आंग्ल-सिक्ख युद्ध प्रथम
pratham aangl-sikkh yuddh 1845-1846 ee. mean maharaja ranajit sianh ki mrityu ke chh: varshoan ke bad prarambh hua tha. usaka ek karan 1843 ee. mean aangrezoan ka sindh par adhikar karana tha, jisase unaki akramak niti spasht ho gee thi. doosara karan sikkh sena ka niyantran ke bahar ho jana tha, jisane alpavayask sikkh raja dalip sianh ki mata tatha sanrakshika rani zinda kaur aur usake paramarshadataoan ko is bat ke lie vivash kiya ki, ve disambar, 1845 ee. mean sataluj nadi par karake aangrezoan ke rajy par akraman karane ki ajna dean.
sikkhoan ki har
1838 ee. mean 'dablyoo.ef. aausabarn' ne likha tha ki, "hamean ranajit sianh ki mrityu ke pashchath panjab ko turant hi jit lena chahie aur sindh ko apani sima bana lena chahie. kampani to b de-b de ooantoan ko kha chuki hai, is machchhar ki to bat hi kya hai". 1844 ee. mean l aaurd elanabaro ki jagah l aaurd hardiang gavarnar-janaral banakar bharat aya. hardiang ne mejar 'bradafut' ko peshavar se panjab tak niyantran ka spasht nirdesh diya. 1845-1846 ee. mean hue sikkh yuddh ka parinam aangrezoan ke paksh mean raha. is yuddh ke aantargat mudaki, firojashah, baddhoval tatha alival ki l daiyaan l di geean. ye charoan l daiyaan nirnayank nahian thi. kintu paanchavian l daee-sabarao ki l daee (10 faravari, 1846 ee.) nirnayak siddh huee. lalasianh aur tez sianh ke vishvasaghat ke karan hi sikkhoan ki poornataya har huee, jinhoanne sikkhoan ki kamazoriyoan ka bhed aangrezoan ko de diya tha.
aangrezoan se sandhi
sikkhoan ne 9 march, 1846 ee. ko 'lahaur ki sandhi' par hastakshar kie. is sandhi ki shartoan ke anusar aangrezoan ko maharaja ne sataluj nadi ke par ke pradesh tatha sataluj nadi evan vyas nadi ke madhy sthit sabhi durgoan ko dena bhi svikar kar liya. isake alava maharaja ne dedh karo d rupaye yuddh harjana ke roop mean dena tatha apani sena ko 12,000 ghu dasavar evan 20,000 paidal sainikoan tak simit rakhana svikar kar liya. aangrezoan ne alpayu dalip sianh ko maharaja, rani zinda kaur (bibi sahiba) ko sanrakshika evan lal sianh, jo zinda rani ka premi tha, ko vazir ke roop mean manyata di tatha sar henari l aaurens ko lahaur ka rejident niyukt kiya. isake alava 11 march ko sampann huee ek poorak sandhi ke dvara aangrezi sena ko disambar, 1846 ee. tak lahaur mean rakh diya gaya.
hardiang ka tark
'lahaur ki sandhi' se lard hardiang ne lahaur ke arthik sadhanoan ko nasht kar diya. is sandhi ke anusar kampani ki sena ko disambar, 1846 tak panjab se vapas ho jana tha, parantu hardiang ne yah tark diya ki maharaja ke vayask hone tak sena ka vahaan rahana anivary hai. usane samantoan ko pralobhan tatha shakti ke dvara is bat ko manavane ka prayas kiya. parinamasvaroop 22 disambar, 1846 ee. ko 'bhairoval ki sandhi' huee, jisake anusar dilip sianh ke sanrakshan hetu aangrezi sena ka panjab mean pravas man liya gaya. 20 agast, 1847 ko maharani zinda kaur ko dilip sianh se alag kar 48,000 rupaye ki varshik penshan par shekhapura bhej diya gaya.
- janavari, 1848 ee. mean l aaurd dalahauzi gavarnar-janaral banakar bharat aya. vah samrajyavadi pravritti ka vyakti tha. apani niti ke anusar vah panjab ko aangrezi prant banana chahata tha.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh