पाल साम्राज्य
[[chitr:Buddha-7.jpg|thumb|buddh aur bodhisatv, 11 vian shatabdi, pal samrajy]] harsh ke samay ke bad se uttari bharat ke prabhutv ka pratik kannauj mana jata tha. bad mean yah sthan dilli ne prapt kar liya. pal samrajy ki nianv 750 ee. mean 'gopal' namak raja ne dali. bataya jata hai ki us kshetr mean phaili ashanti ko dabane ke lie kuchh pramukh logoan ne usako raja ke roop mean chuna. is prakar raja ka nirvachan ek abhootapoorv ghatana thi. isaka arth shayad yah hai ki gopal us kshetr ke sabhi mahattvapoorn logoan ka samarthan prapt karane mean saphal ho saka aur isase use apani sthiti mazaboot karan mean kafi sahayata mili.
pal vansh ka sabase b da samrat 'gopal' ka putr 'dharmapal' tha. isane 770 se lekar 810 ee. tak rajy kiya. kannauj ke prabhutv ke lie sangharsh isi ke shasanakal mean arambh hua. is samay ke shasakoan ki yah manyata thi ki jo kannauj ka shasak hoga, use sampoorn uttari bharat ke samrat ke roop mean svikar kar liya jaega. kannauj par niyantran ka arth yah bhi thi ki us shasak ka, oopari ganga ghati aur usake vishal prakritik sadhanoan par bhi niyantran ho jaega. pahale pratihar shasak 'vatsaraj' ne dharmapal ko parajit kar kannauj par adhikar prapt kar liya. par isi samay rashtrakoot samrat 'dhruv', jo gujarat aur malava par prabhutv ke lie pratiharoan se sangharsh kar raha tha, usane uttari bharat par dhava bol diya. kafi taiyariyoan ke bad usane narmada par kar adhunik jhaansi ke nikat vatsaraj ko yuddh mean parajit kiya. isake bad usane age badhakar ganga ghati mean dharmapal ko haraya. in vijayoan ke bad yah rashtrakoot samrat 790 mean dakshin laut aya. aisa lagata hai ki kannauj par adhikar prapt karane ki isaki koee vishesh ichchha nahian thi aur ye keval gujarat aur malava ko apane adhin karane ke lie pratiharoan ki shakti ko samapt kar dena chahata tha. vah apane donoan lakshyoan mean saphal raha. udhar pratiharoan ke kamazor p dane se dharmapal ko bhi labh pahuancha. vah apani har se shighr uth kh da hua aur usane apane ek vyakti ko kannauj ke sianhasan par baitha diya. yahaan usane ek vishal darabar ka ayojan kiya. jisamean as-p dos ke kshetroan ke kee chhotai rajaoan ne bhag liya. inamean gaandhar (pashchimi panjab tatha kabul ghati), madr (madhy panjab), poorvi rajasthan tatha malava ke raja shamil the. is prakar dharmapal ko sachche arthoan mean uttarapathasvamin kaha ja sakata hai. pratihar samrajy ko isase b da dhakka laga aur rashtrakootoan dvara parajit hone ke bad vatsaraj ka nam bhi nahian suna jata.
in tinoan samrajyoan ke bich qarib 200 sal tak apasi sangharsh chala. ek bar phir kannauj ke prabhutv ke lie dharmapal ko pratihar samrat 'nagabhatt' dvitiy se yuddh karana p da. gvaliyar ke nikat ek abhilekh mila hai, jo nagabhatt ki mrityu ke 50 varshoan bad likha gaya aur jisamean usaki vijay ki charcha ki gee hai. isamean bataya gaya hai ki nagabhatt dvitiy ne malava tatha madhy bharat ke kuchh hissoan par vijay prapt ki tatha 'turushk tatha saindhav' ko parajit kiya jo shayad siandh mean arab shasak aur unake turki sipahi the. usane bang samrat ko, jo shayad dharmapal tha, ko bhi parajit kiya aur use muanger tak khade d diya. lekin ek bar phir rashtrakoot bich mean a ge. rashtrakoot samrat govind tritiy ne uttari bharat mean apane pair rakhe aur nagabhatt dvitiy ko pichhe hatana p da. buandelakhand ke nikat ek yuddh mean govind tritiy ne use parajit kar diya. lekin ek bar punah rashtrakoot samrat malava aur gujarat par adhikar prapt karane ke bad vapas dakshin laut aya. ye ghatanaean lagabhag 806 se 870 ee. ke bich huee. jab pal shasak kannauj tatha oopari ganga ghati par apana prabhutv qayam karane mean asaphal hue, to unhoanne any kshetroan ki taraph apana dhyan diya. dharmapal ke putr devapal ne, jo 810 ee. mean sianhasan par baitha aur 40 varshoan tak rajy kiya, pragajyotishapur (asam) tatha u disa ke kuchh kshetroan mean apana prabhav qayam kar liya. nepal ka kuchh hissa bhi shayad pal samratoan ke adhin tha. devapal ki mrityu ke bad pal samrajy ka vighatan ho gaya. par dasavian shatabdi ke aant mean yah phir se uth kh da hua aur terahavian shatabdi tak isaka prabhav qayam raha.
arab vyapari suleman ke anusar
pal vansh ke arambh ke shasakoan ne athavian shatabdi ke madhy se lekar dasavian shatabdi ke madhy, arthath qarib 200 varshoan tak uttari bharat ke poorvi kshetroan par apana prabhutv qayam rakha. dasavian shatabdi ke madhy mean bharat ane vale ek arab vyapari suleman ne pal samrajy ki shakti aur samriddhi ki charcha ki hai. usane pal rajy ko 'roohama' kahakar pukara hai (yah shayad dharmapal ke chhote roop 'dharm' par adharit hai) aur kaha hai ki pal shasak aur usake p dosi rajyoan, pratiharoan aur rashtrakootoan mean l daee chalati rahati thi, lekin pal shasan ki sena usake donoan shatruoan ki senaoan se b di thi. suleman ne bataya hai ki pal shasak 50 hazar hathiyoan ke sath yuddh mean jata tha aur 10 se 15 hazar vyakti keval usake sainikoan ke kap doan ko dhone ke lie niyukt the. isase usaki sena ka anuman lagaya ja sakata hai.
tibbati granthoan se
pal vansh ke bare mean hamean tibbati granthoan se bhi pata chalata hai, yadyapi yah satarahavian shatabdi mean likhe ge. inake anusar pal shasak bauddh dharm tatha jnan ko sanrakshan aur badhava dete the. nalanda vishvavidyalay ko, jo sare poorvi kshetr mean vikhyat hai, dharmapal ne punah jivit kiya aur usake kharche ke lie 200 gaanvoan ka dan diya. usane vikramashila vishhvavidyalay ki bhi sthapana ki. jisaki khyati keval nalanda ke bad hai. yah magadh mean ganga ke nikat ek paha di choti par sthit tha. pal shasakoan ne kee bar viharoan ka bhi nirman kiya jisamean b di sankhya mean bauddh rahate the.
pal shasak aur tibbat
pal shasakoan ke tibbat ke sath bhi b de nikat ke saanskritik sambandh the. unhoanne prasiddh bauddh vidvanh santarakshit tatha dipakar (jo atisa ke nam se bhi jane jate haian) ko tibbat ane ka nimantran diya aur vahaan unhoanne bauddh dharm ke ek ne roop ko prachalit kiya. nalanda tatha vikramashil vishvavidyalayoan mean b di sankhya mean tibbati vidvanh bauddh adhyayan ke lie ate the.
pal shasakoan ke dakshin poorv eshiya ke sath arthik tatha vyaparik sambandh the. dakshin poorv eshiya ke sath unaka vyapar unake lie b da labhadayak tha aur isase pal samrajy ki samriddhi badhi. malaya, java, sumatra tatha p dosi dvipoan par rajy karane vale shailendr vansh ke bauddh shasakoan ne pal-darabar mean apane rajadootoan ko bheja aur nalanda mean ek math ki sthapana ki anumati maangi. unhoanne pal shasak devapal se is math ke kharch ke lie paanch gramoan ka anudan maanga. devapal ne usaka yah anurodh svikar kar liya. isase hamean in donoan ke nikat sambandhoan ke bare mean pata chalata hai.
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