परिनिर्वाण मन्दिर कुशीनगर
[[chitr:Nirvana-Temple-Kushinagar.jpg|thumb|300px|parinirvan mandir, kushinagar]] parinirvan mandir uttar pradesh ke sarvadhik prachin nagaroan mean se ek kushinagar mean sthit hai. sarvapratham karlail ne 1876 ee. mean is mandir aur parinirvan pratima ko khoj nikala tha. pratima ko eeantoan ke bane ek sianhasan par sthapit kiya gaya tha. yah sianhasan 24 phut lanba tatha 5 phut 6 ianch chau da tha. isaka pravesh dvar pashchim ki or tha. uttar aur dakshin ki divaroan mean ek-ek khi dakiyaan thian. isamean koee sandeh nahian ki parinirvan pratima ki sthapana 5vian shatabdi mean huee thi, parantu yah mandir itana prachin nahian pratit hota. moorti par prayukt paravarti plastar is bat ka soochak hai ki yah mandir kee shatabdiyoan tak parivartit hota raha.
buddh pratima tatha sianhasan
mandir mukhy stoop ke pashchim mean sthit tha. karlail ne 1876 ee. mean mandir aur parinirvan pratima ki khoj ki thi. karlail ko ooanchi divarean to mili thian, parantu chhat ke avashesh nahian mile the. isamean keval garbhagrih aur usake age ek pravesh kaksh tha. is tile ke garbhagrih mean khudaee karate samay karlail ko ek ooanche sianhasan par tathagat ki 20 phut (lagabhag 6.1 mitar) lanbi parinirvan mudra ki pratima mili thi. yah pratima chittidar balua patthar ki hai. isamean buddh ko pashchim ki taraph mukh karake lete hue dikhaya gaya hai. isaka sir uttarabhimukh hai, dahina hath sir ke niche aur bayaan hath janghe par sthit hai. pair ek-doosare ke oopar haian.[1] is pratima ko eeantoan ke bane ek sianhasan par sthapit kiya gaya tha. yah sianhasan 24 phut lanba tatha 5 phut 6 ianch chau da tha. sianhasan ke oopar patthar ki pattiyaan j di huee thian. [[chitr:Nirvana-Temple-Kushinagar-6.jpg|thumb|250px|left|parinirvan mandir, kushinagar]] sianhasan ke agrabhag mean tin shok santapt moortiyaan haian.[2] isake niche paanchavian shatabdi ka lekh utkirn hai.[3] is lekh se yah spasht ho jata hai ki parinirvan moorti ka pratishthapak 'haribal'[4] namak vyakti tha aur isaka shilpi mathura ka 'dinn' tha.
nirvan mandir ki khoj
malabe ki saphaee ke pashchath karlail ko nirvan mandir ka pata chala. mandir ki divar ki motaee 3.05 mitar aur garbhagrih ki lanbaee-chau daee 9.35x3.66 mitar thi. pravesh kaksh ki lanbaee 10.92 mitar tatha chau daee 4.57 mitar thi. saphaee ke samay karlail ko alp matra me chauras eeantean aur tedhi divar ke avashesh mile the, jisake adhar par karlail ne yah mat vyakt kiya tha ki is mandir ki chhat meharab guanbaj se yukt thi. isaka pravesh dvar pashchim ki or tha. uttar aur dakshin ki divaroan mean ek-ek khi dakiyaan thian. yahaan yah ullekhaniy hai ki moorti ki drishti se is mandir ka garbhagrih chhota hai aur pradakshina ke lie paryapt sthan nahian hai.
pratima ki sthapana
isamean koee sandeh nahian ki parinirvan pratima ki sthapana 5vian shatabdi mean huee thi, parantu yah mandir itana prachin nahian pratit hota. moorti par prayukt paravarti plastar is bat ka soochak hai ki yah mandir kee shatabdiyoan tak parivartit hota raha. uttari aur dakshini divaroan ke niche, moorti se yukt poorvavarti mandir ke avashesh us sthan se mile haian, jahaan se karlail ko parinirvan mandir ke avashesh mile the.[5][[chitr:Statue-Buddha-Kushinagar-1.jpg|thumb|300px|mandir ke bhitar buddh moorti]] lekin yah kahana kathin hai ki yah vahi prachin mandir tha, jisamean parinirvan pratima sarvapratham sthapit ki gee thi aur jisaka ullekh hvenasaang ne kiya tha.[6] karlain dvara anveshit is parinirvan mandir ka nirman 11vian-12vian shatabdi mean hua hoga, jabaki kushinagar avanati ki or agrasar tha. karlail ne is moorti ki marammat aur mandir ka jirnoddhar karavaya.[7] adhunik kal mean bhi isaka kee bar jirnoddhar hota raha.[8]
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vihar
mandir ke charoan taraph vihar bane hue the, jinhean suvidha ki drishti se kee vargoan mean vibhajit kiya ja sakata hai-
pashchimi varg
stoop aur nirvan mandir ke charoan or eeantoan se nirmit kee sthapaty haian, jinaka samay-samay par ek dharmik math ke roop mean vikas hota raha. yahaan se do mathoan[9] ka pata chala hai. yahaan utkhanan se b di matra mean lipi se yukt aur tithiparak vastuean prakash mean aee haian. yahian se prapt mitti ki ek muhar par bane do sal vrikshoan ke niche buddh ki samadhi aur do panktiyoan mean ‘mahaparinirvan bhikshu sangh’ lekh likha hua hai.[10] do any muharean bhi milian haian, jin par 'maitrey' ki akriti hai, parantu lekh vahi hai. in lekhoan ki tithi chauthi shatabdi pratit hoti hai. chaandi ka ek sikka bhi mila hai, jise 'kshatrap' naresh damasen ka mana ja sakata hai. isake atirikt kuchh tooti huee mrinmoortiyaan aur b di matra mean mridabhaand bhi mile haian. in samast vastuoan ka nichali satah se milana yah siddh karata hai ki ye donoan math chauthi shatabdi ke pahale nirmit hue hoange. utkhanan se pashchim mandir ke samane kee bhavan prakash mean ae haian, jinaka prasar 107.93 mitar lanbaee mean tha.
in bhavanoan mean 45.72 mitar vargakar ghere mean phaila sabase b da ek math tha. is math ke charoan or 3.05 mitar chau da galiyara bana tha. isamean bhikshuoan ke nivas ke lie chhote-chhote kee kamare bane the. kamaroan aur galiyaroan ki pharsh kankarit ki bani thi. math ki divarean bahut b di aur moti thian, jisase is math ke kee manjila hone ka anuman kiya jata hai. utkhanan mean ek kuean se 900 ee. ki ek abhilikhit muhar bhi mili hai, jisake adhar par yah kaha ja sakata hai ki is bhavan ka nirman 8vian shatabdi mean ho chuka tha aur vinash 900 ee. ke asapas hua.[11] aisa lagata hai ki is bhavan nirman ke ek shatabdi bad prachin bhavan ke sthan par ek ne bhavan ka nirman hua aur paravarti bhavan ke nirmataoan ne purane bhavan ke puravasheshoan ka bharapoor upayog kiya. mukhy bhavan ke dakshin-ek doosare se sanbandhit char any bhavanoan ke avashesh prakash mean aai haian. ullekhaniy hai ki ek-doosare se sanbandhit hote hue bhi ye sabhi bhavan yojana aur akar mean paraspar bhinn haian. mandir ke uttar-poorv mean ek chaukor vihar chaukor baramada bhi bana tha. pashchim mean ek aisa math mila hai. jisake aangan mean ek talab tha. in donoan viharoan ki khudaee se gupt kal (chauthi-paanchavian shatabdi) ki likhit muharean, dhatu, pashan patr evamh any upayogi vastuean mili haian.
ek any vihar ka bhi avashesh mila hai. vihar ka kandriy bhag ayatakar aur usaki divarean nichi thian. poorv mean ek saman doori par gaddhe nirmit the. aisi sanbhavana hai ki in gaddhoan mean lak di ke khanbhe rahe hoange, jinake sahare lak di ki chhat tiki rahi hogi. inhean stanbh-gart kah sakate haian. sanbhavat: is bhavan ka upayog vichar-vimarsh ke nimitt sabha-bhavan ke roop mean kiya jata tha. is vihar ke niche any avashesh vidyaman the, parantu yah spasht nahian hai ki ye avashesh mool vihar ki nianv haian ya kisi any vihar ke khandahar. oopari satah se kuchh mridabhaand aur lohe ka ek chammach mila hai.[12] uparyukt vihar ke dakshin 34.53 mitar vargakar ghere mean vistrit ek any vihar ka avashesh mila hai. is vihar ke bich mean aangan aur isake charoan taraph galiyareyukt 20 kamare the.[[chitr:Kushinagar-Parinirvana-Temple.jpg|thumb|300px|mandir ke nikat math ke avashesh, kushinagar]] yah vihar akar mean mejar kitaee dvara utkhanit saranath ke vihar se paryapt samanata rakhata hai.[13] isaki bahari divar ki motaee 5 phut tatha aangan ke charoan taraph ki divar ki motaee 4 phut 2 ianch hai. is vihar mean prayukt eeantoan ki map 14 ianchx8½ ianch se 9 ianchx2 ianch se 2½ ianch hai. utkhanan karane par in viharoan se b di matra mean muharean tatha chandragupt dvitiy (400 ee.) ka ek sone ka sikka mila hai. isake atirikt ek kamare se kushan kal (pratham shatabdi ee.) ka ek abhilekh bhi prapt hua hai. aangan ki khudaee se mathura mean nirmit lal patthar ki kuchh moortiyaan mili haian.[14] at: yah nishchit hota hai ki is varg ke sabhi viharoan ka nirman pratham shatabdi mean aur inaka vinash 5vian-6vian shatabdi arthath gupt kal mean hua.[15]
dakshini varg
is varg ke smarako mean adhikaansh chhote-chhote stoop the, jinaki sthapana shraddhalu bhaktoan evan tirthayatriyoan dvara ki gee thi. ye smarak dakshin or se ek nishchit lanbaee ki divar se avritt the. smarakoan ke madhy mean do aise stoop the, jinake prayukt eeantean anishchit akar ki thian aur niche ki karnisej aur alankrit stanbh mukhy stoop ke saman the. isase yah spasht hota hai ki isaka nirman mukhy stoop ke sath hi hua hoga. isake uttar ek ayatakar vihar tha, jisaka adhishthan mukhy stoop ke saman tha. isake bhitar eeant ki qabranuma ek thos sanrachana thi. yah nirman poorvavarti pratit hota hai, kyoanki isaki nianv ek pankti mean nahian hai. pashchimabhimukh isaka pravesh dvar 1.57 mitar chau da tha. isake donoan kinaroan par buddh ki dhyanavasthit mrinmoorti sthapit thi.
poorvibhag
poorvi varg ke avasheshoan mean sabase rochak tatha mahattvapoorn avashesh tha, ek chabootarenuma b da sthapaty. yah sanrachana pakki eeantoan ki bani thi tatha mukhy sanrachana ke tirachhe thi. yah do chabootaroan se yukt tha. nichala chabootara chaukor aur sidhiyoan se yukt tha. oopari chabootara apekshakrit chhota tha aur usake charoan taraph 3.66 mitar eeantoan ka bana ek pradakshina-path tha. yah pradakshina-path charoan taraph saman nahian hai kyoanki donoan chabootare ek-doosare ke samanaantar nahian the. nichale chabootare ki divarean sadi thian, jabaki oopari chabootare mean alankrit saanche mean dhali eeantoan evan karnisej ka prayog kiya gaya tha. yah (7 vian shati mean) nirmit stoopoan se ghira hua tha. 2.54x2.52 mitar paridhi mean vistrit is chabootare-yukt bhavan ke uttar-pashchim ek chhote bhavan ka avashesh mila hai. is bhavan mean prayukt eeantean b de akar ki hai. inaki nap 48.26x25.4x7.62 se.mi. aur 46.20x25.4x6.98 se.mi. thi. is prakar ki eeantean maury kal mean prayukt hoti thian. at: yah bhavan maury kal ka pratit hota hai. yahaan se kushanoan ke taanbe ke sikke mile haian. in kushan sikkoan mean 8 kanishk ke aur 4 kadaphisas ke haian. isake asapas parantu niche dabe p de anek chhote stoop mile haian, jisake adhar par in stoopoan ke bhavan se poorv ke hone ka anuman kiya jata hai.
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uttari varg
is varg ke bane bhavan mauryakalin the, jo samay-samay par shraddhalu tirthayatriyoan dvara banavae ge the. nichali satah se do chaukor makanoan ke avashesh mile haian.[16] pashchim ki or divaroan mean prayukt eeantean maury yugin pratit hoti haian. satah se niche khodane par ek pakaee mitti ki pahali shatabdi ee.poo. ki nari pratima aur 5vian shatabdi ka ek khandit prastar-abhilekh mila hai. inake uttar mean do any bhavanoan ke avashesh mile haian, jinhean kramash: ‘aee’ tatha ‘je’ kaha gaya hai. ‘aee’ bhavan ayatakar hai, jo 103 phut lanba aur 97 phut chau da hai. isamean charoan or kamare bane the aur bich mean 67’7’’ X66’6’’ nap ka khali sthan tha, jisamean 44 phut chaukor aur 2 phut gahara jalakuand bana tha. yah jalakuand 2 phut chau di divar se avritt tha, jisake oopar 1 phut 2 ianch chau di nichi divar uthi huee thi. is divar ke oopari bhag se b de akar ki eeantean mili haian, jinaki map 16 ianchx10 ianchx 2½ ianch thi.[17] aisa abhas hota hai ki is divar ke samane lak di ke khanbhe ke sahare baramada tha. yah baramada poorv or 9 phut 5 ianch chau da tha. isaki pharsh kankarit ki thi jo bhoomi se 3 phut niche thi. is bhavan ka pravesh kaksh ayatakar tha. yah kaksh eeantoan se nirmit ek chabootare se yukt tha. yah chabootara lanbaeexchau daee mean kramash: 4 phut 3 ianchx5 phut 6 ianch vistrit tha. isaki ooanchaee 9 ianch thi. isi prakar ke ek sthapaty ka avashesh saranath mean bhi mila tha.[18]
is bhavan se sata hua ek any bhavan 'je' bhi tha, par usaki poorn khudaee nahian ho paee hai. lekin ek aansh ki khudaee se yah nishchit ho gaya hai ki yah ek kamaroan se yukt vihar tha aur isake bich mean 30 phut chaukor aangan tha.[19] in mathoan ke bauddh vihar hone ke sandarbh mean sandeh hai. sanbhavat: ye math tirthayatriyoan ke avas rahe hoange. is bhavan se kuchh lekhayukt muharean mili haian, jo ‘di’ math se prapt muharoan ke saman haian. inamean se ek muhar 900 ee. ki hai. isase is math ke paravarti hone ki soochana milati hai. sanbhavat: is math ka nirman 10vian-11vian shatabdi mean kabhi hua tha.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ karlail ko yah moorti 1877 ee. mean khudaee karate samay oopari satah se 10 phut niche mili thi. usi samay yah moorti kee khan doan mean vibhakt thi. is moorti ki pahale bhi marammat ki gee thi. dekhean, a.s.ri., bhag 18, pri. 57-58 aur bhag 22, pri. 17 . aisa lagata hai ki is prakar ki pratimaoan ka kushinagar mean pradhany tha aur inaki pooja ki jati thi. parinirvan se sanbandhit any chhoti pratimaean bhi mili haian. isi prakar ki ek vishal pratima ajanta ki gupha nan. 26 mean bhi upalabdh hai. dekhean, nalinaksh datt evan krishnadatt bajapeyi, devalapameant aph buddhijm in uttar pradesh, pri. 360 (padatippani)
- ↑ in moortiyoan ki pahachan kathin hai baeean taraph ek nari ki pratima hai, jo donoan hath jamin par rakhakar shokasantapt mudra mean jhuki huee hai. daeean or ki moorti stri ki hai athava purush ki, yah to spasht nahian hai par yah moorti bhi shokasantapt mudra mean daean hath se sir ko pak de hue haian. bich ki moorti baithi huee hai. ye moortiyaan anand, subhadr aur mallika ko ho sakati hai. bich ki moorti haribal ki bhi ho sakati hai.
- ↑ deyadharmmoyan mahavirasvamino haribalasy. pratima cheyan ghatit dinnen mathuren॥ dekhean, a. s. i. e. ri., 1906-07, pri. 49
- ↑ yah haribal svami sanbhavat: vahi hai jisane mukhy stoop mean tamrapatr ko sthapit kiya tha.
- ↑ dekhean, phogal, arkiyolajikal, sarve aph iandiya, varshik riport, 1904-05 pri. 48-49
- ↑ semual bil, buddhist rikards aph di vestarn varld, bhag 3 (kalakatta sanskaran, 1958), pri. 283
- ↑ parinirvan pratima apani kalatmakata ke lie prasiddh hai. isaki visheshata yah hai ki moorti ko tin or se dekhane par isake tin bhav prakat hote haian- moorti pair ki or se dekhane par shaant, bich se dekhane par shokasantapt, tatha sir ki or se dekhane par prasann mudra mean pratit hoti hai.
- ↑ mee 1955 mean bharat sarakar dvara ek samiti gathit ki gee jisaka pramukh uddeshy buddh ke jivan se sanbandhit sthaloan ka punaruddhar karana tha.
- ↑ (kyoo aur kyoo1)
- ↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya, varshik riport, 1906-7, pri. 63
- ↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya, varshik riport, 1905-06
- ↑ tatraiv, 1906-07, pri. 44
- ↑ a. s. ri., bhag 1, pri. 127, plet 32
- ↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya, varshik riport, 1906-07, pri. 50; ullekhaniy hai ki lal patthar ki moortiyoan ka prachalan us samay mathura mean tha tatha in moortiyoan ki maang sarvatr rahati thi. at: sanbhav hai yahian se lakar in moortiyoan ko yahaan sthapit kiya gaya hoga.
- ↑ ullekhaniy hai ki hoonoan ne 5vian aur 6vian shatabdi mean guptoan ko akraant kiya tha. sanbhav hai ki yah vinash unhian ke dvara hua ho.
- ↑ sanbhavat: ye praranbhik mandiroan ke avashesh ho sakate haian.
- ↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya, varshik riport, 1906-07, pri. 53
- ↑ mejar kitoee ko saranath ke ek math se isi tarah ke avashesh mile the. is chabootare par buddh ki pratima rahati thi. halaanki kitoee dvara utkhalit math dakshinabhimukh tha jabaki kushinagar ka yah math uttarabhimukh tha, lekin donoan math mean yah chabootara pashchim dival se sata tha. at: yah nishchit hota hai ki is chabootare par buddh ki pratima sthapit rahi hogi.
- ↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya, varshik riport, 1906-07, pri. 54
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
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