प्रदूषण

[[chitr:Air-Pollution.jpg|thumb|300px|vayu pradooshan]] pradooshan ka arth hai- "prakritik santulan mean dosh paida hona. n shuddh vayu milana, n shuddh jal milana, n shuddh khady padarth milana aur n hi shaant vatavaran ka milana. vijnan ke is yug mean manav ko jahaan kuchh varadan mile hai, vahian kuchh abhishap bhi mile haian. 'pradooshan' ek aisa abhishap haian, jo vijnan ki garbh mean se janma haian aur aj jise sahane ke lie vishv ki adhikaansh janata majaboor haian. paryavaran pradooshan mean manav ki vikas prakriya tatha adhunikata ka mahatvapoorn yogadan hai. yahaan tak manav ki ve samany gatividhiyaan bhi pradooshan kahalati haian, jinase nakaratmak phal milate haian. udaharan ke lie udyog dvara utpadit naitrojan aauksaid pradooshak haian. halaanki usake tatv pradooshak nahian haian. yah soory ki roshani ki oorja hai, jo ki use dhuean aur kohare ke mishran mean badal deti hai.

vyakhya

doosare shabdoan mean pradooshan ka arth hai, vatavaran mean dooshakoan ka ghulana, chahe unaka jo bhi poorv-nirdharit ya paraspar sahamat anupat ya sandarbh ke praroop rahe hoan. ye pradooshak bhautik pranali ya unamean rahane vale jiv-jantuoan mean asthirata, hani aur pareshani utpann karate haian. samaj ke shaishav kal mean manav tatha prakriti ke madhy ekatmakata thi. manav poorn roop se prakriti par nirbhar tha aur apani avashyakataoan ki poorti prakriti se karata tha. us samay prakriti manav ki mitr thi aur manav prakriti ka. jaise-jaise manushy apane tatha apane parivar ki avashyakataoan ki poorti ko apana dayitv samajhane laga, usane svayan ke astitv ke lie doosaroan ki upeksha karana praranbh kiya, jisase dushmani, svarth, vaimanasy tatha pralobhan ne usake jivan mean pravesh kiya. usane bhookh evan atmaraksha ke lie vibhinn tarike khoj nikale. bad ke samay me manav bhookh aur atmaraksha ke atirikt sukh-suvidha tatha amod pramod ke lie bhi prayatn karane laga. yahian se usake bhrasht hone ki shuruat huee aur vah prakriti tatha paryavaran ki upeksha karane laga. apane astitv ki raksha ke lie vah paryavaran ko hani pahuanchane se bhi nahian jhijhaka, kintu us daur mean bhi manav jo dooshit ghatak paryavaran mean chho data tha, vah usaki avashyak pratikriya thi. jaise-jaise manav sabhyata ka vikas hua, usane as-pas ke vatavaran ko pradooshit karane mean koee kami nahian ki.

prakritik ghatakoan ka nirman

19vian shatabdi ke pratham charan mean san 1928 mean jab volar ne prayogashala mean ek prakritik ghatak yooriya ko rasayanik kriya dvara utpann kiya, tab se prakritik ghatakoan ko prayogashala mean utpann karane ki ho d shuroo ho gee. in kritrim roop se utpann padarthoan ke prayog se kuchh n kuchh hanikarak vishaile padarth utpann hote the, jinake prakritik srot, jal tatha vayu mean milane se jal tatha vayu pradooshit hue. 19vian shatabdi ke uttarardh mean sar jems vat dvara vashp yug ka sootrapat hua. mashinikaran se audyaugik kranti huee, jo pradooshan ke lie kafi had tak jimmedar hai.

prakar

pradooshan ko samanyatah do vargoan mean vibhajit kiya ja sakata hai-

1. bhautik pradooshan ya paryavaraniy pradooshan
2. samajik pradooshan

paryavaraniy pradooshan

1960 ke dashak ke pahale paryavaran mean pradooshan ki samasya ka mahatv n to rashtriy star aur n hi antarrashtriy star par tha, kiantu aj pradooshan ki samasya itani jatil ho gayi hai ki manushy bhavishy mean apane astitv ke lie chiantit hai. jnatavy hai ki sabhi jivadhari apani vriddhi evan vikas ke lie tatha suvyavasthit roop se apana jivan chakr chalane ke lie santulit paryavaran par nirbhar karate haian. santulit paryavaran mean pratyek ghatak ek nishchit matra evan anupat mean upasthit hote haian, parantu kabhi-kabhi paryavaran mean ek athava anek ghatakoan ki matra ya to avashyakata se bahut adhik badh jati hai athava paryavaran mean hanikarak ghatakoan ka pravesh ho jata hai. is sthiti mean paryavaran dooshit ho jata hai tatha jivadhariyoan ke lie kisi n kisi roop mean hanikarak siddh hota hai. paryavaran mean is anachahe parivartan ko paryavaraniy pradooshan kahate haian.

paryavaran pradooshan phailane vale 10 deshoan ki soochi mean bharat ko bhi shamil kiya gaya hai. aaustreliya mean taiyar ki gee is riport mean bharat ko satavaan sthan diya gaya hai, jabaki brajil ko pradooshan ke mamale mean pahale nanbar par rakha gaya hai. aaustreliya mean 'ediled vishvavidyalay' ke payarvaran sansthan ke prophesar kori braidash aau dvara taiyar ki gee is riport mean bharat ko satavaan sthan diya gaya hai jabaki brajil ke bad karban utsarjan karane vale agrani deshoan mean amerika evan chin shamil haian. ne adhyayan ke mutabiq sabase jyada pradooshan phailane vale deshoan ki soochi mean brajil, amerika, chin, iandoneshiya, japan, meksiko, bharat, roos, aaustreliya aur peru shamil haian. jal pradooshan, karban utsarjan aur jiv-jantuoan ko khatara jaise pramukh muddoan ko shamil kar is riport ko taiyar kiya gaya hai. adhyayan ko vijnan ki ek patrika mean prakashit kiya gaya tha. braidash aau ke mutabiq pradooshan phailane vale 10 deshoan mean amerika aur chin ka shamil hona ashcharyajanak bat nahian hai. phir bhi is bat ko lekar log ashcharyachakit the ki samany taur par ek garib desh brajil ne is riport mean shirsh sthan hasil kiya hai. unhoanne kaha ki ap jitana hi dhani hoange, paryavaran ko adhik nukasan pahuanchaeange. yah sirph manav ka svabhav matr hai.

bhautik ya paryavaraniy pradooshan ke prakar

jal pradooshan

[[chitr:Water-Pollution-2.jpg|thumb|180px|jal pradooshan]]

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jal mean kisi bahari padarth ki upasthiti, jo jal ke svabhavik gunoan ko is prakar parivartit kar de ki jal svasthy ke lie nukasanadeh ho jae ya usaki upayogita kam ho jae jal pradooshan kahalata hai. any shabdoan mean aise jal ko nukasanadeh tatha lok svasthy ko ya lok suraksha ko ya ghareloo, vyaparik, audyogik, krishiy ya any vaidyapoorn upayog ko ya pashu ya paudhoan ke svasthy tatha jiv-jantu ko ya jaliy jivan ko kshatigrast karean, jal pradooshan kahalata hai. jo vastuean evan padarth jal ki shuddhata evan gunoan ko nasht karate hoan, pradooshak kahalate haian. kabhi-kabhi bhooskhalan ke dauran khanij padarth, pe d-paudhoan ki pattiyaan jal mean milati hai. jisase jal pradooshan hota hai. isake atirikt nadiyaan, jharanoan, kuoan, talaboan ka jal jin sthanoan se bahakar ata hai ya ikaththa rahata hai, vahaan ki bhoomi mean yadi khanij ki matra hai to vah jal mean mil jati hai. vaise to isaka koee gambhir prabhav nahian hota parantu yadi jal mean isaki matra badh jati hai to nukasanadeh sabit ho sakate haian. yahi karan hai ki kisi kshetr vishesh mean ek bimari se bahut se log pi dit hote haian kyoanki us kshetr vishesh ke log ek jaise prakritik roop se pradooshit jal ka upayog karate haian.

vayu pradooshan

thumb|180px|vayu pradooshan

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vayu vibhinn gaisoan ka mishran hai jisamean naitrojan ki matra sarvadhik 78 pratishat hoti hai, jabaki 21 pratishat aauksijan tatha 0.03 pratishat karban dai aauksaid paya jata hai tatha shesh 0.97 pratishat mean haidrojan, hiliyam, argan, niaaun, kriptan, jenan, ozon tatha jal vashp hoti hai. vayu mean vibhinn gaisoan ki uparokt matra use santulit banae rakhati hai. isamean jara-sa bhi antar ane par vah asantulit ho jati hai aur svasthy ke lie hanikarak sabit hoti hai. shvasan ke lie aauksijan zaroori hai. jab kabhi vayu mean karban daee aauksaid, naitrojan ke aauksaidoan ki vriddhi ho jati hai, to aisi vayu ko pradooshit vayu tatha is prakar ke pradooshan ko vayu pradooshan kahate haian.

dhvani pradooshan

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jab dhvani ki tivrata adhik ho jati hai to vah kanoan ko apriy lagane lagati hai. is avaanchhaniy athava uchch tivrata vali dhvani ko shor kahate haian. shor se manushyoan mean ashanti tatha bechaini utpann hoti hai. sath hi sath karyakshamata par bhi pratikool prabhav p data hai. vastutah shor vah avaankshaniy dhvani hai jo manushy ko apriy lage tatha usamean bechaini tatha udvignata paida karati ho. prithak-prithakh vyaktiyoan mean udvignata paida karane vali dhvani ki tivrata alag-alag ho sakati hai. vayumandal mean avaanchhaniy dhvani ki maujoodagi ko hi 'dhvani pradooshan' kaha jata hai. dhvani pradooshan (shor) ka manav jivan par vyapak prabhav p data hai. lagatar shor mean rahane par manasik tanav, kuantha, chi dachi dapan, bolane mean vyavadhan, baichaini, niand ki kami adi samasyaean utpann ho jati haian jo manav jivan ko prabhavit karati haian. jin mazadooroan ko adhik shor me kam karana hota hai ve hriday rog, sharirik shithilata, raktachap adi anek rogoan se grast ho jate hai. shor se harmon sambandhi parivartan hote haian jinase sharir mean kee prakar ke parivartan ho jate haian.

bhoomi pradooshan

[[chitr:Land-Pollution-1.jpg|thumb|180px|bhoomi pradooshan]]

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bhoomi ke bhautik, rasayanik ya jaivik gunoan mean koee aisa avaanchhaniy parivartan jisaka prabhav manav tatha any jivoan par p de ya jisase bhoomi ki gunavatt tatha upayogit nasht ho, 'bhoomi pradooshan' kahalata hai. isake antargat gharoan ke koo da-karakat ke antargat jha dan-buharan se nikali dhool, raddi, kaanch ki shishiyaan, palithin ki thailiyaan, plastik ke dibbe, adhajali lak di, choolhe ki rakh, bujhe hue, aangare adi shamil haian. rasoeedharo ke apashishtoan mean sabjiyoan evan daloan ke chhilake adi shamil haian. ghareloo apashishtoan me palithin ajakal bhoomi pradooshan ka mukhy karan ban gee hai. isaka vaijnanik nam p aauli ethilin hai jo chhote-chhote anuo k diyoan se bani vishal sanrachana hai. in anuoan ke bandhan itane jatil haian ki ye b di mushkil se tootate haian. is karan palithin mitti ke niche dabane ke bad bhi varshoan tak vighatit nahian hoti hai. palithin baigoan ko janavaroan dvara kha lie jane ke karan yah unaki aantoan mean phans jata hai tatha unaki mrityu ka karan banata hai. palithin ko jalakar nasht kiya jana bhi manav svasthy ke lie behad hanikarak hai, kyoanki jalane par isase jaharili gais nikalati hai.

samajik pradooshan

samajik pradooshan ka udbhav bhautik evan samajik karanoan se hota hai. ise nimn upabhagoan mean vibhajit kiya ja sakata hai-

1. janasankhya prasphot
2. samajik pradooshan (jaise samajik evan shaikshik pichh dapan, aparadh, jhag da phasad, chori, dakaiti adi.)
3. saanskritik pradooshan
4. arthik pradooshan (jaise garibi)

mahattvapoorn tathy

• vayumandal mean karban daee aauksaid ka hona bhi pradooshan ka ek b da karan hai, yadi vah dharati ke paryavaran mean anuchit antar paida karata hai.
• 'grin haus' prabhav paida karane vali gaisoan mean vriddhi ke karan bhoo-mandal ka tapaman nirantar badh raha hai, jisase himakhandoan ke pighalane ki dar mean vriddhi hogi tatha samudri jalastar badhane se tatavarti kshetr, jalamagn ho jayeange. halaanki in shodhoan ko pashchimi desh visheshakar amerika svikar nahian kar raha hai.
• pradooshan ke mayane alag-alag sandarbhoan se nirdharit hote haian. paramparagat roop se pradooshan mean vayu, jal, rediyodharmita adi ate haian. yadi inaka vaishvik star par vishleshan kiya jaye to isamean dhvani, prakash adi ke pradooshan bhi sammilit ho jate haian.
• gambhir pradooshan utpann karane vale mukhy srot haian- rasayanik udyog, tel riphayanariz, anavik apashisht sthal, koo da ghar, plastik udyog, kar udyog, pashugrih, dahagrih adi.
• anavik sansthan, tel taiank, durghatana hone par bahut gambhir pradooshan paida karate haian.
• kuchh pramukh pradooshak klorineted, haidrokarbans, bhari tatv laid, kaidamiyam, kromiyam, jiank, arsenik, bainajin adi bhi pramukh pradooshak tatv haian.
• prakritik apadaoan ke pashchath bhi pradooshan utpann ho jata hai. b de-b de samudri toophanoan ke pashchath jab laharean vapis lautati haian to kachare, koo de, tooti nav-karean, samudr tat sahit tel karakhanoan ke apashisht myoonisapailti ka kachara adi bahakar le jati haian. samudr mean ane vali 'sunami' ke pashchath kiye gaye adhyayan se pata chalata hai ki tatavarti machhaliyoan mean bhari tatvoan ka pratishat bahut badh gaya tha.
• pradooshak vibhinn prakar ki bimariyoan ko janm dete haian. jaise kaiansar, ilarji, asthama, pratirodhak bimariyaan adi. jahaan tak ki kuchh bimariyoan ko unhean paida karane vale pradooshak ka hi nam de diya gaya hai, jaise- marakari yaugik se utpann bimari ko 'minamata' kaha jata hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh