ब्रज का मुग़ल काल
braj ka mugal kal
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| vivaran | bhagavat mean ‘braj’ kshetr vishesh ko iangit karate hue hi prayukt hua hai. vahaan ise ek chhote gram ki sanjna di gee hai. usamean ‘pur’ se chhota ‘gram’ aur usase bhi chhoti basti ko ‘braj’ kaha gaya hai. 16vian shatabdi mean ‘braj’ pradesh ke arth mean hokar ‘brajamandal’ ho gaya aur tab usaka akar 84 kos ka mana jane laga tha. |
| braj kshetr | aj jise ham braj kshetr manate haian usaki dishaaian, uttar disha mean palaval (hariyana), dakshin mean gvaliyar (madhy pradesh), pashchim mean bharatapur (rajasthan) aur poorv mean eta (uttar pradesh) ko chhooti haian. |
| braj ke keandr | mathura evan vrindavan |
| braj ke van | kotavan, kamyavan, kumudavan, kokilavan, khadiravan, talavan, bahulavan, biharavan, belavan, bhadravan, bhaandiravan, madhuvan, mahavan, lauhajanghavan evan vrindavan |
| bhasha | hiandi aur brajabhasha |
| pramukh parv evan tyohar | holi, krishna janmashtami, yam dvitiya, guru poornima, radhashtami, govardhan pooja, gopashtami, nandotsav evan kans mela |
| pramukh darshaniy sthal | krishna janmabhoomi, dvarikadhish mandir, rajakiy sangrahalay, baanke bihari mandir, rang nath ji mandir, govind dev mandir, isk aaun mandir, madan mohan mandir, danaghati mandir, manasi ganga, kusum sarovar, jayagurudev mandir, radha rani mandir, nand ji mandir, vishram ghat , daooji mandir |
| sanbandhit lekh | braj ka pauranik itihas, braj chaurasi kos ki yatra, moorti kala mathura |
| any janakari | braj ke van–upavan, kunj–nikunj, shri yamuna v giriraj atyant mohak haian. pakshiyoan ka madhur svar ekaanki sthali ko madak evan manohar banata hai. moroan ki bahutayat tatha unaki pioo–pioo ki avaz se vatavaran gunjayaman rahata hai. |
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babar
[[chitr:Babar.jpg|thumb|left|150px|babar]] mugal samrajy ke sansthapak zahirooddin babar ka janm madhy eshiya ke faragana rajy mean hua tha. usaka pita vahaan ka shasak tha, jisaki mrityu ke bad babar rajyadhikari bana. ibrahim lodi aur rana saanga ki har ke bad babar ne bharat mean mugal rajy ki sthapana ki aur agara ko apani rajadhani banaya. usase pahale sultanoan ki rajadhani dilli thi ; kiantu babar ne use rajadhani nahian banaya kyoanki vahaan pathan the, jo turkoan ki shasan−satta pansad nahian karate the. prashasan aur raksha donoan nazariyoan se babar ko dilli ke muqabale agara sahi laga. mugalarajy ki rajadhani agara hone se shuroo se hi braj se ghanisht sanbandh raha. madhy eshiya mean shasakoan ka sabase b da pad 'khan' tha, jo mangolavanshiyoan ko hi diya jata tha. doosare b de shasak 'amir' kahalate the. babar ka poorvaj taimoor bhi 'amir' hi kahalata tha. bharat mean dilli ke muslim shasak 'sultan' kahalate the. babar ne apana pad 'badashah' ghoshit kiya tha. babar ke bad sabhi mugal samrat 'badashah' kahalaye gaye. babar keval 4 varsh tak bharat par rajy kar saka. usaki mrityu 26 disambar sanh 1530 ko agara mean huee. us samay usaki ayu keval 48 varsh ki thi. babar ki aantim ichchhanusar usaka shav qabul le jakar dafanaya gaya, jahaan usaka maqabara bana hua hai. usake bad usaka jyeshth putr humayooan mugal badashah bana.
humayooan
[[chitr:Humayun.jpg|thumb|150px|left|humayooan]] babar mean betoan mean humayooan sabase b da tha. vah vir, udar aur bhala tha ; lekin babar ki tarah kushal senani aur nipun shasak nahian tha. vah sanh 1530 mean apane pita ki mrityu hone ke bad badashah bana aur 10 varsh tak rajy ko dridh karane ke lie shatruoan aur apane bhaiyoan se l data raha. use sherakhaan nam ke pathan saradar ne shahabad zile ke chausa namak jagah par sanh 1539 mean hara diya tha. parajit ho kar humayooan ne dobara apani shakti ko badha kannauj nam ki jagah par sherakhaan ki sena se 17 mee, sanh 1540 mean yuddh kiya lekin usaki phir har huee aur vah is desh se bhag gaya. is samay sher khaan soor (sherashah soori ) aur usake vanshajoan ne bharat par shasan kiya.
akabar
- shasan kal sanh 1556 se 1605
jab humayooan sherashah se harakar bhagane ki taiyari mean tha us samay akabar ka janm siandh ke registan mean amarakot ke pas 23 navanbar sanh 1542 mean hua tha,. humayooan ki dayaniy dasha ke karan akabar ki balyavastha sankat mean biti aur kee bar usaki jan par bhi jokhim raha. [[chitr:Akbar.jpg|left|150px|thumb|akabar]]san. 1612 mean humayooan ne bharat par akraman kar apana khoya hua rajy pun: prapt kar liya ; kiantu vah keval 7 mah tak hi jivit raha tha. usaki mrityu san.1612 ke aant mean dilli mean ho gayi thi. us samay akabar panjab mean tha. humayooan ki mrityu ke 21 din bad (14 faravari, sanh 1556 ) panjab ke zila guradasapur ke kalanoor mean b di sadagi ke sath usako gaddi par baitha diya tha.
humayooan ne bharat se nishkasit hone ke bad qabul par adhikar kiya, aur 10 varsh ke balak akabar ko san. 1609 (janavari sanh 1552) mean gazani ka rajy-pal banaya tha. jab humayooan pun: bharat mean aya, tab 13 varsh ka akabar panjab ka rajyapal tha. jis samay kalanoor mean use humayooan ka uttaradhikari ghoshit kiya gaya, us samay usaki ayu keval 13−14 varsh ki thian. chhoti umr mean hi vah vayask vyaktiyoan se adhik utar−chadhav ke anubhav prapt kar chuka tha. aranbh mean bairamakhaan usaka sanrakshak tha, jo usaki taraph se rajy ka sanchalan karata tha.
- agara mean rajadhani ki vyavastha
mugaloan ke shasan ke prarambh se sultanoan ke shasan ke aantim samay tak dilli hi bharat ki rajadhani rahi thi. sultan siankadar lodi ke shasan ke uttar kal mean usaki rajanitik gatividhiyoan ka kendr dilli ke bajay agara ho gaya tha. yahaan usaki sainik chhavani thi. mugal rajy ke sansthapak babar ne shuroo se hi agara ko apani rajadhani banaya. babar ke bad humayooan aur sherashah soori aur usake uttaradhikariyoan ne bhi agara ko hi rajadhani banaya. mugal samrat akabar ne poorv vyavastha ko qayam rakhate hue agara ko rajadhani ka gaurav pradan kiya. is karan agara ki b di unnati huee aur vah mugal samrajy ka sabase b da nagar ban gaya tha. kuchh samay bad akabar ne fatehapur sikari ko rajadhani banaya.
mugal samrat akabar ki udar dharmik niti ke phalasvaroop brajamandal mean vaishnav dharm ke naye mandir−devalay banane lage aur purane ka jirnoanddhar hone laga, tab jain dharmabalanbiyoan mean bhi utsah ka sanchar hua tha. gujarat ke vikhyat shvetaanbarachary hir vijay soori se samrat akabar b de prabhavit hue the. samrat ne unhean b de adarapoovark fatehapur sikari bulaya, ve unase dharmopadesh suna karate the. is karan mathura−agara adi braj pradesh mean base hue jainiyoan mean atm gaurav ka bhav jagrit ho gaya tha. ve log apane mandiroan ke nirman athava jirnoddhar ke lie prayatnashil ho gaye the.
jahaangir
[[chitr:Jahangir.jpg|thumb|left|150px|jahaangir]]
- shasan kal sanh 1605 se sanh1627
jahaangir ka janm sanh 1569 ke 30 agast ko fatehapur sikari mean hua tha. apane aranbhik jivan mean vah sharabi aur avara shahazade ke roop mean badanam tha. usake pita samrat akabar ne usaki buri adatean chhu dane ki b di cheshta ki; kiantu use saphalata nahian mili. isilie samast sukhoan ke hote hue bhi vah apane big de hue bete ke karan jivanaparyant dukhi raha. aantat: akabar ki mrityu ke pashchath jahaangir hi mugal samrat bana. us samay usaki ayu 36 varsh ki thi. aise badanam vyakti ke gaddinashian hone se janata mean asantosh evan ghabarahat thi. logoan ki aanshaka hone lagi ki ab sukh−shaanti ke din vida ho gaye, aur ashaanti−avyavastha evan loot−khasot ka zamana phir a gaya.
- braj ki dharmik sthiti
braj apani sudridh dharmik sthiti ke lie paranpara se prasiddh raha hai. usaki yah sthiti kuchh sima tak mugalakal mean thi. samrat akabar ke shasanakal mean braj ki dharmik sthiti mean naye yug ka sootrapat hua tha. mugal samrajy ki rajadhani agara brajamandal ke aantargat thi; at: braj ke dharmik sthaloan se sidha sanbandh tha. agara ki shahi riti-niti, shasan−vyavastha aur usaki unnati−avanati ka braj ka pratyaksh prabhav p da tha. samrat akabar ke kal mean braj ki jaisi dharmik sthiti thi, vaisi jahaangir ke shasan kal mean nahian rahi thi ; phir bhi vah pray: santoshajanak thi. usane apane pita akabar ki udar dharmik niti ka anusaran kiya , jisase usake shasan−kal mean brajamandal mean pray: shaanti aur suvyavastha qayam rahi. usake 22 varshiy shasan kal mean do−tin bar hi braj mean shaanti−bhang huee thi. us samay dharmik sthiti g dab da gee thi ; aur bhaktajanoan ka kuchh utpi dan bhi hua tha kiantu shighr hi us par kaboo pa liya gaya tha.
shahajahaan
[[chitr:Shahjahan.jpg|thumb|150px|shahajahaan]]
- sanh 1627 se sanh 1658
shahajahaan ka janm 5 janavari 1591 ee. ko lahaur mean hua tha. usaka nam khurram tha. khurram jahaangir ka chhota putr tha, jo chhal−bal se apane pita ka uttaradhikari hua tha. vah b da kushagr buddhi, sahasi aur shauqin badashah tha. vah b da kala premi, visheshakar sthapaty kala ka premi tha. usaka vivah 20 varsh ki ayu mean noorajahaan ke bhaee asak khaan ki putri arajumanabano se sanh 1611 mean hua tha. vahi bad mean mumataz mahal ke nam se usaki priyatama begam huee. 20 varsh ki ayu mean hi shahajahaan jahaangir shasan ka ek shaktishali stanbh samajha jata tha. shahajahaan ne sanh 1648 mean agara ki bajay dilli ko rajadhani banaya ; kiantu usane agara ki kabhi upeksha nahian ki. usake prasiddh nirman kary agara mean bhi the. shahajahaan ka darabar saradar samantoan, pratishthit vyaktiyoan tatha desh−videsh ke rajadootoan se bhara rahata tha. usamean sab ke baithane ke sthan nishchit the. jin vyaktiyoan ko darabar mean baithane ka saubhagy prapt tha, ve apane ko dhany manate the ; aur logoan ki drishti mean unhean gauravanvit samajha jata tha. jin videshi sajjanoan ko darabar mean jane ka suyog prapt hua tha, ve vahaan ke rang−dhang, shan−shaukat aur that−bat ko dekh kar ashchary kiya karate the. takht-e-taoos shahajahaan ke baithane ka rajasianhasan tha.
- shahajahaan ki mrityu
shahajahaan 8 varsh tak agara ke qile ke shahaburj mean kaid raha. usaka aantim samay b de du:kh manasik klesh mean bita tha. us samay usaki priy putri jahaanara usaki seva ke lie sath rahi thi. shahajahaan ne un varshoan ko apane vaibhavapoorn jivan ka smaran karate aur tajamahal ko ashrupoorit netroan se dekhate hue bitaye the. aant mean janavari, sanh 1666 mean usaka dehaant ho gaya. us samay usaki ayu 74 varsh ki thi. use usaki priy begam ke parshv mean tajamahal mean hi daphanaya gaya tha.
aurangazeb
[[chitr:Darbarscene-Aurangzeb.jpg|thumb|150px|left|darabar mean aurangazeb]]
- shasan kal sanh 1658 sanh 1707
aurangazeb apane sage bhaee−bhatijoan ki nirmamata poorvak hatya aur apane vriddh pita ko gaddi se hata kar samrat bana tha. usane shasan sanbhalate hi akabar ke samay se prachalit niti mean parivartan kiya. jis samay vah samrat bana tha, us samay shasan aur sena mean kitane hi b de−b de padoan par rajapoot raja niyukt the. vah unase ghrina karata tha aur unaka ahit karane ka kuchakr rachata rahata tha. apani hindoo virodhi niti ki saphalata mean use jin rajaoan ki or se badha jan p dati thi, unamean amer naresh mirja raja jayasianh aur jodhapur ke raja yashavantasianh pramukh the. un donoan ka mugal samratoan se parivarik sanbandh hone ke karan rajy mean b da prabhav tha. isalie aurangazeb ko pratyaksh roop se unake viruddh koee karravaee karane ka sahas nahian hota tha ; kiantu vah unaka ahit karane ka nity nee chalean chalata rahata tha. aurangajeb ki or se mathura ka faujadar abdulanavi namak ek kattar musalaman tha. sanh 1669 mean gokul sianh jat ke netritv mean vidroh kar diya. mahavan paragana ke sihora gaanv mean usaki vidrohiyoan se muthabhe d huee jisamean abdulanavi mara gaya aur muhgal sena buri tarah har gee.
aurangazeb ne braj sanskriti ko aghat pahuanchane ke liye braj ke namoan ko parivartit kiya. mathura, vrindavan, parasauli (govardhan) ko kramash: islamabad, mominabad aur muhammadapur kaha gaya tha. ve sabhi nam abhi tak sarakari kagazoan mean rahe aye haian, janata mean kabhi prachalit nahian hue. braj mean ane vale tirth−yatriyoan par bhari kar lagaya gaya, mandir nasht kiye lage, jaziya kar phir se lagaya gaya aur hinduoan ko musalaman banaya.
- azamashah
[[chitr:Buland-Darwaja-Fatehpur-Sikri-Agra.jpg|thumb|250px|buland daravaza, fatehapur sikari, agara]] azamashah aurangazeb ka chhota beta tha. vah aranbh se hi brajabhasha evan braj sahity ka premi aur poshak tha. use aurangazeb ki hindoo virodhi niti mean koee ruchi nahian thi. usane brajabhasha ka jnan prapt karane ke lie miraja khaan namak ek vidvanh se pharasi bhasha mean granth likhavaya tha, jisaka nam "tohaphatul hind" (bharat ka upahar ) rakha gaya tha. vastut: vah brajabhasha ka vishvakosh hai jisamean piangal, ras alankar, shrriangar, ras, nayikabhed, sangit, samudrik shastr, kosh, vyakaran adi vishayoan ka vivaran kiya gaya hai. azamashah is granth ke dvara brajabhasha sahity mean parangat hua tha. azam ne 'nivaj kavi' ko ashray pradan kar usase kalidas ke prasiddh natak 'abhijnan shakuantal' ka brajabhasha mean anuvad karaya tha. usi ki ajna se 'bihari satasee' ka kramabaddh sanpadan karaya gaya tha. aurangajeb ki mrityu ke pashchath usake putroan mean rajyadhikar ke lie jo bhishan yuddh hua tha, usamean azamashah parajit hokar mara gaya aur usaka b da bhaee muazzashah bahadurashah ke nam se mugal samrat hua.
bahadurashah
- shasan kal sanh 1707 se 1712 tak
bahadurashah mugal samrat aurangazeb ka b da putr tha. usaka nam muazzam tha, aur apane chhote bhaee azam ko parajit kar bahadurashah ke nam se muhgal samrat hua tha. us samay usaki ayu 64 varsh thi. vah sharir se ashakt aur svabhav se durbal tha. at: shasan vyavastha par niyantran karane mean asamarth raha. sanh 1712 mean usaki mrityu ho gee. use dilli mean dafanaya gaya tha. bahadurashah ke pashchath usaka putr jahaandarashah badashah hua. vah b da vilasi aur ayogy shasak tha; apane bhatije pharookhasiyar dvara sanh 1713 mean mar dala gaya. usake bad pharookhasiyar mugal samrat hua.
pharookhasiyar
[[chitr:Akbar-Tansen-Haridas.jpg|thumb|250px|svami haridas, akabar tatha tanasen]]
- sanh 1713−1718
usake shasan kal mean 2 saiyad bandhu abdulla aur husainali mugal shasan ke pradhan sootradhar the. ve itane prabhavashali aur shaktisampann the ki jise chahate, use badashah bana dete; aur jab chahate, use takht se utar dete the. unhoanne apani kootanitijnata se anek mugal saradaroan ke sath hi sath kuchh hindoo samantoan ka bhi sahayog prapt kar liya tha. akabar ki niti ke anukaran ka dhoang karate hue ve hindoo riti−rivajoan ka palan karate the aur unake vrat−utsavoan ko manate the. basant aur holi par ve hinduoan ke sath mil kar rang−gulal khelate the. aant mean muhammadashah mugal samrat hua.
nadirashah ka akraman
muhammadashah ke shasan kal ki du:khad ghatana nadirashah ka akraman tha. mugal shasan se ab tak kisi bahari shatru ka desh par akraman nahian hua tha; kiantu us samay dilli ki shasan−satta durbal ho gee thi. eeran ke mahattvakaankshi lutere shasak nadirashah ne bharat par akraman karane ka sahas kiya tha. usane mugal samrat dvara shasit qabul−kandhar pradesh par adhikar kar peshavar sthit mugal sena ko nasht kar diya tha. muhammadashah ne nadirashah ke akraman ko hansi mean u da diya. usaki aankhe tab khuli jab nadirashah ki sena panjab ke karanal tak a pahuanchi. muhammadashah ne apani sena usake viruddh bheji ; kiantu 24 faravari, 1739 mean usaki parajay ho gee. nadirashah ne pahile 2 karo d rupaya harjana maanga, usake svikar hone par vah 20 karo d maangane laga. nadirashah ne dilli ko lootane aur nar sanhar karane ki ajna de di. usake barbar sainik rajadhani mean ghuse aur lootamar karane lage. dilli ke hazaroan nagarik mare gaye, vahaan bhari loot ki gee. is loot mean nadirashah ko apar daulat mili. use 20 karo d ki bajay 30 karo d rupaya naqad mila. isake atirikt javaharat, begamoan ke bahumooly abhooshan, sone chaandi ke aganit bartan tatha any qimati vastuean use mili thi. inake sath hi sath dilli ki loot mean use kohinoor hira aur shahajahaan ka 'takht-e-taoos' bhi mila tha. vah bahumooly mayoor sianhasan ab bhi eeran mean hai, ya nahian isaka jnan kisi ko nahian hai.
nadirashah pray: do mahine tak dilli mean lootamar karata raha. mugaloan ki rajadhani uja d aur barbad ho gee thi. jab vah yahaan se gaya, tab karo doan ki sanpada ke sath hi sath vah 1,000 hathi, 7,000 gho de, 10,000 ooant, 100 khoje, 130 lekhak, 200 sangatarash, 100 raj aur 200 badhee bhi apane sath le gaya tha. eeran pahuanch kar use takht-e-taoos par baith kar b da shanadar darabar kiya. vah adhik samay tak jivit nahian raha. usake kukrityoan ka prayashchitt usake sainikoan ke vidroh ke roop mean hua tha, jisamean vah mara gaya. nadirashah ki mrityu sanh 1747 mean huee thi. muhammadashah nadirashah ke akraman ke bad bhi kee varsh tak jivit raha tha, kiantu usaka shasan dilli ke as−pas ke bhag tak hi simit rah gaya tha. mugal samrajy ke adhikaansh soobe svatantr ho gaye aur vibhinn sthanoan mean samrajy virodhi shaktiyoan ka uday ho gaya tha. muhammadashah unhean dabane mean asamarth tha. vah svayan apane mantriyoan aur senapatiyoan par nirbhar tha. usaki mrityu 26 aprail, sanh 1748 mean huee thi. is prakar usane 20 varsh tak shasan kiya tha.
muhammadashah ke bad bhi dilli mean kee mugal samrat hue, kiantu ve nam matr ke badashah the. unake nam kramash: ahamadashah (sanh 1748−1754 ), alamagir dvitiy (sanh 1754−1759 ), shahalam (sanh 1759−1806 ), muhammad akabar (sanh 1806−1837 ) aur bahadurashah (sanh 1837−1858 ) milate haian. is prakar mugal samrajy ka astitv bahadurashah tak bana raha tha ; kiantu braj ki rajanitik halachaloan se muhammadashah ko hi aantim mugal samrat kaha ja sakata hai. muhammadashah ke paravarti tathakathit mugal shasakoan ke samay mean jat−maratha atyant shaktishali ho gaye the. phalat: sanh 1748 se 1826 tak ki kalavadhi ko braj ke itihas mean 'jat maratha kal' kaha jata hai.
| left|30px|link=braj ka uttar madhy kal|pichhe jaean | braj ka mugal kal | right|30px|link=braj ka jat maratha kal|age jaean |
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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