प्राचीन हिंदी

hindi vishay soochi

hiandi    vikas    prachin hiandi    madhyakalin hiandi   vibhinn nam    rashtrabhasha    rashtrabhasha aandolan    rajabhasha    upabhashaean evan boliyaan    devanagari lipi    hindi vyakaran    manakikaran    akhil bharatiyata ka itihas

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hiandi bharatiy ganaraj ki rajakiy aur madhy bharatiy- ary bhasha hai. sanh 2001 ki janaganana ke anusar, lagabhag 25.79 karo d bharatiy hiandi ka upayog matribhasha ke roop mean karate haian, jabaki lagabhag 42.20 karo d log isaki 50 se adhik boliyoan mean se ek istemal karate haian. sanh 1998 ke poorv, matribhashiyoan ki sankhya ki drishti se vishv mean sarvadhik boli jane vali bhashaoan ke jo aank de milate the, unamean hindi ko tisara sthan diya jata tha.

apabhransh se adhunik bharatiy aryabhashaoan ka vikas

shauraseni	pashchimi hiandi
	rajasthani
	gujarati
arddhamagadhi	poorvi hiandi
magadhi	bihari
	u diya
	baangla
	asamiya
khas	paha di (shauraseni se prabhavit)
brach d	panjabi(shauraseni se prabhavit)
	siandhi
maharashtri	marathi

• madhyadeshiy bhasha parampara ki vishisht uttaradhikarini hone ke karan hiandi ka sthan adhunik bharatiy aryabhashaoan mean sarvopari hai.
• prachin hiandi se abhipray hai— apabhransh– avahatt ke bad ki bhasha.
• hiandi ka adikal hiandi bhasha ka shishukal hai. yah vah kal tha, jab apabhransh–avahatt ka prabhav hiandi bhasha par maujood tha aur hiandi ki boliyoan ke nishchit v spasht svaroop vikasit nahian hue the.

hiandi shabd ki vyutpatti

hiandi shabd ki vyupatti bharat ke uttar–pashchim mean pravahaman siandhu nadi se sambandhit hai. adhikaansh videshi yatri aur akranta uttar–pashchim sianhadvar se hi bharat ae. bharat mean ane vale in videshiyoan ne jis desh ke darshan kie, vah 'siandhu' ka desh tha. eeran (faras) ke sath bharat ke bahut prachin kal se hi sambandh the aur eerani 'siandhu' ko 'hindu' kahate the. (siandhu - hindu, s ka h mean tatha dh ka d mean parivartan - pahalavi bhasha pravritti ke anusar dhvani parivartan). hindoo shabd sanskrit se prachalit hai parantu yah sanskrit ke 'sindhu' shabd se vikasit hai. hindoo se 'hind' bana aur phir 'hind' mean farasi bhasha ke sambandh karak pratyay 'ee' lagane se 'hiandi' ban gaya. 'hiandi' ka arth hai—'hind ka'. is prakar hiandi shabd ki utpatti hind desh ke nivasiyoan ke arth mean huee. age chalakar yah shabd 'hiandi ki bhasha' ke arth mean prayukt hone laga. uparyukt batoan se tin batean samane ati haian—

1. 'hiandi' shabd ka vikas kee charanoan mean hua- siandhu→ hindu→ hind+ee→ hiandi. profesar mahavir saran jain ne apane “hindi-urdoo ka advait” shirshak alekh mean vistar se spasht kiya hai ki eeran ki prachin bhasha avesta mean “sh” dhvani nahian boli jati thi. avesta mean “sh” ka uchcharan “hh” kiya jata tha. udaharan ke lie sanskrit ke asur shabd ka uchcharan ahur kiya jata tha. afaganistan ke bad ki sindhu nadi ke par ke hindustan ke ilake ko prachin pharasi sahity mean “hind” evan “hindush” ke namoan se pukara gaya hai. “hind” ke bhoobhag ki kisi bhi vastu, bhasha tatha vichar ke lie visheshan ke roop mean “hindik” ka prayog hota tha. hindik mane hind ka ya hind ki. yahi hindik shabd arabi se hota hua grik mean “iandika” tatha “iandike” ho gaya. grik se laitin mean yah “iandiya” tatha laitin se aangrezi mean “iandiya” shabd roop ban ge. yahi karan hai ki arabi evan farasi sahity mean “hind” mean boli jane vali zabanoan ke lie “zaban-e-hind” laphz milata hai. bharat mean ane ke bad musalamanoan ne “zaban-e-hindi” ka prayog agara-dilli ke asapas boli jane vali bhasha ke lie kiya. “zaban-e-hindi” mane hind mean boli jane vali jaban. is ilaqe ke gair-muslim log bole jane vale bhasha-roop ko “bhakha” kahate the, hindi nahian. kabiradas ki prasiddh pankti hai – sanskirit hai koop jal, bhakha bahata nir.
2. 'hiandi' shabd moolatah farasi ka hai n ki 'hiandi' bhasha ka. yah aise hi hai jaise bachcha hamare ghar janame aur usaka namakaran hamara p dosi kare. halaanki kuchh kattar hiandi premi 'hiandi' shabd ki vyutpatti hiandi bhasha mean hi dikhane ki koshish karate haian, jaise - hin (hanan karane vala) + du (dusht)= hindoo arthath dushtoan ka hanan karane vala hindoo aur un logoan ki bhasha 'hiandi'; hin (hinoan)+du (dalan)= hindoo arthath hinoan ka dalan karane vala hindoo aur unaki bhasha 'hiandi'. chooanki in vyutpattiyoan mean praman kam, anuman adhik hai, isalie samanyatah inhean svikar nahian kiya jata.
3. 'hiandi' shabd ke do arth haian— 'hind desh ke nivasi' (yatha— hiandi haian ham, vatan hai hindostaan hamara— iqabal) aur 'hiandi ki bhasha'. haan, yah bat alag hai ki ab yah shabd do arambhik arthoan se prithakh ho gaya hai. is desh ke nivasiyoan ko ab koee hiandi nahian kahata, balki bharatavasi, hindustani adi kahate haian. doosare, is desh ki vyapak bhasha ke arth mean bhi ab 'hiandi' shabd ka prayog nahian hota, kyoanki bharat mean anek bhashaean haian, jo sab 'hiandi' nahian kahalati haian. beshak ye sabhi 'hind' ki bhashaean haian, lekin keval 'hiandi' nahian haian. unhean ham panjabi, baangla, asamiya, u diya, marathi adi namoan se pukarate haian. isalie 'hiandi' ki in sab bhashaoan ke lie 'hiandi' shabd ka prayog nahian kiya jata. hiandi' shabd bhasha vishesh ka vachak nahian hai, balki yah bhasha samooh ka nam hai. hiandi jis bhasha samooh ka nam hai, usamean aj ke hiandi pradesh/kshetr ki 5 upabhashaean tatha 17 boliyaan shamil haian. boliyoan mean brajabhasha, avadhi evan kh di boli ko age chalakar madhyakal mean mahattvapoorn sthan prapt hua hai.

• brajabhasha- prachin hiandi kal mean brajabhasha apabhransh–avahatt se hi jivan ras leti rahi. apabhransh–avahatt ki rachanaoan mean brajabhasha ke phootate hue aankur ko dekha ja sakata hai. brajabhasha sahity ka prachinatam upalabdh granth sudhir agraval ka 'pradyumn charit' (1354 ee.) hai.
• avadhi- avadhi ki pahali kriti mulla daud ki 'chandrayan' ya 'lorakaha' (1370 ee.) mani jati hai. isake uparant avadhi bhasha ke sahity ka uttarottar vikas hota gaya.
• kh di boli- prachin hiandi kal mean rachit kh di boli sahity mean kh di boli ke arambhik prayogoan se usake adi roop ya bij roop ka abhas milata hai. kh di boli ka adikalin roop sarahapa adi siddhoan, gorakhanath adi nathoan, amir khusaro jaise soofiyoan, jayadev, namadev, ramanand adi santoan ki rachanaoan mean upalabdh hai. in rachanakaroan mean hamean apabhransh–avahatt se nikalati huee kh di boli spashtatah dikhaee deti hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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bahari k diyaan

• bharopiy parivar ki bharatiy bhashaean
• hindi bhasha ke sambandh mean kuchh vichar
• hindi bhasha-kshetr evan hindi ke kshetragat roop
• hindi-urdoo ka advait
• hindi ki antararashtriy bhoomika

sanbandhit lekh

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