, kahian prachin drishtant, kahian kalpit katha hone se is granth ka svaroop bahuroopiya jaisa pratit hota hai.

isi patanjali ne yogasootr ki rachana tatha charak sanhita ka pratisanskaran kiya tha, aisi prachin paramparagat manyata hai. bhartuhari ne vakyapadiy mean yah janakari di hai tatha 'yogen chittasy paden vachamh...' adi shlok vyakaran parampara mean bahut prachin kal se prasiddh haian. mahabhashy mean yog aur vaidyakashastr ke kuchh ullekh paye jate haian. purane logoan ka kahana hai ki in sab pramanoan ke karan yah prachin vishvas saty hai, lekin adhunik vidvanoan ka kahana hai ki bhartuhari ka kal mahabhashy ke lagabhag chh: sau varsh bad hai aur usaka kiya hua nirdesh bhi asandigdh nahian hai. 'yogen...' yah shlok to gyarahavian shatabdi ka hoga. charakaprati sanskaran ka aur yogasootr ka kal kramash: tisara aur chauthi ee. shatak nishchit kiya gaya hai. isilie yah spasht hai ki ye tin patanjali alag alag hi haian. keval nam sadrishy ke karan ye sab akhyayikaean prachalit huee hoangi aur agale granthakaroan ne un sabako praman manakar unaka nirdesh kiya hoga.

mahabhashy ka mukhy aur ekamev kshetr shabd hi hai. tathapi shabd svaroop, shabd se jnat hone vale arth ka svaroop, arth ke prakar, arth ke prakar ke anusar shabd ke prakar, logoan mean shabd ke vishay mean samajh aur galat samajh adi vishayoan ka vivechan bhi patanjali ne sookshmata se kiya hai. svarg, mrityu, punarjanm, pratyaksh, anuman, shabd praman ityadi vishayoan ka nirdesh prasangavash kiya hai.

shabdasvaroop

prarambh mean patanjali ne shabd svaroop ka vivechan kiya hai. jisake abhivyakt hone par arth jnan hota hai, vah shabd hai, aisa shabd ka tatasth lakshan pahale kaha gaya hai. logoan mean arth jnan karane vali dhvani ki sanjna shabd hai- aisa svaroop lakshan logoan ko samajhane ke lie kaha gaya hai. mahabhashyakar ne anyatr bahut sthaloan par 'shabd nity hai', dhvani kary anity hai, karyaroop dhvani se arth bodhak nity shabd abhivyakt hota hai, aisa vyakaranashastriy siddhaant prasthapit kiya hai.

yah vishay vartikakar ne pratham vartik mean hi 'siddhe shabdarthasanbandh' in shabdoan mean sankshep mean prastut kiya hai. ye shabd sandehajanak haian. at: vartikakar ki shabd svaroop ke vishay mean nishchit roop se kya ray hai, yah samajh mean nahian ata. 'siddh' shabd ke nity, poorvanishpann, poorvajnat, ityadi arth vanmay mean prasiddh haian. is vartik mean jis 'siddh' shabd ka prayog hai, usaka arth 'nity' hi vartikakar ko abhipret hai, aisa patanjali ka abhipray hai. shabdarth sanbandh samahar dvandv hai. at: shabd, arth aur unaka sanbandh tinoan padarth nity haian, aisa vyakaran siddhaant vartikakar ne in shabdoan mean arambh mean hi spashtataya prasthapit kiya hai, aisa patanjali ne mana hai. lekin shabd utpann hua, shabd nasht hua, arth utpann hua, arth nasht hua, sanbandh utpann hua, sanbandh nasht hua, is prakar shabdarth ke vishay mean 'utpann' evan 'nasht' vyavahar sarvatr sab log karate haian, is karan shabdarth sanbandh ko nity samajhane mean uparyukt vyavahar aur pratyaksh anubhav donoan bodhak haian. phir vah nity kaise.

alochana

patanjali aur any alochakoan ne is badha ka parihar is prakar kiya hai. shabd do prakar ka hota hai- nity aur kary. kary evan dhvaniroop shabd se nity shabd abhivyakt hota hai. kary athava anity dhvaniroop shabd ke sandarbh mean 'utpann: shabd:', 'nasht: shabd:' ityadi vyavahar kiya jata hai aur anubhooti bhi usi tarah prapt hoti hai. lekin vah kary shabd vastavik shabd nahian hai. keval upachar se ya shabd ke prayog mean pramad ke karan log aisa vyavahar karate haian. is prakar dhvanisamooh ke dvara vyakt hone vala arth bodhak shabd nity hote hue bhi vakta ki ya shrota ki buddhi mean sadaiv avasthit hai. usi ko vaiyakaran sphot kahate haian. is prakar patanjali ne shabd ke svaroop ke vishay mean siddhaant prasthapit kiya hai.

shastrakaroan se matabhed

kuchh shastrakar manate haian ki shabd se jatiroop arth jnat hota hai. isase unake matanusar arth ki nityata pramanit hoti hai. lekin jo shastrakar aisa samajhate haian ki shabd se vyakti roopamatr arth jnat hota hai, unake mat ke anusar shabd anity hai. kuchh shastrakar aisa manate haian ki shabd se jati, akriti aur vyakti ye tin arth pratit hote haian. akriti ka arth hai ki avayav sansthan. vah nishchit roop se nasht hone vali hai. phir arth nity hai, aisa kaise kaha ja sakata hai. mahabhashkar kahate haian ki shabd se jnat hone vala arth jo bhi ho, vah nity hai, yahi hamari gati hai. vastuean vahi nity kahalati haian, jo vishisht sthal se nasht hoan, kintu unaki satta nasht nahian ho. vah vastu anyatr kahian hoti hi hai. patanjali ne is vishay mean nityatv ka sarvamany lakshan badal dala hai. uttarakal ke tikakaroan ne vyavasthanityata, vyavaharanityata aur pravahanityata aise shabd us arth se roodh kie haian. is prakar shabd nity hai, arth bhi pravahanity hai, evan nity shabd aur nity arth ka sambandh bhi nity hai. isilie vartikakar 'siddhe shabdarth sanbandhe' kahate haian. lekin mahabhashyakar ke dvara nityatv ki kalpana mean kiya gaya yah parivartan kisi ko bhi many hone vala nahian hai. isaka karan yah hai ki nityatv ka doosara lakshan yadi many kiya jae, to manushy, vriksh, ghat, pat, sab padarthoan ko nity manana p dega. nity aur anity ka yah vibhajan nirarthak hoga. mahabhashyakar ke man mean bhi yah shaly tha hi, isilie unhoanne shabdarth sanbandh mean tripad samaharadvandv asvikrit kiya. pahale arth sanbandh mean shashthi tatpurush manakar usake bad shabd aur arth sanbandh mean samaharadvandv mana jae aur shabd aur usaka arth se sanbandh nity hota hai, is prakar vartik a ashay aur vyakaran shastr ka siddhaant samajha jae aur shabd aur usaka arth se sanbandh nity hota hai, is prakar vartik ka ashay aur vyakaran shastr ka siddhaant samajha jae, aisa mat pradarshit kiya hai.

arth nity ho ya anity ho, shabd aur usaka arth sanbandh nity hota hai, aisa vartik ka ashay bhashyakar ne bataya hai. lekin sanbandh do sanbandhiyoan par ashrit rahata hai. usi ke karan yadi do sanbandhi nity hoan tab hi vah sanbandh nity mana jayega. do sanbandhiyoan mean se ek anity ho, tab sanbandh bhi anity rahega. is akshep ka nirakaran tikakaroan ne is prakar se kiya hai. do sanbandhiyoan mean se ek sanbandhi bhi yadi nity ho, tabhi sanbandh nity hota hai. sanbandh yogyataroop hota hai. doosari vastu ke ate hi vah abhivyakt hota hai. isake atirikt naiyayikoan ne jati-vyakti, gun-guni, avayavavayavi ka sanbandh nity mana hai. in do-do sanbandhiyoan mean donoan hi anity haian, phir bhi unaka sanbandh nity manane mean koee bhi badha unhean pratit nahian hoti. phir nity shabd aur anity arth ka sanbandh nity manane mean kya badha hai.

sambhav hai ki is vartik mean prayukt 'siddh' shabd ka vartikakar ke man mean jo arth hai, vah 'poorv nishpann' ya 'poorv jnat' ho. sootrakar ne ya vartikakar ne is shabd ko 'poorv nishpann' ya 'poorv jnat' ke arth mean kee sthanoan par svikrit kiya hai. yadi yah vastavikata dhyan mean li jae to vyakaran shastr mean shabd nityatv ki kalpana prathamat: patanjali ne sthapit ki hai aur usako shastr ka pran samajh kar sthal sthal par unhoanne us kalpana ka samarthan karake usako sthir kiya hai. uttarakal ke tikakaroan ne usako supushpit aur suphalit kiya hai, yah kahana yukt hoga.

arth ke prakar

shabd se jnat hone vale arth char prakar ke haian. is karan shabd bhi char prakar ka hai- jati, gun, kriya aur sanjna. yah kahakar bhashyakar kahate haian ki jati, gun aur kriya ye tin hi prakar hote haian aur sanjna shabd in tinoan mean hi samavisht hote haian evan pratyek shabd vyutpann hota hai. yah shakatayan ka paksh patanjali ne siddhaant ke roop mean svikrit kiya hai.

sanjna shabd hi pahale jati, gun aur kriya in arthoan mean kisi ek ke bodhak ke roop mean prayukt hota hai. mool roop mean vah sthool nahian hota hai. vah vyutpann yukt hi hai, aisa patanjali ka abhipray ho sakata hai. aisa tikakaroan ka bhi kahana hai. kuchh bhi ho, jati, gun aur kriya ye arthoan ke tin prakar sarvamany haian. mahabhashyakar ne in tinoan arthoan ke lakshan kiye haian. ve lakshan prathamik svaroop ke tatha sthool haian. kriya nityash: parokshanumey hai, aisa patanjali ka kahana hai. yah kathan mimaansakoan ke mat ke saman hai. patanjali ne gun ki jo vyakhya ki hai, usake anusar vah saankhy sanmat satvarajastamoroop nahian hai aur n hi naiyayikoan ka sanmat shabd, sparsh adi chaubis gunoan mean se ek, balki alag hi hai. naiyayikoan ke anusar jnan, sanyog, gun haian, kintu vaiyakaranoan ke anusar vah kriya hai. liang ke vishay mean bhi vyakaran shastr ka vyavahar kuchh any hi hai. shabdasiddhi ko lakshy banakar vyakaran shastr ne apana marg svatantr roop mean banana chaha, aisa bhashyakar manate haian. tatpary yah hai ki shabdasiddhi ekamev uddeshy hone ke karan patanjali dvara ki gee jati, gun, kriya ityadi ki vyakhyaean n keval any shastrakaroan ke abhipray se apitu vyavahar mean bhi kuchh shithil pratit ho sakati haian. in maryadaoan ko dhyan mean rakhakar hi unaka ashay samajhana chahie.

pramanavichar

pratyaksh, anuman evan shabd in tin pramanoan ka ullekh patanjali (muni) ne bhinn-bhinn sthaloan par anek bar kiya hai. shabd praman sarvadhik shreshth hai, yadi apt ho. apt ke arth mean unhoanne shisht shabd ka prayog kiya hai. shishtoan ka diya hua lakshan is prakar hai- aryavart desh mean nivas karane vale, nirlobhi, adhik matra mean sangrah karane ki jinaki pravritti nahian hai, jitendriy evan kam se kam ek jnanashakha mean parangat 'shisht' sanjna ke patr haian. arthath- saty aur hit kahane ke lie avashyak jnan evan tyag, ye pramukh gun jinamean haian, ve shisht aur unaka vachan apt vaky hai. ved eeshvarokt hone ke karan poorn praman kahalayeange. usi prakar dharmasootrakaroan ka vachan bhi poorn praman manana hoga. is prakar ka ullekh patanjali ne do jagah par kiya hai. aptopadesh se kuchh hi nyoon (karm) anuman praman, anuman se kuchh hi nyoon pratyaksh praman, yah kram unhoanne soochit kiya hai. alatachakr, mrigajal, gandharv nagar adi drishtant dekar unhoanne 'pratyaksh' ka durbalatv aur 'anuman' ka prabalatv spasht kiya hai. samane dikhaee dene vali vastu bhi anek karanoan se indriyagochar nahian ho sakati, is prakar ka vivechan karate samay unhoanne jo karan die haian, unhian se ham sab anuman laga sakate haian ki unake samay 'pratyaksh' ka durbalatv shastrakaroan ko kitana khalata tha. sath sath hamean yah bhi janakari prapt hoti hai ki mahabhashyakar ka any shastroan ka jnan bhi bahut gahan aur vyapak tha.

vedavachan athava shisht vaky ko patanjali ke dvara pramanoan mean anany sadharan sthan diya gaya dekhane par yah nishchay ho jata hai ki yah shabd pramany unake saik doan sal pahale se hi bharatavarsh mean sthiramool raha hoga.  

svarg

svarg ka ullekh patanjali ne paanch jagahoan par kiya hai. unamean se pahala ullekh yajn ka upahas karane ke lie kiya hai. yajn ki nishphalata batane vala vah shlok bhraj namak shlok sangrah granth ka hai. yah yajn ki nishphalata, charvak, bauddh ityadi ke anusar ho ya upanishad parampara ke anusar us samay bhi yajn ka upahas, sarvalok prasiddh tha. mahabhashyakar yajnadi vedokt dharmanushthan ke vishay mean prachin karmavadiyoan ki tarah akalp shraddha rakhate the.

satkarm karane se, vyakaran shastr ke paramparayukt adhyayan se vyakaranashuddh shabd soch samajhakar prayukt karane ke karan, annadanadi karane se svarg prapt hota hai. n keval uparokt prakar se vyavahar karane vala vyakti balki usake mata aur pita bhi svarg mean sukhapoorvak nivas karate haian. svargiy apsaraean patni banakar usaki seva karati haian. is prakar ka svarg se sanbandhit vivechan patanjali ne kiya hai.

lokayat arthath charvak mat ka ullekh do jagah aya hai. unhoanne yah bhi kaha hai ki charvak mat pratipadak granth ki do prakar ki tikaean, varni evan vartika thian. isase yah anuman lagaya ja sakata hai ki usake mat ke mool granth evan tika granth patanjali ke samay upalabdh rahe hoange.

sharir ko shariratma kahakar evan jivatma ko antaratma kahakar mahabhashyakar unaka ullekh karate haian aur unake dvara kie hue karmoan ke phal ek doosare ko bhugatane p date haian. is prakar donoan ko bhi bhoktritv evan kartritv laga rahata hai, aisa unaka pratipadan hai. donoan ka yah kartritv aur bhoktritv vastavik hai ya aropit, isaka spashtikaran unhoanne kiya nahian hai. sambhav hai ki keval vyavaharik roop se unaka yah vachan ho. saiddhaantik roop se yah mat nyay, vedant, inamean se kis se adhik milata hai. 'abhyas' ki advaitavedantiyoan ke dvara svikrit kalpana bij roop mean patanjali janate the. shayad yah kalpana, tatkalin darshan shastr ke granthoan mean rahi hogi. is vishay mean utsahapoorvak kuchh bhi kahane ka sahas karana uchit n hoga.

'maskari' (maskarin) mat ko siddh karate samay patanjali ke dvara diya gaya spashtikaran is sanbandh mean vishesh vicharaniy siddh hoga. koee bhi karm karana tumhean uchit nahian hai, shanti hi sarvottam shubh hai. is prakar ka upadesh jo karata hai, vah maskari arthath parivrajak (sannyasi) kahalata hai. yah patanjali ka vivechan hai. isaka arth yah hai ki sarvakarm sannyasapoorvak jnanamarg ka upadesh karane vala koee ek sampraday unake samay astitv mean raha hoga.

mahabhashyakar ne akash, dyau ityadi ka ullekh nity roop mean kiya hai. upanishadoan mean us atma se hi akash ki utpatti huee, is prakar ka vivechan hai.

mahabhashy mean 'brahma' shabd anek bar prayukt hua hai. usake arth brahman, ved, vrat ityadi haian. upanishadoan mean many arth mahabhashy mean kahian par bhi nahian haian. moksh, apavarg ityadi shabd ya in shabdoan se vyakt hone vali sankalpanaean bhi nahian milati haian. ved ke mantr bhasha se bahut uddharan haian. anek prakar ke yajn-yag adi ka nirdesh bhi hai. anek upanishad shabd upanishadgat nirdesh upalabdh nahian hote.

svarg hi manavi jivan ka antim sadhy hai aur yajn-yag adi vedokt karm ka sadhan haian, ved eeshvar ke dvara kathit haian, isalie ve hi param praman haian. jagath jaisa ab hai, vaisa hi pahale ya age anant kal tak rahega. aisa poorv mimaansakoan ka pratipadan hai. unaka yah karmakaand pradhan, pravritti pradhan aur bhogavadi tatvajnan kuchh aansh se saankhy tatv se mishrit hokar patanjali ke mahabhashy mean pratibimbit hota hai. us kal mean sarvamany yah darshan patanjali ka bhi sanmat hoga aur us darshan par unaki avichan shraddha hogi, aisa nishkarm yadi nikala jae to uchit hoga.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

bhagavat, pandit vaman ba. vishv ke pramukh darshanik (hindi). bharatadiskavari pustakalay: vaijnanik tatha takaniki shabdavali ayog, nee dilli, 271.