ब्रज का गुप्त काल
braj ka gupt kal
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| vivaran | bhagavat mean ‘braj’ kshetr vishesh ko iangit karate hue hi prayukt hua hai. vahaan ise ek chhote gram ki sanjna di gee hai. usamean ‘pur’ se chhota ‘gram’ aur usase bhi chhoti basti ko ‘braj’ kaha gaya hai. 16vian shatabdi mean ‘braj’ pradesh ke arth mean hokar ‘brajamandal’ ho gaya aur tab usaka akar 84 kos ka mana jane laga tha. |
| braj kshetr | aj jise ham braj kshetr manate haian usaki dishaaian, uttar disha mean palaval (hariyana), dakshin mean gvaliyar (madhy pradesh), pashchim mean bharatapur (rajasthan) aur poorv mean eta (uttar pradesh) ko chhooti haian. |
| braj ke keandr | mathura evan vrindavan |
| braj ke van | kotavan, kamyavan, kumudavan, kokilavan, khadiravan, talavan, bahulavan, biharavan, belavan, bhadravan, bhaandiravan, madhuvan, mahavan, lauhajanghavan evan vrindavan |
| bhasha | hiandi aur brajabhasha |
| pramukh parv evan tyohar | holi, krishna janmashtami, yam dvitiya, guru poornima, radhashtami, govardhan pooja, gopashtami, nandotsav evan kans mela |
| pramukh darshaniy sthal | krishna janmabhoomi, dvarikadhish mandir, rajakiy sangrahalay, baanke bihari mandir, rang nath ji mandir, govind dev mandir, isk aaun mandir, madan mohan mandir, danaghati mandir, manasi ganga, kusum sarovar, jayagurudev mandir, radha rani mandir, nand ji mandir, vishram ghat , daooji mandir |
| sanbandhit lekh | braj ka pauranik itihas, braj chaurasi kos ki yatra, moorti kala mathura |
| any janakari | braj ke van–upavan, kunj–nikunj, shri yamuna v giriraj atyant mohak haian. pakshiyoan ka madhur svar ekaanki sthali ko madak evan manohar banata hai. moroan ki bahutayat tatha unaki pioo–pioo ki avaz se vatavaran gunjayaman rahata hai. |
maury shasakoan ke bad videshi shak-kushan rajaoan ka shasan is desh mean raha, unamean kanishk mahanh aur vir tha. kanishk ke bad koee raja itana vir aur shaktishali nahian hua, jo vistrit aur sudridh rajy ka gathan karata. isake parinam svaroop desh mean anek chhote-b de rajy ban gaye the. kisi mean rajatantr aur kisi mean janatantr tha. rajatantroan mean mathura aur padmavati rajy ke nagavansh vishesh prasidv the. janatantr shasakoan mean yaudhey, madr, malav aur ajurnayan pramukh the. uttar-pashchim ke pradeshoan mean shak aur kushanoan ke videshi rajy the. chandragupt pratham ke uttaradhikari samudragupt ne satta mean ate hi un chhote-chhote rajyoan ke sthan par ek samridhd, vishal aur shaktishali samrajy ki sthapana ki.
samudr gupt:- (335-376)
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chandragupt pratham ke bad samudragupt magadh ke sianhasan par baitha. usaka samay bharatiy itihas mean `digvijay` namak vijay abhiyan ke lie prasidv hai; samudragupt ne mathura aur padmavati ke nag rajaoan ko parajit kar unake rajyoan ko apane adhikar mean le liya. usane vakatak rajy par vijay prapt kar usaka dakshini bhag, jisamean chedi, maharashtr rajy the, vakatak raja rudrasen ke adhikar mean chho d diya tha. usane pashchim mean arjunayan, malav gan aur pashchim-uttar mean yaudhey, madr ganoan ko apane adhin kar, saptasiandhu ko par kar valhik rajy par bhi apana shasan sthapit kiya. samast bharatavarsh par ekadhikar qayam kar usane `digvijay` ki. samudr gupt ki yah vijay-gatha itihasakaroan mean 'prayag prashasti` ke nam se jani jati hai.
is vijay ke bad samudr gupt ka rajy uttar mean himalay, dakshin mean vidhy parvat, poorv mean brahmaputr nadi aur pashchim mean chanbal aur yamuna nadiyoan tak ho gaya tha. pashchim-uttar ke malav, yaughay, bhadraganoan adi dakshin ke rajyoan ko usane apane samrajy mean n mila kar unhean apane adhin shasak banaya. isi prakar usane pashchim aur uttar ke videshi shak aur 'devaputr shahanushahi` kushan rajaoan aur dakshin ke sianhal dvip-vasiyoan se bhi usane vividh upahar liye jo unaki adhinata ke pratik the. usake dvara bharat ki digvijay ki gee, jisaka vivaran ilahabad qile ke prasiddh shila-stambh par vistarapoorvak diya hai.[1]
aryavat mean samudragupt ne 'sarvarajochchhetta'[2] niti ka palan nahian kiya. aryavart ke anek rajaoan ko harane ke pashchath usane un rajaoan ke rajy ko apane rajy mean mila liya. parajit rajaoan ke nam ilahabad-stambh par milate haian --achyut, nagadatt, chandr-varman, baladharma, ganapati nag, rudradev, nagasen, nandi tatha matil. is mahanh vijay ke bad usane ashvamedh yajn kiya aur `vikramadity' ki upadhi dharan ki thi. is prakar samudragupt ne samast bharat par apani pataka phahara kar gupt-shasan ki dhak jama di thi.
uttarapath ke jite gaye rajyoan mean mathura bhi tha, samudragupt ne mathura rajy ko bhi apane samrajy mean shamil kiya. mathura ke jis raja ko usane haraya. usaka nam ganapati nag milata hai. us samay mean padmavati ka nag shasak nagasen tha, jisaka nam prayag-lekh mean bhi ata hai. is shilalekh mean nandi nam ke ek raja ka nam bhi hai. vah bhi nag raja tha aur vidisha ke nagavansh se tha.[3] samudragupt ke samay mean gupt samrajy ki rajadhani pataliputr thi. is samrajy ko usane kee rajyoan mean baanta.
samudragupt ke paravarti rajaoan ke abhilekhoan se jnat hota hai ki ganga-yamuna ka doab 'aantarvedi' vishay ke nam se jana jata tha. skandagupt ke rajy kal mean aantarvedi ka shasak 'sharvanag' tha. is ke poorvaj bhi is rajy ke raja rahe hoange. sambhavah samudragupt ne mathura aur padmavati ke nagoan ki shakti ko dekhate hue unhean shasan mean uchch padoan par rakhana sahi samajha ho. samudragupt ne yaudhey, malav, arjunayan, madr adi prajatantrik rajyoan ko kar lekar apane adhin kar liya. digvijay ke pashchath samudragupt ne ek ashvamedh yajn bhi kiya. yajn ke soochak sone ke sikke bhi samudragupt ne chalaye. in sikkoan ke atirikt anek bhaanti ke svarn sikke bhi milate haian.
samudr gupt ke do putr the- ramagupt aur chandragupt. samudr gupt ke bad usaka jyeshth putr ramagupt magadh ka samrath hua tha.
dhruvasvamini ki katha
samudragupt ke pashchath usaka b da putr ramagupt gaddi par baitha jo kuchh hi dinoan ke lie rajy ka adhikari raha. 'harshacharit' 'shrriangar-prakash', 'naty-darpan', 'kavy mimaansa' adi granthoan se ramagupt ke vishay mean jnat hota hai ki samudragupt jaise digvijayi shasak ka putr hokar bhi vah b da bhiru, kayar aur ayogy shasak siddh hua. samudr gupt ne jin videshi shakoan ko hara diya tha, ve usake marate hi phir sir uthane lage the. unhoanne rajy ki sima mean pravesh kar ramagupt ko yuddh ki chunauti di. shakoan ke akraman se bhayabhit hokar ram gupt ne sandhi ka prastav kiya aur shakoan ne sandhi ki jo sharte rakhi, unamean ek thi ki ram gupt apani patarani 'dhruvadevi', jise 'dhruvasvamini' [4] bhi kaha jata tha, use sauanp di jay.
ram gupt us shart ko bhi manane ke lie taiyar ho gaya; kiantu usaka chhota bhaee chadragupt ne us ghor apamanajanak bat ko manane ki apeksha yudv kar mar jana achchha samajha. vah svayan dhruvasvamini ka vesh dharan kar akela ki shatruoan ke shivir mean gaya aur shakaraj ko mar dala. [5] phir usane shak sena se viratapoorvak yudv kar use magadh samrajy ki sima se bahar kar diya. chandragupt ke shaury ke karan magadh ke gaurav ki raksha huee aur usaki charoan or khyati ho gee. yah ghatana kahaan huee, isaka spasht ullekh nahian milata hai. shri krishnadatt vajapeyi ka anuman hai ki vah ghatana mathura nagar athava usake samip hi kisi sthan par huee thi. aisa kaha jata hai, chandragupt ki khyati se ramagupt usase eershya karane laga aur usane chandragupt ko marane ka sh dayantr kiya; kiantu usamean ram gupt hi mara gaya. ramagupt ki mrityu ke pashchath chandragupt magadh ka shasak hua. apane sahas, parakram tatha dan-virata ke karan chandragupt praja ka ati priy ho gaya. [6]
375-376 ee. mean sianhasan par baith kar chandragupt ne ram gupt ki vidhava dhruvasvamini ko apani patarani banaya. usaki priy rani kuberanaga thi, jisase use prabhavati namak ek putri huee thi. shasan sanbhalane ke bad chandragupt ne apana raj-prabandh kiya aur sthayi suraksha ke lie shakoan ko samool nasht karane ka nishchay kiya. shak apani parajay ke karan magadh se hatakar bharat ke pashchimi bhag ja base aur avasar milate hi akraman karane ko tatpar the. chandragupt ne unase saphalata poorvak morcha lene ke lie pashchimi sima ke shaktishali vakatak rajy se ghanisht sanbandh sthapit kiya. chandragupt ne apani putri prabhavati ka vivah vakatak raja rudrasen dvitiy ke sath kiya. is vivah se donoan rajyoan mean ghanishth sanbandh hue aur gupt samrajy ki shakti badh gayi.
shak sena se yuddh karane ke lie chandragupt svayan ek b di sena lekar vidisha gaya aur akraman aranbh kiya. is yudv mean shakoan ki parajay huee, pashchimi malava, gujarat aur saurashtr mean jama hua shak shasan j d se ukh d gaya. is vijay ke bad chandragupt ne ujjayini ko apane pashchimi rajy ka keanndr banaya. chandragupt ne bangal par chadhaee ki aur vijay prapt ki. phir uttar pashchim ki or sindhu nadi ko par kar usane bahmikoan ko haraya. kuchh vidvanoan ka mat hai ki chandragupt ne hi yaudhey, malav, kuniand adi anek rajyoan ko samapt kiya. parantu is vishay mean pramanit vivaran upalabdh nahian hai. sanbhavat: ye rajy ee. paanchavi shati mean hoonoan ke akraman ke samay samapt ho gaya.
chandragupt ke shasan-kal mean ujjayini, pataliputr aur ayodhya nagaroan ki bahut unnati huee. is samay mean vidya aur lalit kalaoan ki bahut pragati huee. tatkalin sahity evan kala-kritiyoan se isaka pata chalata hai. guptoan ke shasan-kal ko bharatiy itihas ka 'svarn yug' kaha jata hai. mahakavi kalidas jaise pratibhasanpann kavi aur lekhak isi kal mean hue jinaki rachanaean bharatiy sahity mean aj bhi amar haian.
chandragupt vikramadity ke samay ke tin lekh mathura nagar se mile hai. pahala lekh (mathura sangrahalay san. 1931) gupt sanvat 61 (380 ee.) ka hai yah mathura nagar mean rangeshvar mahadev ke samip ek bagichi se prapt hua hai. shilalekh lal patthar ke ek khanbhe par hai. yah sambhavatah chandragupt ke paanchave rajyavarsh mean likha gaya tha. is shilalekh mean uditachary dvara upamiteshvar aur kapileshvar namak shiv-pratimaoan ki pratishthapana ka varnan hai. khanbhe par oopar trishool tatha niche dandadhari rudr (lakulish ) ki moorti hai.
chandragupt ke shasan-kal ke upalabdh lekhoan mean yah lekh sab se prachin hai. isase tatkalin mathura mean shaiv dharm ke hone ki pushti ke hoti hai. any donoan shilalekh mathura ke katara keshavadev se mile haian. inamean se ek shilalekh (mathura sangrahalay san. kyoo. 5) mean maharaj gupt se lekar chandragupt vikramadity tak ki vanshavali aankit hai. lekh mean ant mean chandragupt dvara koee b da dharmik kary kiye jane ka anuman hota hai. lekh ka aantim bhag khandit hai is karan yah nishchit roop se kahana kathin hai. bahut sanbhav hai ki maharajadhiraj chandragupt ke dvara shrikrishna janmasthan par ek bhavy mandir ka nirman karaya gaya ho, jisaka vivaran is shilalekh mean raha hoga. [7] tisara shilalekh (mathura sangrahalay san. 3835) krishna janmasthan ki safaee karate samay 1954 ee.. mean mila hai. yah lekh bahut khandit hai. isamean gupt-vanshavali ke praranbhik aansh ke atirikt shesh bhag khan dit hai.
chandragupt ke kal mean fahyan nam ka chini payartak pashchimottar marg se bharat aya. vah anek nagaroan mean hota hua mathura bhi pahuancha. mathura nagari ka jo varnan usane likha hai usase mathura ki dharmik sthiti ka jnan hota hai. fahyan likhata hai--yahaan (mathura) ke chhote-b de sabhi log bauddh, dharm ko manate haian. shakyamuni ke bad se yahaan ke nivasi is dharm ka palan karate a rahe haian. motulo (mathura) nagar tatha usake as-pas poona (yamuna) nadi ke donoan or 20 sangharam (bauddh math) haian, jinamean lagabhag 3,000 bhikshu nivas karate haian. vah bauddh stoop bhi hai.
sariputr ke samman mean bana hua stoop sabase adhik prasiddh hai. doosara stoop anand ke tatha tisara mudgal-putr ki yad mean banaya gaya hai. shesh tinoan kramash: abhidharm, sootr aur vinay ke lie nirmit kiye gaye haian, jo bauddh dharm ke tin aang (tripitak) haian. fahyan ke is prakar ke varnan se jnat hota hai ki chandragupt ke samay mean mathura mean bauddh dharm shikhar par tha, yadyapi usaka yah sahi pratit nahian hota ki shakyamuni ke bad se log bauddh dharm ka palan kar rahe the. buddh ke bad kee sau varshoan tak mathura mean hindoo dharm charam par tha, n ki bauddh. fahyan ne jin bauddh sangharamoan ka vivaran kiya hai ve yamuna nadi ke donoan or door tak phaile hogean.
mahakavi kalidas chandragupt vikramadity ke samakalin mane jate haian. 'raghuvansh' mean kalidas ne shoorasen janapad ke aanrtagat mathura, vrindavan, govardhan aur yamuna ka varnan kiya hai, iandumati ke svayanvar mean anek rajyoan se aye hue rajaoan ke sath unhoanne shoorasen janapad ke raja sushen ka bhi varnan kiya hai. (raghuvansh,sarg 6,45-51) magadh, aansu, avanti, anoop, kaliang aur ayodhya ke mahanh rajaoan ke bich shoorasen -naresh ka varnan kiya hai. kalidas ke visheshan, jinaka prayog raja sushen ke lie kiya hai usase jnat hota hai ki vah vir evan pratapi shasak raja tha, jisaka gunagan svarg ke devata bhi karate the aur jisane apane vishuddh vyavahar evan acharan se mata-pita ke vanshoan ko roshan kiya tha.[8]
sushen vidhivat yajn-poojan karane vala, shaant prakriti ka shasak tha, jisake tez se shatru bhayabhit rahate the. mahakavi kalidas ne mathura aur yamuna ka varnan karate hue likha hai ki raja sushen ke apani preyasiyoan ke sath yamuna mean nauka-vihar karate samay yamuna ka krishnavarniy jal ganga ki shvet evan pavitr ujjval laharoan jaisa pratit hota tha.[9] mathura ka varnan karate samay sanbhavat: kalidas ko samay ka jnan nahian raha.
iandumati ka vivah ayodhya-naresh aj ke sath hua tha aur us samay mean mathura nagari thi hi nahian. aj ki kee pidhi bad shatrughn ke dvara mathura nagari ko basane ka varnan milata hai. tikakar mallinath ne bhi ukt shlok ki tika likhate samay is sanbandh mean apatti ki hai. [10] anyatr kalidas ne shatrughn dvara yamuna-tat par bhavy mathura nagari ke nirman ka varnan kiya hai.[11]shatrughn ke putroan shoorasen aur subahu ka kramash: mathura tatha vidisha ke adhikari hone ka bhi varnan raghuvansh mean milata hai.[12]
kalidas dvara varnit shoorasen ke raja sushen ka nam pramanit nahian hota hai. shilalekhoan adi mean mathura ke kisi sushen raja ka nam sanjnan mean nahian ata. kalidas ne unhean 'nip-vansh' ka kaha hai. (raghuvansh, 6,46) nip dakshin panchal ke ek nrip ka nam tha, jo mathura ke yadav-raja bhim satvat ke samakalin the. unake vanshaj nipavanshi kahalaye. kalidas ne vrindavan aur govardhan ka bhi varnan kiya hai. vrindavan ke varnan se jnat hota hai ki kalidas ke samay mean yahaan ka sauandary bahut prasiddh tha aur yahaan anek prakar ke phool vale lata-vriksh vidyaman the. kalidas ne vrindavan ki upama kuber ke chaitrarath nam udyan se di hai.[13]
kumar gupt, pratham (414-455) chandragupt vikramadity ka putr tha. chandragupt ke pashchath usaka putr magadh ka samrath hua. usane sambhavatah san. 414 se 455 tak rajy kiya. usake shasan kal mean shaanti aur suvyavastha rahi aur vibhinn vidhaoan aur kalaoan ki khoob unnati huee. kumar gupt ne nalanda mean ek mahavihar ki sthapana ki , jo us samay bharat ka prasidv vishvavidyalay tha. usake shasan ke aantim samay mean rajy mean avyavastha ho gee thi aur deshi aur videshi rajaoan ke akraman ki ghatanayean hueean.
videshi akramanakari hoon jati ke log the, jo madhy eshiya se akar yahaan lootamar aur g dab di kar rahe the. chandragupt vikramadity se parajit hone ke karan shakoan ki shakti samapt ho gee thi; parantu hoonoan ke akraman praranbh ho gaye the. hoon akramanakariyoan ne age badh kar panjab tatha poorvi malava mean adhikar kar liya tha aur gupt samrajy ke pashchimi bhag par adhikar kar liya. hoon yahaan ki shaanti aur suvyavastha ke lie bahut b da sankat ban gaye the.
| left|30px|link=braj ka shak kushan kal|pichhe jaean | braj ka gupt kal | right|30px|link=braj ka madhy kal|age jaean |
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ isi stambh par samrat ashok ka ek lekh bhi khuda hua hai.
- ↑ samudrgupt ke kuchh sikkoan par 'sarvarajochchhetta' upadhi milati hai. usaki doosari prasiddh upadhi 'parakramaank ' se bhi samudragupt ke parakram ka pata chalata hai.
- ↑ shishunandi namak ek raja ka ullekh puranoan mean milata hai.
- ↑ isaka doosara nam dhruvasvamini bhi milata hai.
- ↑ sambhavatah yah ghatana mathura nagar ya usake nikat hi ghati. banabhatt ne harshacharit mean isaka vivaran kiya hai- aripure ch parakalatrakamukan kaminiveshaguptashrchandrguptah shakapatimashatayan(harshach.,5,1
- ↑ rashtrkoot-vansh ke sanjan-tamrapatr mean bhi isaka zikr milata hai-hatva bhrataramev rajyamaharaddevian ch dinastatha . lakshan kotimalekhayankil kalau data s guptanvayah
- ↑ lekh ke prapti-sthan katara keshavadev se guptakalin kalakritiyaan bahut b di sankhya mean prapt huee haian,jinase jnat hota hai ki is samay mean yahaan vibhinn sundar pratimaoan sahit ek vaishnav manndir tha.
- ↑ sa shoorasenadhipatian sushenamuddishy lokantaragitakirtimh. acharashudhdobhayavanshadipan shudhdantarakshya jagade kumari.. (raghu.6,45).
- ↑ yasyavarodhastanachandananaan prakshalanadvari -viharakale. kalindakanya mathuraan gatapi gangormisansaktajalev bhati.. (raghu. 6,48
- ↑ "kalinditire mathura lavanasuravadhakale shatrughnen nirmmasyat iti vakshyati tatkathamadhuna mathurasambhav, iti chintyamh.
- ↑ "upakoolan s kalindyaah puri paurushabhooshanah. nirmame nirmamosSrtheshu mathuraan madhurakritiah. ya saurajyaprakashabhirvabhau pauravibhootibhiah. svargabhishyandavamanan kritvevopaniveshita.. "(raghu. 15,28-29
- ↑ shatrughatini shatrughn subahau ch bahushrute. mathuravidishe soonvornidadhe poorvajotsukah.. (raghu. 15,36
- ↑ sanbhavy bhartaramamuan yuvanan mridupravalottar pushpashayye.
sanbandhit lekh
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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